
Class 

Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



TABULAR VIEWS 

OF 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY 

A Series of Chronological Tables, Presenting, in Parallel 

Columns, a Record of the More Noteworthy Events 

in the History of the World from the Earliest 

Times down to the Present Day, together 

with an Alphabetical Index of Subjects 



Compiled by 
GEORGE PALMER PUTNAM, A.M. 



And Continued to Date under the Editorial Supervision of 

GEORGE HAVEN PUTNAM, Litt.D. 



Reissue, Continued to Januaty, 1919 
With Historical Chart, Maps, and Genealogical Tables 



G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 
NEW YORK AND LONDON 

Ube mnfcfterbocfter press 






Copyright, 1890, 1907, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

Copyright (for additional material), 1916, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

Copyright (for additional material), 1919, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 



NOy -^"is'S 



Ube ftnlcfterbocfier Drees, "new ]t?och 
©CI.A536.408 



jLA*"^- 






^ PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

In 1832, the late George P. Putnam published, under the 
title of The World's Progress, a cyclopedia of facts and events 
that had been compiled by himself, and that had originated in 
notes taken as a guide for his own historical reading. The 
work was reprinted in successive editions during the ensuing 
forty years (that is to say up to the year of the author's death) 
and the entries were added to and expanded until the 300 
pages of the original issue had developed into a portly volume 
of 1200 pages. A demand continuing through more than a ,^ 
third of a century may' be accepted as evidence that the plan ' 
of The World's Progress and the material presented in it had 
been found of service by students of history and by readers 
generally. The cyclopasdia portion of the compilation came, 
necessarily, to be superseded by works of reference of later 
origin, and The World's Progress was, therefore, allowed to go 
out of print. There continued, however, to be demand for 
the historical tables, the plan of which was original with Mr. 
Putnam, and since 1870 this division of the work has been 
issued with material corrections and additions in successive 
editions compiled under the editorial supervision of the son of 
the original editor. 

In the edition now presented, while the scheme and arrange- 
ment of the original editor has been left unchanged, the entries 
have been carefully revised and in part rewritten, and the 
record has been brought down to date. The editors of this 
new edition have found it desirable to include a comprehensive 
alphabetical index of subjects, by means of which can be 
located promptly any event referred to in the body of the book. 



IV PUBLISHERS NOTE 

The edition also includes a number of tables presenting the 
genealogies of the more important of the historic families of 
Europe, genealogies which make clear their family and dynas- 
tic relations to each other. 

Under the scheme devised by Mr. Putnam (a scheme which 
made his volume practically unique), the events occurring 
throughout the world at the same period of time are recorded 
in parallel columns. This arrangement calls in the powerful 
assistance of visual association by showing at a glance simul- 
taneous occurrences in different countries, which enables the 
memory to grasp and to retain a hold of the dates and the 
relations with each other of important events. It also helps 
to emphasize the lesson that the history of any one nation is 
only a part of the history of the world, and that the proper way 
to study history is to trace the relations with each other of the 
peoples scattered over the face of the globe. 

As the wiser historians and instructors do not fail to empha- 
size, the precise date of an event is in itself a detail of minor 
importance, which has value chiefly in serving to trace its 
relations to other events and in undertaking the influence of 
one upon the other. The reader, for instance, who learns 
that in 1492, under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain, 
Columbus accomplished his historic voyage to the Western 
Hemisphere, may properly be interested in noting, by carrying 
his eye across the columns of two pages, what rulers were at 
that time in control of other European States, some one of 
whom might possibly have secured for his own realm the 
prestige of the great discovery. In like manner, it is essential 
for a right understanding of the Protestant Reformation of 
the sixteenth century, for the thoughtful reader to keep before 
him the personalities of the monarchs and of other leaders of 
men who were contemporary with Luther, with Leo X, and 
with the Emperor Charles V. 

These Tabular Views, while invaluable in the practical work 
of historical instruction, will be found extremely useful by the 
general reader. The writer of these lines has for many years 



PUBLISHERS NOTE V 

kept the volume at his elbow as an indispensable reference 
in connection either with reading or with writing. The work 
was designed particularly for the many who appreciate the 
importance of having trustworthy historical information 
conveniently at hand but who have not within reach compre- 
hensive histories or the time to go through these for the facts 
desired. 

It has been the intention of the editor in the several instances 
in which events and dates have become a matter of con- 
troversy, to follow the authorities most generally accepted. 
It may easily, however, be the case that an occasional date or 
statement has been retained which some scholarly reader may 
find ground to question ; such a critic can only be referred back 
to the latest investigators for the authoritative decision that 
seems to him to be important and that it is not practicable to 
attempt in a condensed summary of the world's history such 
as is presented in the present volume. The study of history 
and the intelligent reading of history should be, as stated, a 
study of the relations of events to each other made with the 
view of securing as far as practicable an understanding of the 
causation of these events and of the influence exercised upon 
them by historic characters, by the leaders of men. This 
is the information which the publishers are undertaking to 
present to the public, on both sides of the Atlantic, in The 
Handbook of Universal History. 

G. H. P. 



EDITOR'S NOTE TO THIS EDITION 

In the edition of the Handbook of History, issued in 1916, 
the historical record was brought down to the close of Decem- 
ber, 1915. The volume presented, therefore, the more impor- 
tant of the happenings which marked the beginning of the world 



VI EDITORS NOTE 

war, and recorded the events, political and military, of the first 
eighteen months of the struggle. The war has been brought to 
a close with the complete triumph of the Allies, and it is fitting 
that the chronicle of this great victory should be fully presented 
in a new edition of the Handbook. This summary has now been 
brought down to the close of the Peace Conference at Paris. 

The historians will probably agree that no war in history 
has produced such momentous and far-reaching results, for 
the status of the nations and for the interests of the peoples 
of the world, as have been brought by this war of 1914-1919. 
These results include not only the overthrow of the Prussian, 
Austrian, and the Russian Empires, but the repudiation, prob- 
ably for all time, of the theories of government by divine right. 
Czars, Kaisers, and Kings have been swept away to be replaced 
by governments which will be directly representative of the 
popular will. 

We are at the beginning of a new era in the history of man- 
kind; in the development of organized society. Every date 
in the past four crowded years marks a step in human progress 
and a survey of the entries in the columns of our Tabular 
Views brings to the student, as if through a moving picture, 
a panorama of the stately march of events, a march which 
now appears to foretend the realization of the views of Tenny- 
son in 1875: 

When I dipt into the future far as human eye could see. 

Saw the vision of the world and all the wonder that would be; 

Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags 

were furl'd 
In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. 

G. H. P. 

New York, June, 1919. 



MAPS 



Sketch Map of the Roman Empire in the Time of 
Trajan, A.D. 98-117 



Sketch Map of Europe, 476 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 8od A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1200 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1429 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1648 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1815 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1876 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1914 A.D. 
Historical Chart .... 



52 
64 

76 

TOO 
120 
150 
184 
240 
364 

At End 



CONTENTS 



Ancient History . 
Medieval History 
Modern History » 
Genealogical Tables 
Historical Index . 
Supplementary Index 



FAGB 

2 

64 

T20 

369 
471 

505 



TABULAR VIEWS 



5000 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC 



Asia. 



Africa. 



5000 



(about). \ At this date 
flourishing city states 
appear in. the Mesopo- 
tamian region, indicat- 
ing an antiquity for 
Babylonian civilization 
that may be carried 
back approximately to 
the eighth or ninth 
millennium B. c. — In 
Egypt the latest re- 
search has brought the 
sixth millennium B.C. 
within the scope of his- 
tory. 



3700 



4500 (.about). Struggle 
among the kings of 
Kengi, Kish, Shirpurla, 
and Gishban, in Baby- 
lonia. 



3800 (about). Sargon I. of 
Akkad extends his power 
over the Mediterranean 
coast and Elam. 



The Great Pyramid at Gi 
zeh, erected by Khufu 
(Cheops). 



■2300 



The Code of Khammurabi 
in Babylon, one of the 
most important bodies 
of ancient legislation. 



3000 (a6oM/). The kings of 
Ur extend their sway 
over Akkad and Shu- 



2450 (about). Beginning 
of Arabian and Elam 
itic irruptions into Baby 
Ionia. 

2400(a6oM0. BabylM first 
appears as a city of 
prominence. 

2300-2250 (about). Kham- 
murabi, ruler of Baby- 
Ion, unites Babylonia 
under his sway and en- 
acts a code of laws. 



5000 (about). The rule of 
pre-dynastic kings whose 
tombs at Abydos reveal 
an advanced state of 
civilization (De .Morgan, 
Amelineau, Flinders- Pe- 
trie). 



4400 (about). Menes, the 
first king of united 
Egypt (Brugsch ; Budge, 
1902). 



3733. Reign of Khufu 
(Cheops), pyramid 
builder. 



3666. Reign of Khafra 

(Chephren) pyramid 

builder. 
3633. Reign of Menkaura 

(Mycerinus), pyramid 

builder. 



2500 Reign of Seankh- 
kara, who despatches an 
expedition to the land 
of Punt for spices. 



2300. Amenemhat III. re- 
claims the province of 
Fayyum by diking off 
Lake Mceris, and builds 
the celebrat.;d Laby- 
rinth. 



IIOO B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Africa. 



40001-2000. Babylonian lan- 
guage, commerce, and in 
stitutions predominant 
in the Mediterranean re- 
gions of Asia. 

2000| Industry _ flourishes 

Babylonia under the 
Kassite kings ; manu 
factures largely in the 
hands of Phoenicians. 



1400 



1330 



The Tell-el-Amama Let 
ters reveal the close con- 
nection between Egyp 
tian _ and Babylonian 
civilization, and show 
the latter language to 
have been the common 
medium of commerce 
and diplomacy in _ the 
lands of the Mediter- 
ranean. 



The epic poem of Pentaur 
celebrates the exploits 
of Rameses II. in Asia. 
- — Erection of the Ra- 
messeura and the temple 
at Luxor (in part). 



2000-1700 (about). Baby- 
lonia conquered by the 
Kassites; Assyria _ ap- 
pears under its priest- 
kings. 



1450-1300. Height of the 
Hittite power in Asia 
Minor and Syria. 



1300 (about). Shalmaneser 
I. reigns in Assvria.with 
Calan as the capital. 

1250. The Phixnicians ap- 
pear as a race of colo- 
nizers. 

1140 (about). The Kass- 
ites expelled from Baby- 
lonia. 

1100 (about). Tiglathpil- 
eser I. of Assyria wages 
war successfully against 
Babylonia, Elam, and in 
Syria._ 

Tyre rises to primacy 
among the Phoenician 
cities. 



2200-1700. Egypt ruled 
by the Hyksos, or 
" shepherd " kings. 



1700. Aahmes I. expels 
the Hyksos and begins 
series of conquests in 
Asia. 

1600. Queen Hatshepset 
(Hatasu) despatches an 
expedition to Punt. — 
Thothmes III. conquers 
Palestine, Phoenicia, and 
part of Asia Minor. 

1466. Amenhotep IV. 
(Amenophis) attempts 
to substitute the worship 
of the sun for the old re- 
ligion of the country; 
he fails. 



1333. Rameses II. carries 
on war against the Hit- 
tites; greatest of royal 
monument builders. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1582 B.C.- 



-».c. 


Progress of Society, etc 


The Jews. 


Western Asia. 






1270 (about). The Exodus 








(Budge). 




1100 


(about). The Mycenean 
art flourishes in Greece 
and the ^gean. 


1055' (1080 2). Saul be- 
comes king. 

1033 ' (1047 '). Accession 
of David. 

993 ' (1017''). Accession of 
Solomon. 




993 


(about) The temple of 
Solomon built with the 
aid of Phoenician work- 
men. 


953\(978«, 930 3). Sepa- 
ration of Judah and 
Israel. 

9491 (973'^). Shashank I. 
of Egypt plunders Je- 
rusalem. 


950 (about). Tiglathpileser 
II., beginning of Assyr- 
ian greatness. 


930 


(about) . The beginning of 
the Homeric poems. 


929 1 (958 »). Asa be- 
comes king in Judah. 

8991 (931 ==). Omri be- 
comes king in Israel. 


885. Accession of Asshui 
nasirpal, who wages sue 
cessful campaigns in tht; 
north and the east and 
advances to the Medi- 
terranean. 


880 


(about). The Lycurgan 
legislation in Sparta. 







* Duncker, History of Antiquity. " J. Oppert, " Chronology " in the Jewish Encyclo- 
ptedia. ^ Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia Biblica. 



88o B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. 



The World Elsewhere. 



1582. The earliest date in 
the Parian chronicle 
preserved in the Arun- 
delian marbles. 



1250 



Egypt: reign of Meneph- 
thah the supposed Pna- 
raoh of the E.xodus. — 
The country is invaded 
by pirates from the 
north whose names 
would indicate a possible 
Grecian origin. 



1100. Age of the Dorian 
migration into the Pelo- 
ponnesus.and the plant- 
ing of Dorian and .(^olian 
colonies in Asia Minor. 



1 123. The beginning of the 
Chow dynasty in China, 
which retained the 
throne for nearly nine 
hundred years. 

1100. Cadiz (Gadir) found- 
ed by the Phoenicians. 



966 



Accession of Shashank I 
(Sheshonk, Shishak), 
who invades Palestine 
in the time of Reho- 
boam. 



880. The age of Lycurgus. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



873 B.C.- 



Progress of Sgcietv.etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



873 ' (917 2). Jehoshaphat 
becomes king in Judah 



853 1 (900 "). Death of 
Ahab of Israel. 



843 ' (887,2 841 ^). Jehu 
seizes power in Israel. 

792 1 (811,^ 789^). Uzziah 
begins rule in Judah. 

790 1 ^825, 2 782 3). jgrp- 
boam II. succeeds in 
Israel. 



747 



Beginning of the Babylon- 
ian Chronicle and the 
Canon of Ptolemy. 



700 



(about). In Greece lyric 
poetry flourishes: Kal- 
linus, Archilochus, Si- 
monides of Samos. — 
Nineveh beautified and 
strengthened by Sen- 
nacherib; it becomes the 
most celebrated capital 
of Assyria. 



728 1 (727," 720 «). Heze- 
kiah succeeds in Judah. 



722 1 (721 =• 3). Samaria 
taken by Sargon II. of 
Assyria; end of king- 
dom of Israel. 



701 ^- » (700=). Sennach- 
erib's failure in Pales- 
tine. 



860. Accession of Shal- 
maneser II., who con- 
tinues the process of 
conquest. 



747. Nabonassar ruler in 
Babylon. 

745. Accession of Tiglath- 
pileser III. of Assyria, 
who wages war against 
Chaldfea, Syria, and the 
kingdom of Israel. 



727. Accession of Shal- 
maneser IV., who be- 
sieges Samaria (722). 

722. Assyria attains its 
highest development 
under Sargon II. 

705. Accession of Sen- 
nacherib, who makes 
his capital at Nineveh. 



' Duncker, History of Antiquity. = J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the yewish Encyclo- 
pcsdia. ^ Karl Marti, "Chronology" in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia BibV.ca. 



700 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. 



The World Elsewhe:kb. 



850 



(about). Foundation of 
Carthage by the Phoeni 
cians. 



776. The First Olympiad 
accepted starting point 
for the period of au 
thentic history. 

770. Sinope on the Black- 
Sea founded. 

753 (754). Foundation of 
Rome (legendary). 



743-724. First Messenian 
War; Sparta triumph- 
ant. 

734. Foundation of Syra- 
cuse. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



693 B.C.- 



.c. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. The Jews 



Western Asia. 



610 



681. Accession of Essar- 
haddon; who conquers 
Egypt in 670. 



668._ Assyrian Empire di- 
vided between sons of 
Essarhaddon ; Asshur- 
banipal rules in Assyria; 
Shamashshumukin, ua 
Babylonia. 



Alcaeus, Sappho, Stesicho 
rus, Greek poets. — Necho 
II. of Egypt attempts to 
connect the Nile and the 
Red Sea by a canal; his 
sailors circumnavigate 
Africa. 



600 



Thales, first of Ionian 
philosophers. 



622.' Reformation of Jo- 
siah in Judah. 



648. Assyrian Empire re- 
united. 



645. Elam 
Assyria. 



conquered by 



026. Babylon independ- 
ent under Nabopolassan 
founder of the Chaldaean 
dynasty. 



606 (607). Nineveh de- 
stroyed by Nabopol- 
assar and Cyaxares, king 
of the Medes. 

605. Nebuchadrezzar II., 
king of Babylonia; he 
overthrows the Egyp. 
tians at Carchemish. 



' Duncker. History of Antiquity. 



6oo B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. 



The World Elsewhere. 



693 



670 



663 



Taharka _ (Tirhaka) en- 
gages in conflict with 
Assyria. 



Essarhaddon of Assyria 
conquers Egypt. 



Psammetichus I. 
liberates _ Egypt from 
the Assyrians and unites 
the country under his 
sway. 



650 Naucratis founded. 



610 



(612)._ Necho II.; invades 
Syria and defeats Josiah, 
king of Judah, at Me- 
giddo (609). 



685. Outbreak of Second 
Messenian War. 



660. Foundation of By- 
zantium. 

655. Cypselus, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



660. Jimmu Tenno, first 
Mikado of Japan, leader 
of the invading forces 
that conquered the isl- 
ands. 



625. Periander, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



620. (about). Traditional 
legislation of Draco in 
Athens. 



600. Foundation of Mas 
salia (Marseilles) by the 
Phocffians. 



lO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



597 B.C.- 



B.C. Progress OF Society, ETC. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



594 



Solon noted as a writer of 
political elegies and gno 
mic poetry. 



597M598=). First taking 
of Jerusalem by Nebu- 
chadrezzar II. 



580 



570 



560 



The philosophers Anaxi- 
mander, Anaximenes, 
and the sage Cleobulus 



(aboiii). First comedy 
acted at Athens on a 
cart, by Susarion and 
Dolon (traditional). 



(about). Birth of Gau- 
tama (Buddha), founder 
of Buddhism. 



586 '• » (587 2). Final de 
struction of Jerusalem 
by Nebuchadrezzar II 
and end of kingdom of 
Judah. 



586. Nebuchadrezzar sup- 
presses the Palestinian 
uprising and destroys 
Jerusalem. 



573. Tyre taken by Nebu- 
chadrezzar after a siege 
that is said to have 
lasted thirteen years. 



561. Evil-Merodach, king 
of Babylon. 

560. Croesus, king of Ly- 
dia. Solon at his court. 



556. NerigHssar succeeded 
by Labashi Marduk at 
Babylon. 

Asia Minor subjected to 
Croesus. 

555.Nabonidus overthrows 
Chaldcean dynasty in 
Babylon. 



^ Duncker, His'ory of Antiquity. * J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- 
pesdia. ^ Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia Biblica. 



5S5 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



II 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



589 



570 



570 



(591). Apries (Hophra) 
joins with the king of 
Judah against Nebuch- 
adrezzar, but he does 
not succeed in prevent- 
ini? the destruction of 
Je usalem. 



594. Legislation of Solon 
in Athens. 



585. Death of Per mder, 
tyrant of Corinth. 

584. Corinth overthrows 
tyranny of the Cypsel- 
ida. 



(572). Amasis II. over- 
throws Apries. 

-530 (about). Amasis es 
tablishes close connec 
tion between Greece and 
Egypt, and grants the 
Greeks living in Egypt 
extensive privileges. 



568 Egypt invaded by Nebu- 
chadrezzar. 



578. Servius Tullius, king 
of Rome (legendary). 
To him is ascribed the 
introduction of the cen- 
sus and the division of 
the citizens into cen- 
tnries. 



560. Pisistratus, tyrant of 
Athens. 



12 



TABULAR VIEWS 



550 B.C.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



(.about). Thespis performs 
the first tragedy 
Athens, (traditional) 
Pythagoras, his travels 
and emigration to Mag- 
na Graecia. 

Learning encouraged at 
Athens by Pisi stratus, 
who makes a large col- 
lection of Greek authors, 



Simonides, 

poets. 



Anacreon, 



Confucius, the Chinese 
philosopher. 



(509). Abolition of the 
Regal Government, and 
establishment of Repub' 
lie at Rome. 



Heraclitus of Ephesus and 
Parmenides of Elea, phi- 
losophers. 

{about). The Carthagin- 
ians make voyages of 
exiDloration and coloni- 
zation down the western 
coast of Africa. 



538. Edict of Cyrus for 
the Return of the 
Jews. 

Joshua Zerubbabel, 



520 (519). Rebuilding of 
the temple begins. 
Zechariah, Haggai. 

516 (515). Dedication of 
the second temple. 



546. Sardis taken by Cy- 
rus. — Croesus made pris- 
oner. — The Lydian 
Kingdom ended. 



538. BABYLON TAKEN 
by Cyrus. PERSIAN 
EMPIRE founded. 



529. Cambyses, king of 
Persia. 

525 (527). Cambyses in- 
vades Egypt. 



521. Darius Hystaspes, 
king of Persia. 



508. (about) . Darius leads a 
vast expedition into 
Scythia and accom- 
plishes the subjection of 
Thrace in the following 
years. 



500. The lonians revolt 
from Persia and bum 
Sardis (499). 



50O B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



13 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



525 



500 



Psammetichus III., last 
king of Egypt. — Inva- 
sion of Cambyses, who 
defeats the Egyptians at 
Pelusium, and. takes 
Memphis. 

Egypt becomes aPersian 
Province. 



548. Temple of Apollo at 
Delphi burnt. 

546. The Spartans over- 
throw the Argives. — 
The Greeks in Asia Mi- 
nor are subjected by the 
Persians. 



534 (about). Polycrates, 
tyrant of Samos. 



527. Pisistratus dies. 



514._ _ Hipparchus, son of 
Pisistratus, killed by 
Harmodius and Aris- 
togiton. 

510. The Pisistratidae ex- 
pelled. — Democracy es- 
tablished at Athens. 



(about). Voyage of Hanno 
the Carthaginian down 
the_ western coast of 
Africa, related in the 
" Periplus." 



500. The Athenians and 
Eretrians give aid to the 
Greeks of Asia Minor 
against Persia, and 
thereby arouse the hos- 
tiUty of that power. 



534. Tarquinius Superbus, 
king of Rome (legend- 
ary). 



510 (509). The Tarqiiins 
expelled from Rome. 

Brutus and Collatinus, 
first Consuls of Rome. 

508. War against the Tar- 
quins and their ally Por- 
senna (legendary). 



14 



TABULAR VIEWS 



500 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



480 



478 



Beginning of historical 
writing in Greece in the 
persons of Hecatseus and 
Dionysius of Miletus. 



Phrynichus, .iEschylus 
Pindar, and Bacchylides, 
dramatic and lyric poets. 



Historyof Herodotus ends. 



468 Sophocles defeats .iSschy- 
lus for the tragic prize. 



492. Persian army de- 
spatched against Greece ; 
its failure. 



490. Darius sends a second 
army against Greece. 



486. Xerxes, king of Per- 
sia. 



481. The expedition of 
Xerxes into Greece. 



478. Death of Confucius. 
— China distracted by 
internal wars. 



466. Persians defeated by 
sea and land at the 
Eurymedon. 

465. Xerxes assassinated; 
Artaxerxes I. (Longima- 
nus) king of Persia. 



460 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



15 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



480 



Hamilcar Barca invades 
Sicily at the head of a 
Carthaginian army; de- 
feated by Gelo in battle 
of Himera, and slain. 



Egypt, under Inarus, re- 
volts from Persia. 



494. Miletus reduced by 
the Persians. 



490. Invasion of the Per- 
sians under Datis and 
Artaphernes. 

Battle of MARA- 
THON. 

489. Miltiades disgraced. 



483. Aristides banished. 



480. Battle of Thermopy- 
lae. 

Athens burnt by 
Xer.Kes. 

Battle of Salamis. 
479. Mardonius a second 
time takes Athens. 

Defeat of the Persians 
at Platea and Mycale on 
the same day. 
478-477. Athens rebuilt. 
— ^The Piraeus fortified. 

477-449. The campaigns 
of Cimon, son of Milti- 
ades. 

471. Themistocles ban- 
ished. 



466. The Persians twice 
defeated at the Eury- 
medon by Cimon. 



464. 3d Messenian War. 
461. Ostracism of Cimon. 

— Pericles rises to 

power. 



496. Victory of Lake Re- 
gillus gained over the 
Latins with the aid of 
Castor and Pollux. 

494 (493). The secession of 
the Plebs and the crea- 
tion of the tribunate. 



491. Coriolanus banished 
(legendary). 



486. Spurius Cassius 

arouses the hostility of 
the Patricians by his 
agrarian agitation, and 
on the expiration of his 
consulate is put to death . 

485, Gelo becomes tyrant 
of Syracuse. 



480. The Carthaginians de- 
feated by^ Gelo at Hi- 
mera in Sicily. 



478. Hiero becomes ty- 
rant of Syracuse. 

477 {about). The legendary 
war against Veil and the 
fall of the Fabii. 

471. The Publilian Laws 
vest the election of the 
tribunes in the comitia 
of the tribes. 



465. Democracy in Syra- 
cuse. 



i6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



458 B.C.- 



B.C. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


The Jews. 


Asia. 






458> (3982). Ezra goes to 
Jerusalem. 




450 


Callimachus, traditional 
inventor of Corinthian 
order of architecture. 




449. Persians defeated at 
Salamis in Cyprus, and 
in the peace of Callias 
recognize the indepen- 
dence of the Asiatic 
Greeks. 

447. Revolt of Megabyzus, 
satrap in Syria, forces 
Artaxerxes to conces- 


445 


Zeno, Anaxagoras Prota- 
goras, and Empedocles, 
philosophers: Phidias, 
the finest sculptor ot an- 
tiquity; Euripides, tra- 
gic poet; Crates and 
Cratinus, comic poets; 
Herodotus, father of 
GreeK history; Polygno- 
tus, painter. 


445. Walls of Jerusalem 
built by Ne lemiah 
Sect of Samaritans. 


sion. 


432 


(433). Meton begins his 

lunar cycle. 
Thucydides, historian. 






400 


Death of Socrates, t'-e 
greatest of ancient mor 
alists. 




425. Xerxes II., king of 

Persia. 
424. Darius II., king of 

Persia. 



1 Gtraetz. 



2 Oppert. 



421 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



17 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



Greeks in Egypt defeated 
by Megabyzus. 



458. War between Athens 

and Corinth. 
456. Cimon recalled. 

Completion of the 

Long Walls of Athens 
454. Achaia joins the 

Athenian alliance. 



449. _ Renewal of war 
against Persians, who are 
defeated at Salamis in 
Cyprus. 



447. Athenians 
at Coroneia 
BcEotians. 



defeated 
by the 



440. Pericles takes Samos. 



437. Arnphipolis in the 
Thracian Chersonesus 
founded by Athenians. 

435. Corinth at war with 
Corcyra. 

432. Revolt of Potidsea 
from the Athenian con 
federacy. 



431. The Peloponnesian 

War. 

Invasion of Attica. 
430. The Plague at Athens. 
429. Pericles dies, after 

enjoying power for more 

than 30 years. 



424. Exile of Thucydides, 
Brasidas invades 

Thrace with a Spartan 
force. 

421. Peace of Nicias be- 
tween Athens and 
Sparta. 



458. Cincinnatus, Dictator. 



451. The Decemvirs and 
the laws of the 12 tables. 
The legend of Vir» 
ginia. 



449. Ouaestorship estab- 
lished. 



445. Lex Canuleia permits 
intermarriage between. 
Patricians and Ple- 
beians. 



444. Military Tribunes and 
office of Censor insti- 
tuted. 

439. SpuriusMaelius killed 
because suspected of 
royal ambitious. 



431. The .(Equians and 
Volscians defeated at 
Mount ^gidus. 



426. Fidenas revolts, 
taken and destroyed. 



i8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



420 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. 



Asia. 



420 Hippocrates, of Cos, the 
father of medicine. 
Democritus, the laughing 
philosopher. 



415 



411 



405 



399 



390 



Aristophanes, prince of 
Ancient Comedy. 



Thucydides' history ends 
and Xenophon's begins. 



Plato, comic poet. 



From Socrates proceed the 
great scliools of Greek 
philosophy, the Megaric 
school founded by Eu- 
clid, the Cynic by Antis- 
thenes, the Cyrenaic 
(Hedonistic or Epicu- 
rean) by Aristippus, 
and the Academic by 
Plato. 



The influence of Plato, t' e 
g.eat philosopLier, at ils 
height. 

The historians Xenophon, 
Ktesias of Knidus, and 
Philistus of Syracuse. 



408. Medes make an un- 
successful attempt to 
throw off Persian yoke. 



405. Persians driven out 
of Africa for a time. 



404. Artaxerxes II. (Mne- 
mon), king of Persia. 



401. Cyrus the younger 
defeated at Cunaxa; re- 
treat of the 10,000 under 
Xenophon. 

399. Outbreak of war 
between Persia and 
Sparta. 



396. _ Agesilaus invades 
Asia Minor and repeat- 
edly defeats the Persians. 



Sgo B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



19 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



414 



410 



393 



Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, 
shakes off the yoke of 
Persia. 



The Carthaginians invade 
Sicily. 



420. Alcibiar.es effects a 
treaty between the 
Athenians and Argives. 



415. _ Athenians invade 
Sicily and besiege Syra- 



413. The army in Sicily 

destroyed. 

Archelaus, king of 

Macedon. 
411. Athens governed by 

the 400. 

Alcibiades at the 

court of Tissaphemes. 
410. Alcibiades defeats 

the Spartans at Cyzicus. 



408. Capture o£_ Byzan- 
tium by Athenians. 



405. Lysander ("efeatsthe 
Athenians at j^gospota- 
mi; 404, takes Athens, 
and establishes the 30 
tyrants. 

End of the Pelopon- 
nesian War. 



420. The Campanians 
make themselves _ mas- 
ters of the Greek city of 
Cumffi. 



409. Plebeians first hold 
the quaestorship. 



406. Beginning of a ten 
years' war against Veii; 
pay for the _ first time 
given to soldiers. 



403. Thrasybulus 
the 30 tyrants. 



expels 



399. Death of Socrates. 



Accession of Akhoris, who 
eiigages in war against 
Persia as an ally of 
Agesilaus of Sparta; he 
also aids Evagoras of 
Cyprus. 



396. Agesilaus invades 

Asia. 
395. War between Sparta 

and Thebes. 
394. Battle of Coronea. 



396. Camillus takes Veil, 
after a siege of ten years. 



390. The Roman army 
overwhelmed on the Al- 
lia and Rome taken and 
burnt by the Gauls, 
tinder Brennus. 



20 



TABULAR VIEWS 



387 B.C.- 



^.c Progress of Society.etc. 



370 



Diogenes, tlie cynic; Iso- 
crates and Isasus.orators; 
Antiphanes and Alexis, 
representatives of the 
Middle Comedy; Scopas 
and Praxiteles, sculp- 
tors. 



387. Jhe_ Greek cities 9! 
Asia tributary to Persia 
by the peace of Antal- 
cidas. 



383. BITHYNIA becomes 
a kingdom. 

Mithridates I., king 
of PONTUS. 



379. Evagoras of C>rprus 
recognizedby Persia as 
sovereign in return for 
the payment of tribute. 



376. Persia makes an un- 
successful attempt to 
reconquer Egypt. 



362. Ariobarzanes, king of 
Pontus. — Revolt of the 
Persian governor in Asia 
Minor. 



360. CAPPADOCIA be- 
comes a kingdom under 
Ariarathes I. 

359. Accession of Arta- 
xerxes III. in Persia. 

356. Artabazus, satrap in 
Asia Minor, rises in re- 
bellion, and being de- 
feated seeks refuge with 
Philip of Macedon. 



556 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



21 



Africa, 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



378 



161 



Nectanebus I. repels a 
Persian army command- 
ed by Phamabazus 
which invaded _ Egypt 
and took Pelusium. 



382. Thebes taken by the 

Spartans under Phoebi- 

das. 
379. Thebes delivered by 

Pelopidas and Epami- 

nondas. 



376. Spartan fleet de- 
feated_ at Naxos by the 
Athenians. 



.371. Battle of Leuctra; 
' Spartans defeated by 

Thebans under Epami- 

nondas. 

Predominance of 

Thebes. 



364. Pelopidas killed in 

battle. 
362. Battle of Mantinea, 

death of Epaminondas. 



Tachos, king of Egypt. 
Agesilaus, the Spartan, 
aids the Egyptians in 
their revolt against Per- 
sia. 



357. Philip II. of Mace- 
don takes Amphipolis. 
356. Philip conquers 
Thrace and lUyria. _ 

The Temple of Diana 
at Ephesus burnt. 

ALEXANDER "the 
Great" born. 



384. M. Manlius Capito- 
linus accused of royal 
ambitions and_ thrown 
from the Tarpeian rock. 



376. Beginning of the ten 
years' struggle over the 
L i c i n i a n Rogations; 
Plebs prevent election of 
curule magistrates. 

371. Curule magistrates 
appointed. 



367; The Licinian Roga- 
tions passed, providing 
for_ agrarian relief and 
assigning one consul to 
the Plebeians. 



361. Renewed invasion of 
the Gauls. 



356. Dionysius the young- 
er expelled from Syra- 
cuse. 

First Plebeian dic- 
tator at Rome. 



22 



TABULAR VIEWS 



355 B.C. 



352 



343 



Philippics of Demosthenes. 
Mencius, Chinese sage. 



Aristotle appointed tutor 
of Alexander the Great 



340 Machines, Demosthenes, 
orators; Theopompus 
aad Ephorus, historians. 
Soeusippus, academic 
philosopher. 



335 



330 



Pyrgoteles practises the 
art of stone-engraving 
and die-sinking. 



Apelles, the painter; Cal- 
listhenes, philosopher. 

Alexander attempts the 
fusion of Asia and 
Europe through inter- 
marriasje, perfected com- 
munications, etc. 



332. Jerusalem submits to 
Alexander the Great. 



340 (346). Arta.xerxes in 
person achieves the re- 
conquest of Egypt. 



338. Assassination of Ar- 
taxerxes and accession 
of Arses. 

336. Assassination of Arses 
and accession of Darius 
Codomannus. 



334. Battle of the Gran - 
icus. 



333. Battle of Issus.— 
Alexander the Great 
overthrows the Persian 
army. 

332. Tyre subdued after 
seven months' siege. 

331. Battle of Arbela.^ 
The Persian army to- 
tally defeated. 

330-328. CONQUEST of 
the PERSIAN EM- 
PIRE. 



327. Alexander invades 
India. 



32/ B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



^3 



Africa. 



Greece — Macedon. 



Rome, etc. 



340 



The Carthaginians de- 
feated by Timoleon on 
the Crimesus in Sicily. 

Artaxerxes III. invades 
Egypt with an immense 
army, overruns the 
country and plunders 
the temples; Egypt is 
once more a province of 
Persia. 



332 



Egypt conquered by Alex- 
ander. 



355. The 2d Sacred War. 



352. Philip II. takes the 
Athenian port of Me 
thone in Macedonia. 

The Phocians defeated by 
Philip at 
Thessaly. 

348. Philip takes Olyn- 

thus. 
346. Philip _ admitted to 

the Amphictyonic Coun 

oil. 



341. Philip makes war 
upon Athens. 

340. — lays siege to Byzan- 
tium. 



338. Philip defeats the 
Greeks at Chagronea. 



336. Philip is murdered by 
Pausanias. 

ALEXANDER III. 
surnamed the Great. — 
He pacifies Greece, de 
stroys Thebes, sparing 
the house of Pindar. 

335. — is chosen generalis- 
simo_ of Greece against 
Persia. 

334. — invades Persia, and 
after several great bat- 
tles (see "Asia") sub- 
dues the Persian empire 
and Egypt, and marches 
into India. 



330. Spartans under Agis 
defeated by Antipater 
of Macedon. 



353. Dion put to death, 
and Syracuse ruled by 
tyrants. 



351. First Plebeian censor. 



343-341. The first Sam- 
nite War. 



340. The Latins defeated 
at Mount Vesuvius and 
reduced to virtual sub- 
jection by Rome. 



337. First Plebeian praetor. 



332. Treaty between Rome 
and Alexander of Epirus. 



24 



TABULAR VIEWS 



326 B.C.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



325 



The voyage of Nearchus 
from the Indus to the 
Euphrates. 



320. Ptolemy carries away 
a large number of pris 
oners into Egypt. 
Onias I. 



315 



312 



Menander, founder of New 
Comedy. 



Appius Claudius Csecus, 
Censor, completes con- 
struction of the Appian 
aqueduct and begins 
Appian Way. 



311. Judea subject to An- 
tigonus. 



307 



Museum and Library at 
Alexandria begun under 
Ptolemy Soter. 



323. Alexander dies at 
Babylon; his empire 
partitioned among his 
generals. 



321. War among the sue 
cessors of Alexander. 



320. Eumenes defeated by 
Antigonus. 



317 (about). The empire of 

Magadha in northern 

India founded by Chan- 

dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 

316. Eumenes put to death 

by Antigonus. 
315. Formation of a league 
against Antigonus by 
Ptolemy, Cassander, Se- 
leucus, and Lysimachus. 



312. SYRIA ruled by Se- 
leucus Nicator; he takes 
Babylon. 
Era of the Seleucidae. 



305. Seleucus Nicator in- 
vades India and wages 
war against Chandra- 
gupta. 



304 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



25 



Africa. 



Rome, etc. 



323 



320 



Ptolemy I. (Soter, son of 
Lagus) ; becomes ruler of 
Egypt after the death 
of Alexander the Great 
and the partition of his 
empire ; assumes regal 
title in 305. 



Ptolemy makes himself 
master of Cyprus and 
Syria. 



3oa 

307 
306 



Ptolemy _ establishes his 

power in Cyrene. 
Agathocles is defeated by 

the Carthaginians at 

Tunes in Africa. _ 
-305. Antigonus invades 

Egypt, but meets with 

no success. 



324. Demosthenes ban^ 

ished. 
323. Death of Alexander. — 

The Grecian cities revolt 

from Macedon. — Demos 

thenes recalled. 
322. The Greeks defeated 

by Antipater at Crannon 

in Thessaly. 

Death of Demosthenes. 

321. Antipater, regent of 

the empire. 



319. Polysperchon sue 
ceeds Antipater, and 
proclaims liberty to the 
Grecian cities. 

317. Phocion put to death 
by the Athenians. 

Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens. 



315. Cassander rebuilds 
Thebes. 



307. Demetrius Phalereus 
expelled from Athens by 
Demetrius Poliorcetes. 



305-304. Demetrius Poli- 
orcetes besieges Rhodes 
in vain. 

303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
general of the Grecian 

states. 



326. Outbreak of second 
Samnite War. 



321. The Samnites defeat 
the Romans at the Cau- 
dine Forks and send 
them under the yoke. 

320. The Samnites de- 
feated at Luceria. 



317. Syracuse seized by 
Agathocles. 



314. Insurrection of the 
Campanians suppressed. 



309. Fabius Maximus de- 
feats the Etrurians at 
the Vadimonian lake. 



307. The Carthaginians 
f'efeat Agathocles, and 
besiege Syracuse. 



304. End of the second 
Samnite War. 



26 



TABULAR VIEWS 



301 B.C. 



B.C. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



300 



293 



286 



285 



284 



283 



Euclid, of Alexandria, the 
celebrated mathemati- 
cian. — Zeno, founder of 
the Stoics; Pyrrho, of 
the Skeptics' Epicurus 
of the Epicureans. 



The first sun-dial erected 
at Rome by Papirjus 
Cursor, and the time 
first divided into hours. 



At Rome full equality 
between the Plebeians 
and Patricians finally 
established 

Theocritus, the father of 
pastoral poetry; Bion, 
bucolic poet. 

The Septuagint translation 
of the Old Testament, 
begun at Alexandria, by 
order of Ptolemy Phila 
delphus. 

The Pharos built at Alex 
andria, the most famous 
of lighthouses. 



(.about). Philetcerus, of 

Pergamus, patron of the 

arts. 
Alexandria, the resort of 

the learned, and centre 

of trade. 
The Colossus of Rhodes, 

the work of Chares of 

Lindus, erected. 

Manetho, Egyptian priest 
and chronologist. 



301. Judea again under 
the dominion of the 
Ptolemies. 



301 Battleoflpsus. — An- 

tigonus killed. 

ALEXANDER'S 
EMPIRE DIVIDED in 
four parts. — Ptolemy, 
Seleucus, Cassander, Ly- 
simachus. 



299. Seleucus begins the 
building of Antioch. 



287. Seleucus defeats De- 
metrius Poliorcetes and 
keeps him prisoner. 



281. Lysimachus defeated 
and killed by Seleucus in 
the battle of Korupedion. 
—The kingdom of PER- 
GAMUS founded by 
Philetserus. 

280. Antiochus I. succeeds 
Seleucus. 



279 ^-C- 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



27 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 








300. Plebeians admitted 








to the priestly colleges. 








298. Outbreak of third 








Samnite War; Samnites 








defeated at Bovianum. 






297. Death of Cassander. 








295. Siege of Athens, by 


295. Samnites and Etrus- 






Demetrius. 


cans defeated at Sen- 
tinum. 






294. Demetrius seizes the 








throne of Macedon. 


290. End of third Samnite 
War. 






287. Athens revolts from. 








Demetrius. 


286. Law of Hortensius, 
by which the decrees of 
the Plebs are made abso- 
lute in the state. The 


285 


Ptolemy Soter practically 




end of the long struggle 




abdicates, and is suc- 




between Patricians and 




ceeded bv his son, 




Plebeians. 




Ptolemy H. Philadel- 








phus. 






283 


Death of Ptolemy Soter. 


' 


282. Outbreak of hostili- 
ties between Rome and 
Tarentum ; the latter 
seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, 
king of Epirus. 






281. The Achaean League 


281. Pyrrhus lands in It- 






created. 


aly. 






Lysimachus defeated and 








slain by Seleucus in the 








battle of Korupedion. 








280. Irruption of the Gauls 


280. Pyrrhus defeats the 






into Macedonia; Ptol- 


Romans at Pandosia 






emy Ceraunus slain. 


(Heraclea) and at 
279 — Asculum. 



28 



TABULAR VIEWS 



279 B.C.- 



B.c Progress OF SociETY.ETC. 



Asia. 



269 



2B4 



260 



Silver money first coined 
at Rome. 



The Parian Chronicle com- 
posed. 

Gladiators first exhibited 
at Rome. 



(.about). Berosus, the his 
torian of Babylon. 



275. Antiochus I. defeats 
the Gauls, gaining the 
surname of Soter (Sa- 
vior). 



270 (about). Asoka, de- 
scendant of Chandra- 
gupta, reigns in Magad- 
ha; he is a friend of 
Buddhism. 



266. AriobarzanesII.,king 
of Pontus. 



262. Antiochus Soter de- 
feated at Sardis by Eu- 
menes. 

261. Antiochus defeated 
and slain by the Gauls 
in a battle near Ephesus; 
he is succeeded by An- 
tiochus II. Theos. 



255. Kingdom of PAR- 
THIA founded by Arsa- 
ces. The Tsin dynasty in 
China commences, under 
whom the construction 
of the Chinese "Wall is 
begun. 



255 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



29 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. Rome, etc. 






279. Irruption of the Gauls 








under Brennus into 








Greece. 








278. — they are defeated 


278. Pyrrhus invades Sic- 






near Delphi. 


ily. 






277. Antigonus Gonatus, 








king of Macedon. 


275. Pyrrhus defeated at 
Beneventum, and leaves 
Italy. 






274. Pyrrhus invades Ma- 








cedon, defeats Antigo- 








nus, and is proclaimed 








king. 




273 


Ptolemy sends an embassy 
to Rome and enters into 
friendly relations with 
the Senate; grain trade 
between Egypt and 
Rome developed; re- 
fuses the Carthaginians 
aid against the Romans. 










272. Pyrrhus besieges 


272. Fall of Tarentum. 






Sparta and Argos — is 








slain, and Antigonus is 








restored. 


271. Fall of Rhegium. 






268. Athens taken by An- 








tigonus Gonatus. 








Second _ incursion of 








the Gauls into Macedon. 


266. With the conquest 
of the Sallentines the 
Roman subjugation of 
Italy is completed. 


264 


Outbreak of the first war 




264. The first PUNIC 




between Carthage and 




WAR. — Appius _ Claud- 




Rome. 




ius defeats Hiero of 
Syracuse at Messana. 

260. Duilius gains a vic- 
tory over the Carthagin- 
ian fleet at Myte. 


256 


Regulus invades Africa, 




256. Regulus gains a vic- 




and is defeated by 




tory over the Carthagin- 




Xanthippus, a Spartan 




ian fleet at Ecnomus. 




general. 


255. Antigonus liberates 


255. The Lacedemonians 






Athens. 


assist Carthage. — Xan- 






Athens joins the 


thippus defeats Regulus, 






Achaean League. 


and takes him prisoner- 



30 



TABULAR VIEWS 



254 B.C.- 



B.C. Progress OF SociETY.ETc. 



Asia. 



253 



245 



240 



235 



The Alexandrian schol- 
ars and poets, Aratus, 
Kallimachus, Lyco- 

phron, and ApoUonius. 



(about). Eratosthenes, 

celebrated geometer and 
geographer, head of the 
Alexandrian Library, 
makes first measurement 
of circumference of the 
earth. ^ Chrysippus, 
Stoic philosopher. 



Comedies of Livitis An- 
dronicus, first acted at 
Rome. — Archimedes, 
the mathematician. 



Nsevius, Roman 
flourishes. 



poet, 



225 Fabius Pictor, _ the 
Roman historian. 



first 



253. Arsaces II. (Tiridates 
I.) succeeds to the 
throne in Parthia. 



246. Antiochus II. Theos 
killed by his wife; suc- 
ceeded by his son Seleu- 
cus II. Callinicus. 

245. War breaks out be- 
tween Seleucus II. and 
Ptolemy Euergetes, in 
which the latter for a 
time is master of almost 
the entire Seleucian 
kingdom. 



241. Attalus I., king of 
Pergamus. 



237. Seleuctis defeated by 
the Parthians. 



226. Seleucus II. (Cerau- 
nus), king of Syria. 



223. Antiochus III. the 
Great, king of Syria. 



222 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



31 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 








254. Panormus (Palermo) 








taken by the Romans. 


251 


Metellus defeats Hasdru- 


251. Prosperity of Achaean 






bal at Panormus in 


League ^ under Aratus, 






Sicily. 


who liberates Sicyon 
and joins it to the 
League. 


249. Romans defeated in 
naval battle of Drepana. 


247 


Hamilcar Barca takes 




247. Hamilcar holds Herc- 




command of Carthagin- 




te against the Romans. 




ian forces in Sicily. — 








Accession of ^ Ptolemy 








III. Euergetes in Egypt. 






245 


PtolemyEuergetes subdues 
Syria. 


243. Corinth taken by 
Aratus and united to 
Achaean League. 




241 


-238. War with the Mer- 


241. Agis IV., king of 


241. The Roman fleet 


cenaries in Carthage. 


Sparta, put to death for 


under Catulus^ defeats 






attempting to establish 


the Carthaginians off 






agrarian reform and re- 


the .<5igatian Islands. — 






introduce the Lycurgan 


End of the first Punic 






constitution. 


War; resulting in the 
acquisition of Sicily, the 
first Roman province. 


238 


Harailcar begins establish- 




238. Sardinia seized by 




ment of Carthaginian 




Rome. 




power in Spain. 






228 


Carthagena in Spain, 


228. Roman ambassadors 






founded by Hasdrubal. 


first appear at Athens 
and Corinth. 
226. Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, defeats the 
Achaeans. 








225. Cleomenes re-estab- 


225. The Gauls defeated 






lishes the constitution 


near Telamon in Etru- 






of Lycurgus at Sparta. 


ria. 






224. Cleomenes conquers 


224. The Romans first 






Argos and is joined by 


cross the Po. 






Corinth. 


223. The Insubres de- 
feated. 


222 


Ptolemy IV. Philopater, 
king of Egypt. 







32 



TABULAR VIEWS 



221 B.C.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



220 



210 



204 



200 



Plautus, Roman comic 
poet. 

The Alexandrian gram- 
marians and editors, 
Zenodotus and Aristo- 
phanes. 



(about). The Great Chinese 
Wall begun. 



Ennius, Roman 
comes to Rome. 



poet, 



Moschus, bucolic poet. 



217. Antiochus III. de- 
feated by Ptolemy Phil- 
opater in the battle of 
Raphia. 

216. Arsaces III., king of 
Parthia. 



213. Antiochus defeats the 
Parthians and takes 
their capital, Hecatom- 
pylos. 



203. Judea submits 
Antiochus the Great. 



206. The dynasty of Han. 
in China founded; it 
lasts until 221 a.d.. and 
forms one of the most 
brilliant periods in the 
history of China. 



198. The Jews assist Anti- 
ochus in expelling Sco- 
pas and the Egyptian 
troops from Jerusalem; 
final establishment of 
the Syrian power 
Palestine. 



198 Antiochus defeats tha 
Egyptians uni'er Scopas 
in a great battle in Pal- 
estine, which now defi- 
nitely conies under the 
Syrian rule. 

197 Eumenes II., king of 
Pergamus. 



196. Arsaces IV., king of 

Parthia. 
195. Hannibal flees to- 

Antiochus IIL 



195 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



33 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 


221 


Beginning of conquests of 


221. Cleomenes of Sparta 






Hannibal in Spain. 


defeated by Antigonus 
Doson at Sellasia. 
220. The Social War be- 
tween Achaeans and 
^tolians.— Philip V. of 
Macedonia assists the 






War between Egypt and 


Achaeans. 


219. Hannibal takes Sa- 




Syria resulting in the 




guntum and crosses the 




loss of Palestine by the 




Alps 




Ptolemies. 




218. The 2d Punic War.— 
The Romans defeated by 
Hannibal at the Ticino 
and the Trebbia. 

217. Flaminius over- 
whelmed at Trasi- 
mene. 

216. Romans at Cannes 
totally defeated by Han- 






215. Alliance of Philip V. 


nibal. 






with Hannibal. 


Fabius Maximus, Dic- 


213? 


Rebellion of the Egyptian 
peasantry against the 




tator. 




Macedonian oppression. 




212. Syracuse taken by 
Marcellus. Archimedes 
killed. 






211. The ^tolians secure 


211. Capua taken by the 






the alliance of Rome 


Romans. 






against the Achaeans and 




209 


Ptolemy V. associated in 


the Macedonians. 


209. Publius Scipio takes 




the crown. 




New Carthage. 






207. Battle of Mantinea: 


207. Nero and Livy defeat 






Philopoemen, the gen- 


Hasdrubal at the Met- 






eral of the Achsan 


aurus.— Fiasdrubal kiUed. 






League, defeats the 








Spartans. 


206. The Carthaginians de- 


205 


Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, 




feated in the battle of 




king of Egypt. 




Ilipa and driven out of 
Spain. 

204. Scipio carries the war 


203 


Scipio Africanus besieges 
Utica and burns the 
camps of Hasdrubal and 
Syphax. 

Hannibal recalled from 
Italy. 




into Africa. 


202 


Hannibal defeated at Za- 




202. Final victory over 




ma. — End of the 2J 




Carthage at Zama. 




Punic War. 


200. Siege of Abydos by 


200. Outbreak of war with 






Philip V. of Macedonia; 


Macedonia. 






outbreak of war between 








Macedonia and Rome. 




198 


Egypt loses her Syrian pos- 


198. The Achaeans and 






sessions. 


Spartans join the Ro- 
mans against Macedonia. 








197. Philip V. defeated at 


197. Flamininus victorious 






Cynoscephalae by the 


in Macedonia. 






Romans under Flamin- 








inus. 








196 Macedonian Greece 








declared free by the 








Romans. 


195. Cato in Spain 



34 



TABULAR VIEWS 



194 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress of Society, ETC 



The Jews. 



194 



180 

2d 
cen- 

tvixy 



Apollonius of Rhodes head 
of the Alexandrian li- 
brary. 



Statius Caecilitis, comic 
poet. 

V Paper made in China. 



170 



167 



166 



161 



174. Jason obtains the 
high priesthood by cor- 
ruption. 



Polybius, historian of 
Greece and Rome. 



Greek learning comes to 
Rome as a result of con- 
quest of Macedonia. 

Terence, comic poet. 



Philosophers and rhetor- 
icians banished from 
Rome. 



192. Syria at war with 
Rome. 

190. Scipio Asiaticus de- 
feats Antiochus III, at 
Magnesia and compels 
him to cede all of Asia 
Minor excepting Cilicia; 
the conquered territory 
is allotted by Rome to 
Pergamus. 

189. Armenia revolts from 
the Seleucid rule and 
establishes its indepen- 
dence. 

187. Antiochus III. killed; 
succeeded by Seleucus 
IV. Philopator. 



183. Phamaces I., king of 
Pontus, conquers Sin- 
ope. 

181. Phraates I., king of 
Parthia. 



176. Antiochus IV. Epi- 
phanes, king of Syria. 

174. Mithradates I., king 
of Parthia, founds the 
greatness of that power. 
He conquers Bactria, 
Persia, _ Susiana, and 
Babylonia. 

171. Antiochus IV. de- 
clares war against Ptol- 
emy Philometor. 



171. Jason supplanted by 

Menelaus. 

170. The temple plundered 
by Antiochus Epi- 
phanes. 

168. Jerusalem again plun- 
dered by Antiochus; the 
temple desecrated, the 
Law suppressed. 

167. Mattathias the Has- 
monean, leads an insur- 
rection against the Syr- 
ians. 

165. Judas Maccabeus ex- 164. Antiochus V. _Eu- 
pels the Syrians and pator, king of Syria, 
purifies the temple. 

162. Demetrius Soter 
seizes throne of Syria. 
161. Judas defeats the Ariarathes Philopator, 

Syrians under Nicanor king of Cappadocia. 
at Adasa. 

First treaty with tke 
Romans. 



l6l B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



35 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. i 


193 


Masinissa, king of Numidia, 
harasses the Carthagin- 
ians, and injures their 
commerce. 




191. Antiochus III. de- 
feated at Thermopylae. 

190. Antiochus III. is to- 
tally defeated by L. C. 
Scipio at Magnesia. 


189 


Formidable insurrection in 
upper Egypt owing to 
oppressive taxatios. 


189. The ^tolian League 
crushed by the Romans. 

188. Philopoemen abro- 
gates the laws of Lycur- 
gus in Sparta. 


185. Disgrace and volun- 
tary exile of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

184. Cato, the elder, cen- 


182 


Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 
king of Egypt. 


183. Philopciemen defeated 
and killed by the Mes- 
senians 

179. Perseus, king of 
Macedonia. 


sor. 
183. Death of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

181. Pseudo writings of 

Numa found in a stone 

coffin at Rome. 
179. Celtiberians in Spain 

subjugated by Tiberius 

Gracchus. 
176. Sardinians subdued 

by Gracchus. 


170 


-163. Joint reign of Phi- 
lometor and Physcon in 
Egypt. 


171. War between Mace- 
donia and Rome. 

168. Perseus defeated at 
Pydna, by Emilius 
Paulus. 

167. Achaean hostages 
transported to Italy in 
large numbers. 


171. War against Mace» 
donia. 


163 


Ptolemy VI. is driven out 
by his brother but is 
restored by the Roman 
senate, Physcon being 
given Cyrene. 







36 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 60 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



160 



159 



155 



150 



146 



145 



{about). Hipparchus of 160. Death of Judas Mac 
Nicsea makes important cabeus 
astronomical discoveries 
and lays the foundation 
of Trigonometry. 



The clepsydra or water 
clock introduced by 
Scipio Nasica 



Pacuvius, Latin 
poet, flourishes 



tragic 



Aristarchus, of Alexandria, 
grammarian, greatest of 
Greek scholars, editor of 
Homer and the drama- 
tists. 



The fall of Corinth and the 
transplantation of its 
art treasures to Rome 
marks an important 
epoch in the conquest of 
the Roman world by 
Greek thought. 

Hipparchus, mathemati- 
cian and astronomer, 
flourishes. 



158. Jonathan compels the 
Syrians under Bacchides 
to withdraw. 



143 Jonathan is slain by 
Trypho. 

142. Simon, high priest. 
Demetrius II. of Syria 
acknowledges Jewish in- 
dependence. 



135. John Hyrcanus, high 
priest. 

133. Jerusalem taken by 
Antiochus VII. 



160. Mithradates IV. (V.), 
king of Pontus. 



151. AlexanderBalas over- 
throws Demetrius Soter 
and takes the throne. 



149. Prusias II. of Bithy- 
nia, killed by his son, 
Nicomedes. 



146. Demetrius II. Nic- 
ator, king of Syria. 



140. Demetrius II. is de- 
feated by Mithradates 
I. of Parthia and re- 
tained in captivity for a 
number of years. 



137. Antiochus VII. (Si- 
detes), king of Syria. 



133. Antiochus takes Jer- 
usalem. 



133 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



37 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



157 



Cato's embassy to Car- 
thage. 



Masinissa defeats the Car- 
thaginians. 



147 



146 



Ptolemy VI. joins with 
Demetrius Nicator 
against Alexander Balas 
of Syria and is crowned 
king at Antioch. 

Carthage taken and de- 

Ftroyed. 
Ptolemy VII., Physcon, 

becomes sole king of 

Egypt. 



155. Athenian embassy of 
Diogenes. Carneades 
and Critolaus to Rome 



152. Andriscus attempts 
to _ raise Macedonia 
against Rome. 



148. He is defeated by 
Metellus and 



146. Macedonia becomes a 
Roman province. 

War between the Achsan 
League and Sparta and 
Rome; Corinth taken 
and destroyed by 
Mummius. 



155. War with the Lusi- 
tanians and 



153. with the Celtiberians. 



151. Defeat of Galba in 
Spain by the Celtiber- 
ians. 

150. The Lusitanians 
crushed. 

149. Third Punic War 
begins. 

The Lex Calpurnia 
seeks to restrain the mal- 
practice of provincial 
governors. 



146. Conquest of Carthage 
and of Corinth. 



Roman Empire. 



In the East. 



133. Pergamus bequeath- 
ed to the Romans by 
Attalus III. 



In Europe. 

143. Numantine War 
begins. 



140. Romans cause assas- 
sination of Viriathus, 
leader of the Lusitanians 
in Spain. 

139. Servile insurrection 
in Sicily. 



133. Numantja destroyed 
by Scipio. 

Acts and death of 
Tiberius Gracchus. 



38 



TABULAR VIEWS 



132 B.C.- 



130 



125 



100 



Lucius Accius, tragic poet. 



Lucilius the first Roman 
satirist. 



Lucius Afranius, comic 
writer. 



129. John Hyrcanus be- 
gins task of delivering 
Judea from the Syrian 
yoke; reduces Samaria 
and Idumea. 



109. H3T;canus destroys 
Samaria. 



105. Hyrcanus succeeded 
by his son Aristobulus, 
who first assumes the 
title of king. 

104. Alexander Jannsus 
succeeds to the throne; 
in a war against Ptolemy 
VIII.. Lathyrus, the 
exiled ruler of Egypt, he 
is assisted by Cleopatra, 
the reigning queen, and 
expels Ptolemy from 
Palestine. 



129. Antiochus VII. de- 
feated and killed in a 
war with Parthia. 

Demetrius II. regains 
Syria. 

126. Demetrius is over- 
thrown and there follow 
the parallel reigns of 
Alexander II. (till 122) 
and Antiochus VIII. 
Grypus (till 114). 



120. Mithradates V. (VI.) 
the Great, king of 
Pontus. 



112. Mithradates begins 
career of conquest in the 
kingdom of Bosporus 
(Crimea), Lesser Ar- 
menia, Colchis, and part 
of Scythia to the Dnies- 
ter. 



lOO B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



39 



130 

127 
123 

118 

116 
112 
107 

106 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



Ptolemy Physcon driven 
from his throne for his 
cruelty. 



Physcon restored. 



Carthage rebuilt. 



Death of Micipsa, king of 
Numidia, and the assas- 
sination of Hiempsal by 
Jtigurtha. 

Ptolemy VIII., Lathyrus, 
king of Egypt. 

Jugurthine War begins. 



Ptolemy VIII. exiled and 
Alexander I. king of 
Egypt. 

Jugurtha is defeated by 
Marius. 



In the East. 



131. War with Aristonicus, 
pretender to the crown 
of Pergamus. 

130. Aristonicus defeated. 

129. Pergamus organized 
as the province of Asia. 



111. Outbreak of war with 
Jugurtha who had us- 
urped the royal power 
in Numidia. 

106. Jugurtha defeated 
and taken; he perishes in 
prison at Rome. 



In Europe. 
132. Servile War ended.. 



123. Tribunate of Caius 
Gracchus; he brings for- 
ward the Leges Sempro- 
nial involving far-reach- 
ing reforms. 

121. Caius Gracchus slain. 



113. War begun against 
the Cimbri and the Teu- 
tones. 



104. The Teutones defeat 
the Romans onthebanks 
of the Rhone, inflicting 
a loss of 80,000 men. 

102. Marius victorious 
over the Teutones and 
Ambrones at Aquas Sex- 
tias. 

101. Marius and Catulus 
defeat the Cimbri at 
Vercellse. 



100. Marius attains 
sixth consulate. 



his 



Banishment of Metel- 
lus Numidicus. 

Birth of Julius Caesar. 



40 



TABULAR VIEWS 



99 B.C.- 



B.c Progress OF Society, ETC. The Jews 



Asia. 



90 



80 



89. The Roman franchise 
granted to the Italians. 



Libraries of Athens sent to 
Rome by Sulla. 

Posidonius, stoic philoso- 
pher, at Rome. 



QuintusHortensius, orator. 



86. Alexander Jannaeus re- 
turning from exile, where 
he has been driven by 
the Pharisees, wreaks 
cruel vengeance on that 
party. 



78. Alexandra, widow of 
Jannasus, governs Judea. 



69. Hyrcanus II. in con- 
flict with his brother 
Aristobulus. 



96. Seleucus V. succeeds 
Antiochus VIII but is 
assassinated in the fol- 
lowing year. 

94. Cappadocia declared 
free from the rule of 
Mithradates of Pontus 
by Rome. 

93. Ariobarzanes elected 

king. 
Tigranes, king of Armenia, 

expels Ariobarzanes, 

who is restored in the 

following year. 



88. Pontus at war with 
Rome; Italians in Asia 
m.assacred. 

87. Mithradates sends 
army into Greece. 

86. Pontic forces defeated 
by Sulla at Chaeronea. 

84. Peace concluded be- 
tween Pontus and Rome. 

83. Second Mithradatic 
war begins. 

81. — war terminated. 



74. Beginning of 
Mithradatic war. 



third 



71. Mithradates defeated 
at Cabira. 



69. Tigranes of Armenia 
defeated by LucuUus at 
Tigranocerta. 

66. Mithradates defeated 
by Pompey at Nicopolis. 

65. The race of the Seleu- 
cidse deposed. 

64. Syria becomes a 
Roman province. 



64 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



41 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



96 



By the death of Ptolemy 
Apion, Cyrene becomes 
Roman. 



84? 



81 



Second reign of Ptolemy 
Lathyrus. Ptolemy IX. 



Thebes destroyed by Lath- 
yrus. 



Alexander II. (Ptolemy 
X). king of Egypt. 

Ptolemy XI. Auletes, king 
of Egypt. 



In Asia and Africa. 



96. Annexation of Cyrene, 
bequeathed to the Ro- 
mans by its king, Ptol- 
emy. 



92. A Parthian embassy 
visits Sulla in Asia, the 
first act of intercourse 
between the two em- 
pires. 



88. Mithradatic "War; Sulla 
commands the Roman 
army. 

The Athenians seek 
assistance from Mithra- 
dates against Rome. 

86. Athens, reduced by 
famine, is taken by 
Sulla. 



74. Nicomedes III. of Bi- 
thynia bequeaths his 
kingdom to the Ro- 
mans. 



65 



Crassus, as censor, pro- 
poses that Egypt be 
made a Roman province ; 
he is opposed by his 
colleague Catulus. 



66. Metellus subdues Crete. 



64. Syria a Roman pro- 
vince- 



In Europe. 

99. End of Second Servile 
War in Sicily, begun in 
102. 



91. The tribune M. Livius 
proposes the bestowal of 
the Roman franchise on 
the Italian allies: he is 
slain. 

90. Social War in Italy. 



3. Sulla puts an end to 
the Social War. 

Civil War between 
Marius and Sulla. 



82. Sulla defeats Marius, 
and is created perpetual 
dictator. 

79. Sertorius revolts in 
Spain and defeats Me- 
tellus and Pompey. 

73. War of Spartacus, the 
gladiator. 

72. Sertorius assassinated. 

71. Spartacus defeated by 
Crassus. 

70. Pnmpey and Crassus 
consuls. 



42 



TABULAR VIEWS 



63 B.C.- 



B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC. 



Asia. 



63. Pompey makes an end 
of Jewish independence, 
confirming Hyrcanus in 
possession of the High 
Priesthood. 



63. Phamaces king 
part of Pontus. 



of 



60 



46 



Cicero, statesman and ora- 
tor; Sallust, historian; 
Lucretius and Catullus, 
poets; Andronicus, of 
Rhodes, peripatetic 

philosopher. 



Caesar reforms the Calen- 
dar. 

Cornelius Nepos and Dio- 
dorus Siculus, histor- 
ians; Vitruvius, writer 
on architecture; M. 
Terentius Varro, writer 
on agriculture. 



47. Antipater, the Idu- 
mean, is made procura- 
tor of Judea by Cassar. 



60. (about). By the absorp- 
tion of Syria, Rome 
comes into touch with 
the Parthian power. 



57. (afjoMi). India; war of 
the natives under Vikra- 
maditya against Scyth- 
ian invaders. 

55. Outbreak of war be- 
tween Rome and Par- 

thia. 



53. The Romans defeated. 
— Crassus slain at Car- 

rhae. 

52. Parthians overrun Sy- 
ria and threaten An- 
tioch. 



47. Battle of Zela.— Phar- 
naces II. of Pontus con- 
quered by Caesar. 



46 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



43 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



58 



55 



Ptolemy XL, Auletes, flees 
to Rome. Berenicereigns 
in his absence. 



Ptolemy XI. restored by 
a Roman army under 
Gabinius and Marcus 
Antonius. 



51 Death of Ptolemy XI.; by 
will he appoints Cleo- 
patra and her brother, 
Ptolemy XII., to reign 
jointly. 



48 



47 



46 



Pompey, defeated, arrives 
in Egypt and is slain. 



In Asia and Africa 

63. Pompey takes Jer- 
usalem. 



Edit. 



53. Crassus defeated and 
killed in Parthia. 



Ptolemy XII. drowned. 



The African War. — Caesar 
gains battle of Thapsus. 
' — Cato kills himself at 
Utica. 

Caesar contemplates re- 
building of Carthage. 



48. Cffisar defeated by 
Pompey at Dyrrhach- 
ium. — Thessaly becomes 
the seat of war. — The 
Athenians declare for 
Caesar r.gainst Pompey 

Battle of Pharsalia: — 
Pompey, defeated by 
Cagsar, flees into Egypt, 
and is slain there. 

47. Cassar takes Alexandria 
and conquers Egypt. 
Caesar victorious at Zela 
in Asia over Pharnaces 
II. of Pontus. 

46. The Pompeians in Af- 
rica under Sextus Pom- 
peius, Cato of Utica, and 
Juba are defeated at 
Thapsus by Caesar. 



In Europe. 

63. M. T. Cicero, consul, 
detects and suppresses 
Catiline's Conspiracy. 



60. First Triumvirate: — 
Pompey, Crassus, and 
Julius Caesar. 

58. Clodius procures the 
banishment of Cicero. — 
The Helvetii defeated by 
Julius Caesar. 

57. Cicero recalled. 



55. Cassar passes the 
Rhine, defeats the Ger- 
mans, and invades Brit- 
ain. 

54. Cassar's second inva- 
sion of Britain. 



52. Pompey sole consul. 

51. Caesar completes the 
conquest of Gaul. 

50. Sallust expelled from 
the Senate. 

49. Caesar passes the Ru- 
bicon, and in sixty days 
makes himself master 
of Italy — marches into 
Spain and forces Pom- 
pey 's troops to surrender. 



46. Caesar crushes the 
Pompeians at Thapsus. 



44 



TABULAR VIEWS 



45 B.C.- 



B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. 



Asia. 



Direct trade of Rome with 
India. — Silk and linen 
manufactories in the 
empire. 

Temple of Janus at Rome 
closed — there being now 
a general peace. 

The Pantheon built. 

Golden age of Roman lit- 
erature. Horace, Virgil, 
Tibullus, Propertius, 
poets; Livy, historian; 
McBcenas, minister of 
Augustus, patron of lit- 
erature; Strabo, geogra- 
pher; .<5imilius Macer, of 
Verona, poet; Dionys- 
ius, of Halicarnassus, 
historian; Agrippa, 
warrior, and patron of 
the arts. 

Pantomimic dances intro 
duced on the Roman 
Stage. 



43. Antipater poisoned. 



40. Herod the Great, son 
of Antipater, defeats his 
rival, Antigonus, and 
Parcorus, the Parthian — 
and is made king by the 
Romans. 



37. Herod with Roman aid 
takes Jerusalem which 
upholds the caiise of the 
Hasroonean family. 



30. Augustus bestows an 
increase of territory on 
Herod. 



29. Herod kills his wife. 
Mariamne. 



2.5. (about). Herod begins 
extensive building oper- 
ations in Judea. founds 
Caesarea, ' rebuilds Sa- 
maria, reconstructs the 
temple at Jerusalem 
(20-19) 



40. Parthians under Par- 
corus invade Syria, take 
Antiocb and Sidon, plun- 
der Jerusalem, and ad- 
vance as far as the 
Mediterranean. 

39-38. Parthians defeated 
by Ventidius. 

36. Marcus Antonius in- 
vades Parthia but is com- 
pelled to retreat with 
loss. 

34. Antony subdues Ar- 
menia. 



23. Parthian embassy at i 
Rome. j 



20. Parthians restore the 
standards captured from 
Crassus. 



20 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



45 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



45 



41 



36 



34 



31 



30 



Cleopatra poisons her bro- 
ther and reigns alone. 



Marcus Antonius, capti- 
vated by Cleopatra, 
takes up his residence 
in Alexandria, whence 
he administers Eastern 
affairs. 



Cleopatra obtains from 
Antony a grant of 
Phoenicia, Ccele-Syria, 
and Cyprus. 

Marcus Antonius divides 
Asia among his sons by 
Cleopatra. 

Marcus Antonius and 
Cleopatra defeated by 
Octavius, at Actium. 

Antonius and Cleopatra 
destroy themselves. — 
Egypt becomes a Roman 
province under the per- 
sonal rule of Augustus. 



45. Cassar perpetual dicta- 
tor — the remnants of the 
Pompeians crushed at 
Munda in Spain. 

44. Caesar assassinated, 

43. Second Triumvirate:— 
Octavius Caesar, Marcus 
Antonius, and Lepidus. 
— Cicero proscribed and 
murdered. 

42.The battle of Philippi: 
— Antony and Octav- 
ius defeat Brutus and 
Cassius. 



36. Sextus Pompeius de- 
feated in Sicily. 



33. Antony quarrels with 
Octavius. 

31. By the battle of Ac- 
tium Octavius acquires 
sole rule in the Roman 
world. 



29. Octavius's 3 days tri- 
umph at Rome. 

Temple of Janus shut. 

27. The titles of Augustus 
and Emperor conferred 
on Octavius for 10 years; 
the end of the Republic. 

23. Augustus receives tri- 
bunician power for life. 



22. Conspiracy of Murena. 

21. Augustus visits Greece 
and Asia. 



46 



TABULAR VIEWS 



19 B.C.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



The Jews. 



The Calendar corrected by 
Augustus. 



4' (7-6^). Jesus Christ born. 
The birth of Jesus 
Christ was made a start- 
ing point in chronology 
by the monk Dionysius 
Exiguus who lived in the 
sixth century; it was 
adopted by the Church 
in Rome soon after, was 
popularized by Bede in 
the eighth century, and 
came into common use 
in the tenth. Dionysius 
ideiitified the birth of 
Christ (incarnation) with 
the year 754 of the Ro- 
man era, but modern 
research has shown that 
the great event must be 
placed from four to 
seven years before the 
date assumed by Dio- 
nysius. 

Archelaus succeeds 
Herod with the title of 
Ethnavch. 



Asia. 



19. Armenia; on the death 
of Artaxias II. the Ro- 
mans place on the throne 
Tigranes II.; Armenia 
becomes a pawn between 
Rome and Parthia. 

16. Agrippa is in Asia 
where he regulates the 
affairs of Palestine. 

14. Polemon of Pontus 
conquers Bosporus. 



« Cheyne, Encyclop<sdia Biblica. 2 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



4 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



47 



Roman Empire. 



19. The Cantabri in Spain 
subjugated; conquest of 
Spain complete. 

16. Lollius defeated by the 
Germans. 

15. Rhaetians and Vindeli- 
cians subdued by Ti- 
berias and Drusus. 

12. Augustus assumes the 
title of Pontifex Maxi- 
mus. 

Pannonia conquered 
by Tiberias. 

11. Victories of Brusus in 
Germany. 




48 



TABULAR VIEWS 



2 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, ETC. 



Sacred. 



10 



Ovid publishes his Ars Amatoria. 



Celsus, the physician; Phaedrus, the 
fabulist; Velleius Paterculus, Roman 
historian. 



40 



60 



Philo, Alexandrian Jew, disciple of Plato ; 
Seneca, moral Dhilosonher; Apion of 
Alexandria, gram'-arian, called the 
" Trumpet of the World." 



Columella, writer on husbandry. 



26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator 

of Tudea. 
28-291(26-272). Baptism of Jesus Christ 

and beginning of His public work. 
301 (292). Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 

35-362 (31 or 351). St. Paul converted 
to Christianity. 



47.2 First missionary journey of Paul. 
49.2 Council of the Apostles at Jeru- 

50.2 Paul at Corinth. 



52.2 Third missionary journey of Paul. 
55. Paul at Ephesus. 



iCheyne, Encyclopadia Biblica. 
'Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



55 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



49 



Roman Empire. 



East, 

Caius Caesar makes peace with the Par- 
thians. 



The subjugation, of the Dalmatians 
completed. 



24 



Germanicus takes command in the East. 
Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. 



Uprising of Tacfarinas in Numidia 
suppressed. 



46 



Mauretania conquered and divided into 
two provinces, Mauretania lingitana 
and Mauretania Casariensis. 

Thrace made a Roman province. 



West. 



4. Death of Caius C»sar, son of 
Agrippa; Tiberius renews his cam- 
paigns in Germany. 

9. Roman legions under Varus de- 
stroyed by the Germans under 
Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. 
Ovid is banished to Tomi on the 
Black Sea. 



14. Atigustus dies and Tiberius be- 
comes emperor. 

The Pannonian and German legions 
revolt. 

19. The Jews banished from Italy. 
23. Sejanus poisons Drusus, son of 
Tiberius. 



26. Tiberius retires to Capreae (Capri). 



31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death 

37. Tiberius dies. 

Caligula (.Caius Caesar) becomes 
emperor. 



41. Caligula assassinated. 

Claudius becomes emperor. 



43. — invades Britain with his general, 
Plautius. 



51. Caractacus, the chief of the Trino- 
bantes in Britain, defeated and 
brought to Rome. 

54. Nero becomes emperor. 

55. — poisons Britannicus, son of 
Claudius. 






50 



TABULAR VIEWS 



56 A.D.- 



60 



70 



80 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Persius, satirist 



Nero's golden house built. The build- 
ings in Rome more regular after the 
fire. 



Pliny, the elder, author of comprehen- 
sive natural history; Josephus, the 
Jewish historian. 

The destruction of Jerusalem marks 
the end of the Jews as a nation ; from 
that time they enter on their historic 
role of wanderers. 



Colosseum completed. 

Quintilian orator; Valerius Flae- 
cus, poet; Martial, epigrammatist; 
ApoUonius of Tyana, Pythagorean 
philosopher; Epictetus, stoic; Dio 
Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and 
philosopher. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



56. ' Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 
59.1 Paul arrives in Rome. 

61.1 Acts closed. 



64. First traditional persecution of i 

Christians, by Nero. > 

64-65.1 Martyrdom of Peter and Paul. •, 

66. Outbreak of Jewish war. j 

67. Pope Linus. 2 Vespasian despatched J 
against the Jews. j 



70. The destruction of Jerusalem by ; 
Titus. i 



72. Conquest of Judea completed. 



79. Pope Anacletus. 



90. Pope Clemens. 



95. Second traditional persecution of 
the Christians, by Domitian. 



1 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. I 

2 The word Pope is used in accordance f 

with the Roman Catholic usage, though ',. 

the name was not adopted by the Pon- jf 

tiffs till several centuries after. 



95 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



51 



Roman Empire. 



60 



63 



66 



69 



70 



East. 



Corbulo subdues Armenia. 



Tiridates placed on the throne of Ar- 
menia by Nero. 



Tiridates visits Rome. 



Vespasian declared emperor at Alex- 
andria. 



Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. 



War with the Dacians under Decebalus. 



Roman reverses against the Quadi and 
the Marcomanni; peace with the 
Dacians bought. 



West. 

59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to 
death by his order. 

61. Revolt of the Britons under queen 
Boadicea; they burn London. The 
queen, defeated by Suetonius, poisons 
herself. 



64. Burning of Rome and Christians 
accused of the crime. 

65. Seneca and Lucan put to death. 



68. Galba proclaimed emperor by the 
soldiers in Spain; he reigns 8 months, 
and is put to death by the Praetorians. 



69. Otho becomes emperor; acknowl- 
edged by the Senate; (3 months) 
defeated by 

Vitellius, who becomes emperor 
(8 months) ; he is overthrown by the 
army of 

70. Vespasian, commander in the East, 
who becomes emperor. 



78. Agricola assumes command in 
Britain. 

79. Titus becomes emperor. 
Herculaneum and Pompeii de- 
stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius. 



81. Domitian becomes emperor. 



86. Romans defeated by the Dacians on 

the Danube. 
88. The secular games celebrated. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



96 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



96 



130 



132 



Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; 
Statius, poet; Plutarch, moralist and 
biographer; the younger Pliny. 



Jurisprudence flourishes; Rome adorned 
with the Trajan Forum; Pillar of 
Trajan, and baths; stone bridge 
btiilt over the Danube. 



The great buildings of Palmyra.- 
pie of the Sun at Baalbec. 



-Tern- 



Jurisprudence improved by the pro- 
mulgation of Hadrian's perpetual 
code. 

Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian 
astronomer and geographer; Arrian 
and Appian, Greek historians; Paus- 
anius, traveller. 



160 



Lucian, satirist; Hermogenes, rhetor- 
ician. 



99. Pope Evaristus. 

100. Christian assemblies prohibited bj 
Trajan. 

100 [about) Composition of the "Shep- 
herd" of Hermas. 



107. Pope Alexander I. 

108. St. Ignatius put to death. 
112-113 (100?). Third traditional per- 
secution, by Trajan. 

116. Pope Xystus (Si-xtus I). 



125. Pope Telesphorus. 



136. Pope Hyginus. 



140. Pope Pius I. 

Heresy of Valentine. 
145 [about). Rise of the Marcionites. 
154. Pope Anicetus. 

Canon of Scripture fixed about this 

time. 

154 (about). Justin Martyr publishes 
his apology for the Christians. 

155 (about). Martyrdom of Polycarp; 
appearance of Montanus. 



163 (about). Martyrdom of Papias. 
165. Pope Soter. 

Death of Justin Martyr. 



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175 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



53 



Roman Empire. 



103- 
104 



114 
116 
117 



112- 
127 
130 



131 



136 



East. 



Pliny,._ proprsetor in Bithynia, sends 
Traian his account of the Christians. 



Traj an begins war against the Parthians . 

Capture of Ctesiphon. 

Revolt of the Jews in Cyrene and 

Egypt. Trajan dies at SeHnus in 

Cilicia. 



Hadrian in the East for five years. 

Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the 
name of .(^lia Capitolina, and erects 
there a temple to Jupiter. 

Revolt of the Jews under Bar Cochba. 



Jewish war ended. 



162 



West. 



96. Domitian assassinated. 
Nerva becomes emperor. 



8. Trajan becomes emperor; a great 
sovereign and a warrior, under 
whom the Roman Empire attained 
its greatest extent. 



101. Trajan begins his Dacian- cam- 
paigns. 

107. Dacia made a province. 



117. Hadrian becomes emperor; under- 
takes extensive travels throughout 
the provinces of the empire. 

121. Erection of Hadrian's wall in 
Britain. 



132. The Edictum. Perpetuum, compris- 
ing the edicts of the Roman prstors, 
collected and published. 



138. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor; 
(eminent for his virtues and love of 
peace). 



War with the Parthians, lasts 4 years 
and ends in the confirmation of Ro- 
man authority in Armenia. 



161. Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) be- 
comes emperor. 



167-175. War with the Marcomanni 
and the Quadi. 



54 



TABULAR VIEWS 



170 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



170 



180 



Galen, Greek physician; Diogenes 
Laertius, Greek historian. 



The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius em- 
body some of the loftiest thoughts of 
antiquity. 



174. Pope Eleutherus. 

177. Fourth traditional persecution, by 

Marcus Aurelius — Irenaeus becomes 

bishop of Lyons. 

180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian. 
Hegesippus writesagainst the Gnostics. 

189. Pope Victor I. 



206 

210 



215 



220 



230 



Baths of Caracalla begun. 
Papinian, jurist. 



Caracalla grants the right of Roman 
citizenship to all the provinces, that 
they may become liable to additional 
taxes. 



198. Pope Zephyrinus; strife between 
Zephyrinus and Hippolytus as to the 
restoration of those who had fallen 
away from the Church under perse- 
cution. 

202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, 
under Severus. — Tertullian, an able 
defender of Christianity.— Clement 
of Ale.xandria, and Minucius Felix. 



Dio Cassius, historian. 



Ammonius Saccas, founder of the 
Neo-Platonic school of philosophy at 
Alexandria. 

Herodian, Greek historian. 

Censorinus, critic and grammarian. 



217. Pope Calixtus I. 



220 {abouf). Death of Clement of 

Alexandria. 
221. Julius Africanus, first of Christian 

chronologists. 



222. Pope Urban I. 



230. Pope Pontianus.— Death of Ter- 
tullian. 



232 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



55 



Roman Empire. 



197 



East. 



Severus invades the Parthian empire, 
captures Seleucia and Babylon, and 
acquires Adiabene (northern Assyria). 



226 



Fall of the Parthian empire and estab- 
lishment of the new Persian kingdom 
under the dynasty of the Sassanids. 



West. 



178. Renewal of war with the Marco- 
manni. 

180. The emperor dies at Sirmium; 
Commodus becomes emperor, 
makes peace with the Germans. 



191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

192. Commodus assassinated. 

193. Pertinax proclaimed emperor 
by the Prstorian guards; murdered 
after a reign of 3 months. 

The empire bought by Didius 
Julianus, who reigns for 2 months 
and is put to death. 

Septimius Severus proclaimed 
emperor by the Pannonian legions. 

194. — defeats his competitor, Pescen- 
nius Niger, at Issus; besieges 
Byzantium. 

197. — defeats rival emperor Albinus 
in Gaul. 



202. 



-persecutes the Christians. 



208. — invades Britain and makes 
war on the Caledonian tribes. 

The wall of Severus between the 
Forth and the Clyde built. 

211. Severus dies at York, in Britain. 
Caracalla and Geta become em- 
perors. 

212. Caracalla slays his brother Geta; 
general proscription; among others, 
Papinian put to death. 

214. Wars against the Alemanni. 

217. Caracalla is assassinated. 
Macrinus becomes emperor. 

218. Macrinus defeated by the Parth- 
ians and slain by his soldiers. 

Heliogabalus becomes emperor. 



222. Heliogabalus slain. 

Alexander Severus becomes 
peror. 



232. The victory of Severus over the 
Persians in Mesopotamia. 



56 



TABULAR VIEWS 



23s A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



250 



Plotinus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



260 



271 



Longinus, philosopher, 

statesman. 



critic, and 



235. Pope Anterus. 
Origan. 

Sixth persecution of the Christians, 
under Maximinus. 

236. Pope Fabianus. 

240. Gregory Thaumaturgus becomes 
bishop of Neo-Cassarea. 



247. Dionysius becomes bishop of 
Alexandria. 

248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Car- 
thage. — Monastic life originates about 
this time. 

Dispute between the churches of 
Rome and Africa about baptism. 

Novatian, opponent of Roman 
bishop. 

249. Pope Cornelius. 

251. Seventh persecution of the Chris- 
tians, under Decius. 



Aurelian begins wall around Rome. 



257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 

259. Pope Dionysius. 

260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of 
Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus 
Christ. 



269. Pope Felix I. 

270 (about). Manes advocates his doc- 
trines in Persia. 



2/3 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



57 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



242 Gordian defeats the Persians under 
Sapor. 



258 



260 



261- 
262 



267 



269 



273 



War between Rome and Persia. 



Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, king 

of Persia. 
Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, and 

Cassarea. 

Odenatus, ruler of Palmyra, dies — he is 

succeeded by his wife, 
Zenobia, who reigns with the titles of 

"Augusta"and "Queen of the East." 



Zenobia attempts to conquer Egypt. 



Zenobia defeated at Emesa by Aurelian, 
who destroys her magnificent capital, 
and carries her to Rome. 



West. 

235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of 
the army. 

Maximinus becomes emperor; is 
victorious against the Germans. 

238. Maximinus assassinated by his 
troops near Aquileia; Gordian I. and 
II. proclaimed e Tr>erors in Africa 
and slain; Senate nominates Pupienus 
and Balbinus emperors; Pupienus and 
Balbinus slain by the Prstorians. 
Gordian III. becomes emperor. 

244. Gordian put to death by Philip 
(the Arabian), who becomes emperor; 
makes peace with Sapor. 



248. The secular games celebrated in 
commemoration of the thousandth 
anniversary of the founding of the 
city. 

249. Decius becomes emperor; perse- 
cutes the Christians. 

251. — slain by the Goths, who invade 
the empire by crossing the Danube. 

Gallus becomes emperor; purchases 
a peace with the Goths. 

252. A great pestilence prevails in the 
empire. 

253. .(Emilianus proclaimed by troops in 
Moesia; Valerianus proclaimed em- 
peror in Rhsetia. 

Gallus and .^Emilianus slain. 

254. Valerian becomes emperor; is 
successful against the Germans and 
Goths. 

256. Franks invade Spain. 
256-69. Great piratical expeditions of 
the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 



260. Gallienus becomes emperor. 
Period of the 30 tyrants. 

264. Alliance with Odenatus. 



268. Gallienus killed at Milan. 
Claudius II. becomes emperor; 

defeats the Alemanni. 

269. — defeats Goths at Nissa.in Mcesia. 

270. Aurelian becomes emperor. 

271. — defeats the Marcomanni and 
Alemanni. 

273. — reduces Palmyra after an heroic 
resistance, and takes queen Zenobia 
prisoner. 



58 



TABULAR VIEWS 



2/4 A. D.- 



A.D. I Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



284 



290 



300 



320 



Porphyry, Xeo-Platonic philosopher. 



274. Xinth persecution, under Aurelian. 



275. Pope Eutychianus. 



Diocletian's Oriental form of govern- 
ment — • the monarchy considered 
hereditary — nomination of Csesars as 
co-rulers. 

Diocletian's baths, containing 3000 
benches of vrhite marble. 

The Gregorian code of civil law. 



Spartianus, Vopiscus, and Trebellitjs 
PoUio, historians. 



2S3. Pope Caius. 



296. Pope Marcellinus. 



303. Tenth persecution of the Christ- 
ians, by Diocletian. 1 

304. Amobius of Africa converted. J 

305. Persecution of the Christians i 
stopped by Constantius Chlorus. J 



lamblichus, Xeo-Platonic philosopher. 



310. Pope Eusebius. 

311. Pope Miltiades. 

Constantine issues Edict of Tolera- 
tion. 
314. Pope Sylvester I. 

320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 



330; Constantinople becomes the capital of' 
the Roman Empire and the seat of art } 
and literature. i 

335 Hermogenianus, iurist. ' 



325. The Council of Xice, consisting of 
I 31S bishops, who condemn Arianism. 
— Eusebius. bishop of Caesarea, 
ecclesiastical historian. — Lactantius, 
Athanasius. Arius, flourish in the reign 
of Constantine. 



337. Pope Julius I. 



337 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY". 



59 



Roman Empire. 



276 



283 



297 
298 



314 
323 

325 

330 
333 
334 

337 



East. 



Florianus, brother of Tacitus, pro- 
claimed emperor, is slain at Tarsus. 



Carus invades Persia 
Ctesiphon. 



but dies near 



Egypt subdued. 

Galerius defeats Narses of Persia. 



Constantine defeats Licinius at Adri- 

anople. 
Constantine defeats Licinius a second 

time at Adrianople and again at 

Chalcedon. 
The first general council at Nice. 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated. 
Great famine and pestilence in Syria. 
Sarmatians receive settlements in the 

empire. 
Death of Constantine, and the accession 

of his three sons. 



West. 

274. Gaul, Spain, and Britain reduced 
to obedience. 

Dacia given up to the barbarians. 

275. Aurehan killed. 

An interregnum of 6 months. 

Tacitus (a descendant of the his- 
torian) becomes emperor; reigns 6 
months and is slain. 

276. Probus becomes emperor; ob- 
tains several victories over the bar- 
barians and restores borders of the 
empire. 

282. Probus slain by his soldiers. 

Carus becomes emperor. 

283. Carus overruns Persia and dies. 
Carinus and Numerianus become 

emperors. 

284. Numerianus slain; Diocletian pro- 
clairned emperor. 

Diocletian makes Maximianus his 
colleague. 

285. Diocletian and Carinus at war; 
Carinus slain. 

287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who 
reigns 7 years. The empire attacked 
by the northern barbarians, and 
several provinces usurped by tyrants 
Diocletian divides the administra- 
tion of the Roman Empire among the 
two Augusti and the two Cassars. 

296. Britain regained by Constantius. 



305. Diocletian and Maximian resign 
the empire to Constantius and 
Galerius. 

306. Constantine THE Great becomes 
emperor; Licinius, Maximian, Maxen- 
tius, Galerius, Maximinus, his col- 
leagues. 

Constantine defeats the Franks. 

310. Death of Maximian. 

311. Death of Galerius. 

312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 

313. Defeat and death of Maximinus. 

314. Civil war with Licinius. 



323. Constantine defeats Licinius, 
becomes sole emperor. 



and 



6o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



340 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



360 



380 



390 



395 



Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and 
Aurelius Victor, historians, j^lius 
Donatus, grammarian. 



340. Christianity propagated in Ethopia 
bv Frumentius. — Gothic version of 
Bible by Wuifila (Ulfilas). 



352. Pope Liberius. 

Hilary of Poitiers. — Cyril, bishop of 
Jerusalem. 



366. Pope Damasus. 

370. Basil, bishop of Caesarea; Ephraim 
Syrus. 



375. Ambrose of Milan; 
Tours. 



Martin of 



Eunapius, historian. 

Symmachus, oratorand pagan advocate. 



Ausonius and Prudentius, Latin poets; 
Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, 
mathematicians. 



381. The second general council of 
Constantinople. — Gregory of Nazian- 
zus made patriarch of Constantino- 
ple. 

384. Symmachus pleads in the Roman 
Senate for Paganism against St. 
Ambrose. 

Pope Syricius. 



Claudian, Latin poet. 



400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople; Jerome; St. Augustine. 



400 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



6i 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



West. 



Constantius, Constans, and Constantine become emperors. 



160 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed 
by an earthquake. 

Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, 
founds an extensive empire in South 
Russia. 

The Caesar Gallus put to death by Con- 
stantius. 



Constantius dies at Tarsus. 
A disadvantageous peace with 
Persians concluded by Jovian. 



the 



388 

394 
395 
395 



EASTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the lower Danube to 
the confines of Persia. 
Valens becomes emperor. 



The Huns advance into central Europe ; 
the Visigoths, expelled by the Huns, 
are allowed by Valens to settle in 
Thrace. 

Valens defeated and slain by the Goths 
near Adrianople. 

Theodosius the Great becomes em- 
peror; named Augustus by Gratian; 
a zealous supporter of Christianity. 



Armenia partitioned by Rome and 
Persia. 

Theodosius defeats Maximus, the 
usurper of the Western Empire. 



340. Constantine, the younger, defeated 
and killed by Constans at Aquileia. 

350. Constans killed by emissaries of 
Magnentius who maintains himself 
in Gaul till 353. 

356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul 
and Germany. 



361. Julian, the Apostate, becomes 
emperor. 

363. —attempts in vain to rebuild the 
temple at Jerusalem. — Is slain in a 
war with the Persians. 

Jovian becomes emperor. 

364. Death of Jovian, and the accession 
of Valentinian and Valens, under 
whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED. 

WESTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the Caledon'an 
ramparts _to_ the foot of Mount Atlas. 
364. Valentinian I. becomes emperor. 

367. The Picts and Scots invade Britain 
but are defeated by Theodosius. 
Gratian made Augustus. 

375. Gratian becomes emperor; asso- 
ciates with himself Valentinian II.; 
gains a victory over the Germans. 



383. Maximus is proclaimed emperor 
in Britain; Gratian is slain; the West 
shared between Maximus and Valen- 
tinian II. 



388. Overthrow of Maximus and sole 

rule of Valentinian II. 
392. Valentinian II. slain and succeeded 
I by Eugenius. 

Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the usurper of the West, and Arbogastes, the 

Gaul. Final division of the empire between the sons of Theodosius. 
Death of Theodosius. 



Arcadius becomes emperor. 



395. Honorius becomes emperor. 
400. Italy invaded by Alaric. 



02 



TABULAR VIEWS 



401 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



410 



415 



425 



Macrobius, grammarian. 



Death of Hypatia of Alexandria. 



Zosimus and Olympiodorus, Greek his- 
torians. 



438 The Theodosian code published. 



450 



402. Pope Innocent I. 



Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher. 
Sidonius Apollinaris, poet, statesman, 

and ecclesiastic. 
Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain 

under Euric. 



412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria; Socra- 
tes, ecclesiastical historian; Orosius, 
a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; 
and Pelagius, a British monk, who 
denied original sin, &c. 

416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by 
the African bishops. 

417. Pope Zosimus. 

418. Pope Boniface I. 

422. Pope Celestine I. 



428. Nestorius, bishop of Constantino, 
pie, acknowledges two persons in 
Jesus Christ. 

431. Third general council at Ephesus 
condemns Nestor. 

432. Pope Xystus (Sixtus) III. 

St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in 
Ireland. 
435. Nestor banished. 



440. Pope Leo I. (the Great) _ greatly 
extends the power of the bishop of 
Rome. 

Sozomen and Theodoret, ecclesias- 
tical historians. 



449. Flavian, patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, and Eusebius, bishop of 
Dorylaeum, deposed by the "Robber 
Synod" at Ephesus, which justifies 
the teachings of Eutyches regarding 
the existence of one nature in 
Christ. 

451. The fourth general council at 
Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism 
and Nestorianism are solemnly con- 
demned. 



455 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



63 



408 



414 



421 
425 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



450 



452 



Theodosius II., a child, becomes em- 
peror; Anthemius, minister. 



The emperor's sister, Pulcheria, 
claimed co-empress. 



Persian war. 

Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum 
gained from tne Western Empire. 



Marcian becomes emperor. 



Victory over the Arabs near Damascus. 



402. Alaric defeated by Stilicho at 
Pollentia. 

Radagaisus invades Italy and is 
defeated by Stilicho. 

406. The Vandals invade Gaul. 

407. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 

409. The Vandals enter Spain. 

410. Rome sacked by the Goths under 
Alaric. 

412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 



415-418. The Visigoths begin the con- 
quest of Spain. 



418. The Alani unite with the Vandals. 

425. Valentinian III. becomes emperor. 
428(429). The Vandals enter Africa. 



433. Attila, "The scourge of God," 
becomes ruler of an immense empire 
from China to the Atlantic. 

439. The Vandals, under Genseric, 
take Carthage. 



443. Burgundians establish themselves 

in Sapaudia (Savoy). 
446. The famous embassy from Britain 

soliciting aid against the Picts and 

Scots, "the groans of the Britons." 
449 (450). The arrival of the Jutes in 

Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 



451. Attila invades Gaul and is de- 
feated by 2^tius and Theodoric at 
Mery-sur-Seine (near Chalons). 

452. The origin of Venice; founded by 
refugees from the Hunnist invasion. 

455. Valentinian is assassinated by 
Petronius Maximus who becomes 
emperor and is also assassinated 
some months later. — ■ Genseric, the 
Vandal king, sacks Rome. 

Avitus becomes emperor through in- 
fluence of the Goths. 



64 



TABULAR VIEWS 



456 A.D.-, 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical . 



476 



480 



486 
490 



493 



The accession of Odoacer is taken 
generally as marking the end of 
ancient history and the beginning of 
the medieval period, though in reality 
it brought no o.iarp change in the con- 
dition of Italy and the West. 

The conquest of Rome by the Germanic 
tribes and the subsequent interblend- 
ing of the Latin and Teutonic spirit 
gives rise to the characteristic Euro- 
pean spirit of later days. 

The Salic liw developed among the 
Franks before Clovis. 



The victory of Clovis marks the triumph 
of the Germanic over the Roman 
civilization in Gaul. 

{dho"t'^. Bur.Tundian laws collected by 
Gundoband. 



Theodoric. the Ostrogoth, seeks to en 
graft the Roman civilization on the 
Goths. 



511 



461. Pope Hilarus. 



468. Pope Simplicius. 

_ Strife for supremacy among the 
bishops of Rome, Constantinople, 
Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- 
salem, resulting in the steady growth 
of the power of Rome as the champion 
of Catholicity. 



477. Hunneric, King of the Vandals, in J 
Africa, persecutes the Catholics. "' 



482. The emperor Zeno publishes the 
Henoiico- . I 

483. Pope Felix III. _ _ Jj 
— excommunicated by Acacius, bishop ji 

of Constantinople. 



492. Pope Gelasius I.; he advances-'] 
bold claims to authority. 



496. Christianity introduced among the! 
Franks, whoce kin^, Clovis, accepts| 
baptism. — Pope Anastasius II. 

498. Pope Symmachus, opposed by the! 
Emperor Anas': asius, aiainst whom he 1 
upholds a lofty conception of the 
priestly dignity. 



Clovis' s acceptance of Catholic Chris 
tianity prepares the way for the 
historic connection between the 
Prankish empire and the papacy. 



512 A.L>. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



65 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



456 
457 



461 
466 



474 



477 



483 



491 
492 



503 



612 



Successful campaign against Persians 
Leo I. (the Thracian), becomes em- 
peror. 



Theodoric, the Goth, a hostage at the 

Byzantine court. 
Huns defeated at Sardica. 



Leo II. succeeds Leo I., and dies in the 
same year. 

Zeno becomes emperor. 

Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostro- 
goths. 



Zeno overthrows the rival emperor 
Basiliscus. 



Peace between Theodoric and Zeno. 



Zeno induces Theodoric to undertake the 
conquest of Italy. 



Anastasius I. becomes emperor. 
Appearance of the Green and Blue 

factions. 
Outbreak of rebellion in Isauria. 



War with Kobad of Persia; concluded 
in 505. 



Long walls built to protect Constanti- 
nople from the Bulgarians. 



457. Majorian becomes emperor. 

458. Franks :-Childeric I., father oi 
Clovis, becomes king of the Franks. 

461. Severus becomes emperor. 

465. Death of Severus. 

466. Euric becomes king of the Visi- 
goths; he completes the conquest oi 
Spain. 

467. Anthemius becomes emperor. 



472. Olybrius becomes emperor. 

473. Glycerius becomes emperor. 

474. Julius Nepos becomes emperor, 

475. Romulus Augustulus becomes em- 
peror. 

476. Romulus Augustulus deposed by 
Odoacer, leader of the Mercenaries. 
END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 

477. Foundation of the kingdom of 
Sussex by .^lla. 

Western Europe. 



481. Clovis I., founder of the Frankish 
power, succeeds his father Childeric 
as king. 



486. Battle of Soissons — the Roman 
power in Gaul overthrown by Clovis. 

490. Britain: — Capture of Anderida by 
^lla. 

491 . Franks : — Clovis subdues the Ripu- 
arian Franks. 



493. Italy: — Conquered by Theodoric, 
king of the Ostrogoths. — Odoacer put 
to death. 

496. Conversion of Clovis. — He defeats 
the Alamanni. 



500. Franks : — Burgundians subjected. 

507. — Clovis defeats Alaric near Poic • 
tiers, and wrests Aquitaine from the 
Visigoths. 

510. — Clovis makes Paris his capital. 

511. — Clovis dies. — His kingdom par- 
titioned among his four sons. 



66 



TABULAR VIEWS 



514 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 






514. Pope Hormisdas. 






518. The accession of Justin marks the 
downfall of the Monophysites; the 










Henoticon withdrawn. 






523. Pope John I. 


525 


Boethius, the Roman statesman and 






philosopher. 


526. Pope Felix IV. 

527. Separation of the Armenian from 
the Greek Church. 


529 


The schools of Athens closed by Jus- 


529. The Order of Benedictine monks 




tinian. 


instituted at Monte Cassino, near 
Naples. 
530. Pope Boniface II, 


533 


Completion of Justinian's Code, Pan- 
dects, and Institutes. 


533. Pope John II. 

535. Pope Agapetus. 

536. Pope Silverius. 


537 


The church of St. Sophia dedicated at 
Constantinople. 


537. Pope Vigilius. 

544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters. 
Justinian largely repudiates the work 
of the Counci' of Chalcedon (451). 


550 


(about). The Christian era introduced by 


550. Vigilius excommunicated by a 




Dionysius Exiguus. 


council at Carthage. 




The fables of Pilpay translated into 






Persian. 


553. The fifth general council at Con- 




Cassiodorus, Italian historian. 


stantinople. 
555. Pope Pelagius I. 


560 


Procopius, a Byzantine historian; Gil- 


560. Pope John III. 




das, British historian. 


The Tritheists maintain the sepa- 
rate existence of the persons of the 
Trinity. 

The pope vindicates his authority 
against the Prankish clergy by order- 
ing the restoration of bishops deposed 
by a council at Lyons. 


563 


(565) Christianity introduced in Scot- 
land by Columba. 




568 


The old Roman municipal system in 
Italy overthrown by the invasion of 
the Lombards. 




570 


Evagrius, church historian. 





571 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



ey 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



514 
518 



518 
565 



527 



530 



532 

533- 
534 
535 
536 



537- 

540 
540 



542 
543 
M6 

553 

558 

562 



5C3 
565 

568 



Rebellion of Vitalian. 

Justin I., of Illyria becomes emperor. 

Brilliantperiodofthe Byzantine empire. 



Justinian I . becomes emperor; cele- 
brated for his code of laws and the 
victories of his generals, Belisarius 
and N arses. 

Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. 



-Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippo- 
drome of Constantinople. 
-Overthrows the Vandals in Africa. 

-subdues Sicily. 

-takes Naples and Rome. 



— overruns Italy. 

Witiges surrenders Ravenna to the 

Byzantines. — Antioch sacked by the 

Persians. 
Plague in the empire — during three 

months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily 

at Constantinople. 
Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, begins 

the reconquest of Italy. 

Totila takes R.ome. 



Narses defeats and kills Totila and 
overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. 

The Cotrigur Huns overrun Thrace and 
threaten Constantinople but are de- 
feated by Belisarius. 



Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. 



Belisarius restored: — he quells a con- 
spiracy. 
Death of Belisarius and Justinian. 
Justin II. becomes emperor. 

The exarchate of Ravenna established. 



519. Britain: — The Britons defeated 
at Charford by Cardie and Cynric 
who begin the third Saxon kingdom 
of Wessex. 

520. — West Saxons defeated at Mount 
Badon. 



530. — Isle of Wight conquered by 
Jutes. 

531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amal- 
aric as king of the Visigoths. 



536. Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, 
surrenders his possessions in Gaul to 
the Franks. 

537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in 
Rome. 

540. Byzantine power established in 
Italy. 



554. Franks invade Italy but are de- 
stroyed by Narses. Italy is utterly 
desolated. 

558. The Frankish power reunited under 
Clotaire I., who becomes king. 

560. Britain: — The kingdom of Deira 
established. 

561. Franks: — Death of Clotaire and 
partition of his dominions among his 
four sons. 



567. Beginning of the strife between 
Austrasia and Neustria. 

568. Italy conquered by the Lombards, 
under Alboin. He later fixes his 
capital at Pavia. 

571. Britain: — Battle of Bedford.— 
East Anglia formed into a kingdom. 



68 



TABULAR VIEWS 



574A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



The Latin language ceases to be spoken 
in Italy, while it supersedes the 
Gothic in Spain. 



The Roman Catholic faith established 
in Visgothic Spain and the Germanic 
influence in that country greatly 
strengthened thereby. 

Gregory of Tours, the ifather of French 
history. 



The Saxons having conquered England, 
it relapsed, in a great measure, into 
the state of barbarism, from which it 
had been partially raised by the 
Romans. 

Ethelbert draws up the first code of laws 
in England. 

Rites and superstitions increase in all 
Europe. — Relics sought for and 
worshipped. — Litanies addressed to 
the Virgin. — The burning of candles 
by day. — Exorcisms, etc. 

Isidorus, of Seville, Spanish historian. 

Mohammed begins the promulgation of 
his teachings. 



Beginning of the Tang dynasty in China, 
the Golden Age of literature. 

The year of the Hegira, the starting- 
point of the Mohammedan calendar. 



Islamism and the power of the caliphs 
established in the East. In the 
caliphs were united the highest 
spiritual and regal authority. 



575. Pope Benedict I. 

579. Pope Pelagius II.; he denies the 
right of the patriarch of Constanti- 
nople to assume the title of ecumen- 
ical bishop. 



590. Pope Gregory I., called The Great; 
he adopts the title Servus Servorum 
Dei. He advances greatly the claims 
of the bishops of Rome and is prac- 
tically ruler of that city. 

597. St. Augustine introduces Chris- 
tianity into Britain. 

604. Pope Sabinian. 

607. Pope Boniface III. made supreme 
head of the church by Phocas. 
Pope Boniface IV. 
The Pantheon at Rome dedicated 
to God, the Virgin, and the Saints. 



615. Pope Deusdedit. 



618. Pope Boniface V. 



625. Boniface V. makes Canterbury 
the metropolitan see of Britain. 
Pope Honorius I. 
Monasteries increase. 



633. Rise of the Monothelite heresy. 
Africa and Asia, with the churches 
of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, 
lost to the Christian world by the 
progress of Mohammedanism. 



634 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



69 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



Tiberius associated with Justin in the 
government. 

Tiberius II. becomes emperor. 
The Slavs appear in Thrace. 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, succeeds. 



The Avars and Slavs invade the East- 
em empire. 



Phocas, a centurion, made emperor by 
the army. The empire invaded by 
the Persians. 



Heraclius overthrows Phocas, and 

makes himself emperor. 
The Persians overrun Syria and take 

Damascus. 



Jerusalem taken by the Persians. 

The Persians conquer Egypt. 
The Persians overrun Asia Minor. 
Constantinople threatened by the Avars. 

The HEGIRA or Mohammed's flight 
from Mecca to Medina. 

Heraclius defeats the Persians repeat- 
edly, and wins the final battle at 
Nineveh. 

Constantinople besieged by the Per- 
sians and Avars. 



Death of Mohammed. 
Abubeker succeeds him as caliph. 



Omar, caliph. 

The battle of Yer^nu gives Syria to the 
Arabs. 



576. Spain : — The Visigothic king Leovi- 
gild breaks the Roman power in the 
peninsula and upholds the royal 
power against the nobles. 

583. Italy: — the Lombards, under 
Authari, successful against the Greeks 
and Pranks. 

584. Britain : — the kingdom of Mercia 
founded. 

586. Spain; — Recared king of the Visi- 
goths. 

587. Recared embraces Catholicism and 
enter.! upon the persecutionof Arians 
and Jews. 

588. Britain : — Bernicia and Deira unite ■ 
to form the kingdom of Northumbria. 



597. — Christianity introduced by St. 
Augustine. 

604. Ethelbert of Kent begins the 
conversion of the East Saxons and 
founds the church of St. Paul in 
London as a bishop's seat. 



613. Britain :— E t h e 1 f r i t h, king of 
Northumbria, defeats the Britons, 
and conquers Cheshire and Lan- 
cashire. 

614. Clotaire II. reunites the Prankish 
dominions. 

617. Beginning of Northumbrian su- 
premacy in England. 



627. Edwin of Northumbria converted 
to Christianity. 

628. Franks: — Dagobert I. becomes 
king. 



633. Northumbria overthrown by Penda 
of Mercia. 



70 



TABULAR VIEWS 



636 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



(_about'). Nestorian Christianity intro- 
duced into China. 

In England, improvement in ecclesiasti- 
cal architecture; circular arches intro- 
duced; churches built at Canterbury, 
Glastonbury. St. Albans, Winchester, 
etc. 

In civil architecture, forts and castles 
— Conisborough Castle in Yorkshire ; 
Castletown in Derbj-shire, etc. 

Some of the monasteries of Europe con- 
tinue to be the repositories of learning 
and the arts. 

In Japan during the seventh century 
comes the rise of the feudal nobility 
and the division of the population 
into agriculturists and warriors or 
samurai. 

The abbey of Whitby and the monas- 
tery o£ Gilling founded. 

The Anglo-Saxons advance in civiliza- 
tion and power, by the introduction 
of Christianity. 

In the Prankish empire the differentia- 
tion between the French and German 
language appears. 



Aldhelm, the first Anglo-Saxon -nTiter 

in prose and verse. 
Cjedmon, Anglo-Saxon poet. 
In Persia, the Magian religion gives way 

to the Mohammedan. 



Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. 



The_ Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical 
historian. 

Christianity almost exterminated in 
Africa, by the progress of Mohamme- 
danism. 



The conquest of Spain by the Arabs 
destined to exercise a powerful effect 
on the progress of ci^^lization in 

Europe. 



640. Pope Severinus. 
Pope John IV. 



642. Pope Theodorus. 

649. Pope Martin I. 

654. Pope Eugenius I. 

657. Pope Vitalian. 



664. Roman Christianity triumphs in 
England at the Council of Whitby. 



672. Pope Adeodatus. 



676. Pope Donus. 
678. Pope Agatho. 



680-681. The sixth general council at 
Constantinople condemns the Mono- 
thelites. 

082. Pope Leo II. 

684. Pope Benedict II. 

685. Pope John V. 

686. Pope Conon. 

687. Pope Sergius I. 



692. The Quinisext Council at Constan- 
tinople convened to supplement the 
work of the ecumenical councils of 
555 and 680; not recognized by 
Pope Sergius nor by the Roman 
Church. 



701. Pope John VI. 
705. Pope John VII. 
70S. Pope Sisinnius. 

Pope Constantine I. 

710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms 
the Roman see in its privileges; he 
is the first to kiss the pontiff's foot. 



711 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



71 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



The battle of Cadesia gives Persia to the 
Arabs; their power established after 
the battle of Nehavend (642). 

Jerusalem taken by the Arabs. 



Egypt conquered by the Arabs. 
Heraclius Constantinus and Hera- 
cleonas rule. 

Constans II. becomes emperor. 
Moawiyah, caliph, makes Damascus his 
capital. 



Constantine IV. becomes emperor. 



Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 
whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek 
fire of Cailinicus. The caliph com- 
pelled to purchase a peace of thirty 
years, bv paying a yearly tribute. 

Yezid I., Caliph. 

The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. 



Moawiyah II., caliph. 
Abdelmelik, caliph. 

Justinian II. becomes emperor. 



Justinian defeated by the Arabs at 

Sebastopolis in Cilicia. . 
Arabs overrun Armenia. 
Justinian II. deposed by Leontius who 

is also deposed by 
Tiberius. 
Carthage taken by the Arabs. 

Justinian II. restored. 
Walid I., caliph. 

Noith Africa completely subdued by 
the Saracens. 



Justinian put to death by Philip Bar- 
danes, who reigns under the name of 
Philippicus. 



638. Franks — The death of Dagobert is 
followed by the disappearance of the 
royal power, the kings being under 
the control of the mayors of the 
palace. 



642. Britain: — Oswald of Northumbria 
defeated by Penda. 



655. Penda, of Mercia, overthrown 

656. Franks: — Clotaire III. rules as 
sole king. 

662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento, 
usurps Lombard crown. 



670. France: — Childeric II. becomes 

king. 
673. Ihe death of Childeric II. leads to 

civil war and anarchy. 

678. Theuderic III. 



680. Wamba, king of the Visigoths 
turns monk. 



687. Pepin the Younger 's victory at 
Testry unites the PYankish realms 
under himself as mayor of the 
palace. 

688. Northumbria loses the hegemony 
to Wessex under King Ine. 

691 . Franks : — Clovis III. becomes king. 



694. Britain: — Ine conquers Kent. 

695. Franks: — Childebert II. becomes 
king. 

697. Venice: — Paulucio Anafesto, first 
Doge. 



710. Britain: — Ine's wars with the 
Britons of Cornwall. 

Spain: — Roderic, last of the Visi- 
gothic kings. 
71 i. Franks : — Dagobert III. becomes 
king. 

The Visigothic kingdom in Spain 
overthrown at the battle of the 
Guadalete by the Arabs under Tarilu 



72 



TABULAR VIEWS 



712 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



712 



715 



720 



{about). The art of making paper 
brought from Samarcaiid by the 
Arabs. 



{about). Boniface (Winfrith) begins his 
missionary work among the Germans. 



Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ine. 



735 



745 
750 



Increasing 


Dark 


power, 


period 


spiritual 


of 


and 


European 


temporal, 


literature. 


of the 




popes. 





The Venerable Bede dies — a grammar- 
ian, historian, and theologian. 



John of Damascus, (Damascenus) a 
founder of the scholastic philosophy. 

The Abbasside caliphs encourage 
learning. Ihe schools of Bagdad, 
Cufa, Alexandria, Fez, and Cordova 
promoted by them. 

Ignorance, profligacy, and misery 
characterize the age preceding Char- 
lemagne. 

In the Byzantine empire the succession 
is generally determined by violence, 
and the character of the rulers most 
often presents examples of cruelty, 
treachery, and fanaticism. 



712. Constantine opposes the emperor 
Philippicus Bardanes in the question 
of the Monothelite heresy. 



715. Pope Gregory II.; he engages in 
conflict with the emperor Leo the 
Isaurian over image-worship. 



722 (723). Boniface consecrated bishop 
for Germany. 



726. Image-worship, being forbidden by 
the emperor Leo the Isaurian, 
causes great disturbance. 

726 {about). Peter's pence first col- 
lected in England. 

730. Gregory excommunicates the em- 
peror. 

731. Pope Gregory III. 



741. Pope Zachary. 



751. The pope gives his consent to the 
dethronement of Childeric, king of the 
Franks, and the election of Pepin. 

753. Pope Stephen II. threatened by the 
Lombards, seeks aid of Pepin. 

754. — journeys to Pepin to implore 
his protection. — Following the de- 
cision of the council of Constanti- 
nople, the emperor Constantine 
Copronymus begins the dissolution 
of the monasteries. 

756. Commencement of the pope's 
temporal power under the auspices 
of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the 
exarchate of Ravenna. 

757. Pope Paul I. 

768. Pope Stephen III. 

772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charle- 
magne confirms in possession of 
Pepin's donation. 

Imposition of Tithes enforced by 
Charlemagne, for the support of the 
clergy, churches, schools, and the 
poor. 



A.D. 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



73 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



713 Anastasius II. becomes emperor. 
715 Theodosius III. becomes emperor. 



Leo III. (the Isaurian) rises against 
Theodosius and seizes the throne. 

The Arabs invest Constantinople by- 
land and by sea. The city is saved 
by the Greek fire — the Arab fleet 
being almost entirely destroyed. 

The Greek possessions in Italy are lost 
in consequence of the edict forbidding 
image worship. 



Constantine V. (Copronymus) succeeds. 

The Arabs defeated by Constantine. 

The Ommiade caliphs overthrown by 
the Abbassides. 



Al Mansur, caliph. 

War between the empire and the Bui 
garians. 



Al Mansur makes Bagdad his capital. 



Great victory over the Bulgarians at 
LithoEoria. 



715. Franks: — Charles Martel, Mayor of 
the Palace. 

716. Franks: — Chilperic II. becomes 
king. 



718. Spain: — Pelagius founds the king- 
dom of Asturias. 

720. Franks: — Theuderic IV. becomes 
king. 



725. Franks: — Charles Martel crosses 
the Rhine, and subdues the Bavar- 
ians; the Arabs ravage southern 
France. 

726. (about). Britain: — Ine, king of 
Wessex, begins the tax called Peter's 
pence, to support a college at Rome. 



732. Franks: — Charles Martel gains a 
great victory over the Saracens near 
Poitiers. 



737. Franks: — Childeric 
king. 



III. becomes 



751. Childeric III. deposed and Pepin 
the Short, son of Charles Martel, 
chosen king. — End of the Merovin- 
gian line. 

754. Pepin aids the pope with a large 
army against the Lombards. 



756. Spain: — Separated from the Cali- 
phate. Abderriiman, of the house of 
the Ommiade line, rules. 



768. Franks: — Charlemagne, or Charles 
the Great, reigns with his brother, 
Carloman, until 771. 

774. Charlemagne invades Italy; de- 
feats Desiderius. king of Lombardv, 
and annexes nortLarn Italy to his 
empire. 

End of the Lombard kingdom. 

775. Charlemagne's first expedition 
against the Saxons. 



74 



TABULAR VIEWS 



775 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



790 



Golden period of learning in Arabia, 
under the caliph Haroun al Raschid 

Paulus Diaconus, historian of the 
Lombards. 



785. Forcible conversion of the Saxons 
by Charlemagne. 

787. The seventh general council at 
Nice, in which the doctrine of the 
Iconoclasts was condemned. 



795. Pope Leo III. 

Image-worship condemned 
Synod of Frankfort. 



by 



797 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



75 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



775 

780 

783 

791 
792 

797 



Leo IV. becomes emperor. 

v^onstantine VI. 

Irene (queen-mother) restores image- 
worship. 

The empire is invaded by Haroun al 
Raschid. 

Constantine imprisons his mother Irene 

for her cruelty. 
Irene regains power. 



Irene overthrows her son, blinds him, 
and assumes sole power. — proposes 
to marry Charlemagne. 



778. A part of Charlemagne's army 
defeated at Roncesvalles in the 
Pyrenees by the Basques; the subject 
of the Song of Roland. 

785. The Saxons compelled to adopt 

Christianity. 
787. Britain: — First recorded invasion 
of the Danes. 



795. Charlemagne forms tlie Spanish 
March. 



76 



TABULAR VIEWS 



800 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



New Western Empire. 



The coronation of Charle 
magne and the revival 
of the Roman Empire 
marks the beginning of 
a political system which 
was to dominate Euro- 
pean thought for cen 
turies._ 

Foundation of monastic 
and cathedral schools by 
Charlemagne; Alcuin; 
agriculture and horti- 
culture encouraged; 
canal planned to join the 
Rhine and the Dan 
ube; Haroun-al-Raschid 
sends an embassy to the 
court of Charlemagne 
with gifts. 

Transient revival of learn 
ing under Charlemagne. 

Eginhard, historian, sec- 
retary to Charlemagne 

The reign of al Mamun 
(caliph) is regarded as 
the Augustan age of 
Arabian literature. 

The death of Charlemagne 
is followed by retro- 
gression in the political 
and social life of the 
Western Empire. 



Saint Mark's Church at 
Venice founded 



800. The pope separates 
from the Eastern Em- 
pire, and becomes su- 
preme bishop of the 
Western. 



Charlemagne reforms 
the Cnurch. 



Many bishoprics 

founded — Great increase 
of monastic institutions, 



809. Synod at Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle under direction of 
Charlemagne adopts the 
Filioque, but Pope Leo 
dissents. 



814. Insurrection at Rome 
against the pope. 

816. Pope Stephen V. 

817. Pope Paschal I. 
824. Pope Eugenius II. 

826. Christianity in Den- 
mark. 

827. Pope Valentine. 
Pope Gregory IV. 

830 {about). Ansgarius 
preaches Christianity in 
Sweden. 



840 {about). Paschasius 
Radbertus, abbot, of 
Corbey, father of the 
doctrine of transubstan 
tiation. 

Ratramnus and Scot- 
us Erigena, theologians, 

842. Image-worship re 
established. 



800. NEW EMPIRE of 
the WEST founded by 
Charlemagne, who is 
crowned at Rome, by • 
the pope, Emperor of 
the Romans. 

802. Charlemagne re- 
ceives an embassy from 
Nicephorus and from 
Haroun-al-Raschid. 

804. Saxon conquest com- 
pleted. 

805. The Avars defeated 
and converted. 

808. First descent of the 
Northmen on Germany. 



814. Charlemagne dies. 
Louis I., the Pious 
or the Debonair, suc- 
ceeds. 

817. Louis arranges the 
succession to the crown. 
Lothair made co-ruler. 



829,833. Insurrection of 
the emperor's sons. 



840. Lothair becomes em- 
peror. 

841. — defeated by his 
brothers, Louis and 
Charles, in the battle 
of Fontanet. 

The Normans plun- 
der Rouen, and ad- 
vance to Paris. 
843. Treaty of Verdun 
and division of the 
empire. 

France: — Charles I. 
(the Bald). 

Ger.: — Louis I., sur- 
named the German. 

Italy and Lorraine: 
— Lothair king 
with imperial dignity. 



843 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



77 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


Engl.\nd, Scotland, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


802 


Irene is dethroned by 


802. Egbert, king of We* 






Nicephorus. 


sex. 




803 


Byzantine empire recog- 
nizes independence o: 
Venice. 






807 


War with the Franks. 




809. Death of Haroun-al- 


811 


Michael I, (Rhangabe), at 




Raschid; succeeded by 




war with the Bulgarians 




Al Amin, caliph at Bag- 
dad. 


813 


Leo V. (the Armenian) 




813. Al Mamun, caliph at 




becomes emperor. 




Bagdad. 


814 


Bulgarians defeated. 


815-823. Egbert, king of 
Wessex, defeats the Brit- 
ons of Cornwall. 




820 


Michael II. becomes em- 




820. First dismemberment 




peror. 




of the Abbasside cali- 




(Balbus or the Stammerer) 




phate. The dynasty of 
the Taherites founded 


825 


The Saracens obtain pos- 


S25. Egbert triumphs over 


at Khorassan. 




session of Crete. 


the Mercians. 


826. Ansgarius introduces 


827 


Saracens invade Sicily. 




Christianity into Den- 
mark. 


829 


Theophilus becomes em- 


829. The seven kingdoms 






peror. 


of the Heptarchy unitea 


830 idbout). Ansgarius in 






by Egbert, king ol 


Sweden. 


832 


Persecution of image-wor- 


Wessex. 






shippers. 




833. Al Motassim, caliph. 






837. War between Wessex 


He builds Samarra, 


838 


Theophilus defeated by 


and the Danes begins. 


which he makes the seat 




the Saracens at Dasy- 




of government. 




mon. 


839. Ethelwolf becomes 
king. 


841. Norway:— Half dan 
begins the subjection of 
the territorial nobles and 
the founding of a mon- 
archy. 
Wathek, caliph. 


842 


Michael III. (the Drunkard) 
becomes emperor under 
the regency of Theodora. 

The triumph of image- 
worship. 







78 



TABULAR VIEWS 



844 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France, Spain, Germany. 






844. Pope Sergius II. 








Ignatius, patriarch of 








Constantinople. 


845. Paris sacked by the 

Northmen. 






847. Pope Leo IV. 








848. Gottschalk, a Bene- 








dictine monk, advocates 




850 


(about). Hincmar, French 

theologian and bishop. 

Rabanus Maurus, German 


predestination. 






theologian and scholar. 




853-854. War between 
Charles the Bald and 
Louis of Germany. 






855. Pope Benedict III. 


855. Lothair abdicates; 






858. Pope Nicholas I. 


succeeded by Louis II. 






— asserts the papal 


who has Italy with the 






power against Lothair 


imperial dignity. 






II. of Lorraine. 








860> The False Decretals. 








866. SchismbetweenEast- 








em and Western Church - 








es. 
867. Pope Hadrian II. — 








Photius, patriarch of 








Constantinople, deposed. 








869-870. Eighth council at 








Constantinople. 


870. Lorraine partitioned 
between France and 
Germany. 






872. Pope John VIII. 




874 


Iceland settled. 






877 


The beginning of the 




877. France — Louis II. (the 




feudal system. Hered- 




Stammerer ) becomes 




itary nobility, which, 




king. 




with the clergy, was the 




879. Louis III. and Car- 




dominant order in the 


882. Pope Martin II. (Ma- 


loman reign jointly. 




state. 


rinus I.). 






The nobles independent 


884. Pope Hadrian III. 


884. Charles the Fat, 




of the king. 




king of France and em- 
peror , reunites Prank- 
ish dominions. 






885. Pope Stephen V. 


885. Paris besieged by 
the Northmen. Charles 
makes peace with them. 



885 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



79 



England, Scotland, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



866 



867 



Basil, the Macedonian, 
made co-emperor. 

Basil slays Michael III. and 
commences the Mace 
donian dynasty. 

Begins the compilation of 
the Basilican Code 



878 



Syracuse taken by the 
Arabs. 



844. Scotland : — Kenneth , 
king of the Scots, de- 
feats the Picts and be- 
comes sole monarch. 



849. Alfred the Great bom. 

851. Ethelwolf defeats the 
Danes at Ockley. 



860. Ethelbert succeeds in 
Wessex. 



S66. Ethelred becomes 
king. 

867. The Danes begin a 
series of assaults which 
result in the conquest 
of England, northeast 
of the Thames. 



871. Alfred the Great 
succeeds. 



845. The Normans plunder 
Hamburg, and penetrate 
into Germany. 

846. The Saracens destro^' 
the Venetian fleet, and 
besiege Rome. 

847. Al Mottawakkel, ca- 
liph. 

849. Saracens defeated by 
the pope's allies. 



878. Alfred defeats the 
Danes at Ethandun; he 
concludes with them the 
treaty of Chippenham or 
Wedmore. 



860. Gorm the Elder unites 
Jutland and the Danish 
Isles, and becomes king 
of Denmark. 

861. Iceland discovered by 
the Northmen. 

862 {traditional). Russia: 
— Rurik, first grand 
prince. 



868. Egypt throws off its 
dependence on the ca- 
liphs, under Ahmed. 



872. Norway : — Harold 
Haarfagr makes himself 
sole king by his great 
victory over the jarls at 
Hafurstford. The con- 
quered nobles leave the 
country, beginning a 
career of piracy. 

874. Iceland settled by 
the Northmen. 



8o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



886 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



Alfred the Great estab 
lishes a regular militia 
and navy and extends 
the power of the king's 
courts; institutes fairs 
and markets. 



England divided into 
counties or shires, hun- 
dreds, and titnings. The 
county courts become 
the great safeguard of 
the civil rights of Eng 
lishmen. 

At the beginning of the 
tenth century, Constan- 
tinople still the first city 
of Europe and a great 
commercial and manu 
facturing centre. 



891. Pope Formosus. 



896. Pope Boniface VI. 
Pope Stephen VI. 

898. Pope John IX. 

Veneration for saints 

and a passion for relics 

prevail. 
900. Pope Benedict IV. 



903. Pope Leo V. 

904. Pope Sergius III. 



909. Cluny founded. 



911. The Northmen i; 
France embrace Chris 
tianity. 

914. Pope John X. 



921 (about). The Bohe- 
mians embrace Chris- 
tianity. 



The Anglo-Saxon mon 
archy rises into Euro- 
pean importance. 

Rhazes, Arabian writer on 
medicine. 



927. Odo, abbot of Cluny, 
establishes celebrated 
code of discipline. 

928. Pope Leo VI. 

929. Pope Stephen VII. 



887. Germany: — Arnulf 
dethrones Charles the 
Fat and becomes king 
of Germany; the final 
separation of Germany 
and France. 

888. France:— Odo, Count 
of Paris. 



895. Arnulf, German em- 
peror, takes Rome. 



898. France— Charles III. 
(the Simple) succeeds. 

899. Ger.: — Louis III. 
(the Child) succeeds. 

Invasion of the Hun- 
garians. 

Contests among the 
nobles and bishops. 

904. Italy:— The rise of 
Theodora followed by 
Marozia. 



910. The emperor pays 
tribute to the Hun- 
garians. 

911. France:— The North- 
men under Rollo, estab- 
lish themselves in Nor- 
mandy. 

Ger.: — Conrad I. of 

Franconia. The empire 

becomes elective. 
915. Berengar of Italy 

crowned emperor. 
919. Ger.:— Henry I. (the 

Fowler), first of the 

Saxon line. 
_ France : — Charles the 

Simple overthrown by 

Robert of Paris. 
923. —Robert I. defeated 

and killed at Soissons. 

Rudolph, duke of 
Burgundy, succeeds as 
king. 

926. Italy: — Hugo, count 
of Provence, becomes 
king of Italy. 



929. France:— Charles 
the Simple dies a pris- 
oner at Peronne; sole 
rule of Rudolph. 



929 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



81 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



-90 
894 



912 



919 



Leo VI. (the philosopher) 
becomes emperor. 



Beneventum subject to the 
Greek empire. 

Byzantines driven from 
Beneventum. 

War with the Bulgarians, 
and Saracens. 



Russian expedition under 
Oleg, against Constan- 
tinople. 



Constantine VII. (Porphy- 
rogenitus) becomes em- 
peror. 



Romanus, general of the 
fleet, becomes co-em- 
peror, with his three 
sons. 

A period of quiet in the 
empire and comparative 
prosperity. 



893. Invasion of the Danes 
under Hastings and re- 
newal of war with 
Wessex. 

897. The Danes defeated 
at London. 



900. Scotland: — Constan- 
tine II. 

901. Edward (the elder), 
the first who takes the 
title of "king of the 
Anglo-Saxons. ' ' 



910. War renewed with 
Danes. 



912. The valley of the 
Thames annexed to Wes- 
sex. 



918-922. East Anglia and 
Mercia incorporated by 
Wessex. 



925. Athelstan becomes 

king of Wessex. 
926. — becomes king of 

Northumbria. 



895 (about). Hungary: — 
Magyars under Arpad 
enter the kingdom. 



909. The rise of the Fati- 
mite dynasty in Kair- 
wan, North Africa. 

910. {about). Spain: — The 
name of Leon given to 
the kingdom of Asturias. 

912. Spain: — Abderrah- 
man III. of Cordova, the 
greatest Arab prince of 
Spain. 



82 



TABULAR VIEWS 



930 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



930 



'950 



960 



(about). Printing by- 
movable blocks among 
the Chinese. 
Cordova, in Spain, be- 
comes the seat of Arab 
learning, science, in- 
dustry, and commerce 
Its celebrated schools, 
together with its equally 
celebrated poets and 
philosophers, render it 
famous throughout the 
world. 



Luitprand, the Lombard 
histoi-ian. 

The mercantile character 
raised by a law of Athel 
stan, that a merchant 
who made three voyages 
over the high seas with 
a ship and cargo of his 
own, should enjoy the 
rank and privileges of a 
thane. 

Manufactories of linens and 
woollens in Flanders, 
which becomes the seat 
of Western industry. 

(about). The nun Hros- 
witha of Gandersheim 
in Brunswick writes 
Latin comedies. 

Suidas, grammarian and 
lexicographer. 

In England, Edgar organ - 
iees an efficient navy 
which patrols the coast 
for defence against the 
Norse pirates. 



931. Pope John XI. 

Mere children ele- 
vated to the highest 
offices in the church. 



936. Pope Leo VII. 
939. Pope Stephen VIII. 



942. Pope Martin III. 
(Marinus II.) 



946. Pope Agapetus II. 



955. Pope John XII. 

Quarrel with the em- 
perors respecting in- 
vestiture. 

957. (abovtt). Baptism of 
Olga, regent of Russia. 

959. St. Dunstan becomes 
archbishop of Canterbury 
and attempts to reform 
the church — enforcing 
clerical celibacy. 

The influence of the 
monks greatly increased. 



963. Pope Leo VIII. 

964. Pope Benedict V. 



965. John XIII. 

966. Poland receives Chris- 
tianity under Miecislas. 



933. Victory of Henry the 
Fowler over the Hun- 
garians at Merseburg. 



936. Get.: — Otho I. (the 
Great) becomes em- 
peror. 

France: — Louis IV. 
becomes king. 



945. France: — Louis IV. 

taken prisoner by Hugh 

the Great, duke of 

France. 
950. Germany: — Bohemia 

becomes tributary ta 

Otho. 

954. France: — Lothair 
succeeds 

955. Germany: — Otho 
crushes the Hungarians 
on the Lechfeld, near 
Augsburg. 

Otho defeats the Slavs. 



962. Otho crowned Ro- 
man emperor, marking 
the beginning of the 
Holy Roman Empire 
of the German nation 
and the union of Italy 
with Germany. 



4 



^yi A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



83 



A.D. Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 



941 



945 



959 



961 

963 



965 



968 
969 



971 



Romanus gains a naval 
victory over the Rus- 
sians, led by Igor. 



Romanus overthrown and 
Constantine VII. reigns 
alone. 



Romanus II. 
emperor. 



becomes 



Conquest of Crete by the 
Byzantines. 

Basil II. and Constantine 
VIII. rule under the re- 
gency of their mother 
Theophano. Nicephorus 
Phocas co-emperor. 

Nicephorus recovers Cy- 

OI^US, 



— takes Antioch. 

— is murdered by 

John Zimisces, who 
rules as co-emperor till 
976. 

Zimisces defeats the Rus- 
sians at Presthlava and 
Dorystolum. 



937. By the victory of 
Brunanburh, Athelstan 
establishes his power 
firmly. 

940. Edmund I., brother 
of Athelstan, becomes 
king. 

941. The Danes in Eng- 
land make war on Ed- 
mund. 

944. The Dane law re- 
duced. 

946. Edred succeeds Ed- 
mund ; governed by 
Dunstan. abbot of Glas- 
tonbury. ' 

952. Scotland: — Malcolm 
I., king. 



953. Scotland:— Indulf, 
king. 

955. Edwy succeeds Edred. 

956. Dunstan banished. 



959. Edgar succeeds Edwy. 
Dunstan made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 



961. Scotland : — Duff, 
king. 

Violent disputes be- 
tween the monks and 
the clergy. 

964. Revival of monas- 
ticism in England after 
the Danish wars. 



931. Spain: — Ramiro II. 
king of Leon. 

934. Norway: — Eric Blod- 
oxe, king — his cruelty 
leads the people to 
revolt. 

935. Denmark: — Harold 
Blue-Tooth, first Chris- 
tian king. 

939. Spain: — Ramiro II., 
king of Leon, defeats the 
Moors, under Abderrah- 
man, in the battle of 
Simancas. 



945. Russia: — Igor is suc- 
ceeded by Sviatoslaf. 



950. Spain: — -Ordoiio III. 
king of Leon. 



956. Spain: — Sancho I. 
king of Leon. 



960. China:— Tai Tsoo 
founder of later Sung 
dynasty; wages war suc- 
cessfully against the 
Tatars. 



966. Poland : — -Miecislas 
establishes Christianity. 
Spain: — ^ Ramiro III. 
king of Leon. 



969. The Fatimites be- 
come masters of Egypt, 
with Cairo as the capital. 



84 



TABULAR VIEWS 



972 A.D.- 



975 



983 



1005 



Abbon of Fleury, French 
monk and ecclesiastical 
historian. 

The present arithmetical 
notation brought into 
Europe by the Saracens. 

Greenland discovered by 

the Northmen. 
Venice and Genoa carry 

on a flourishing trade 

between Asia and 

Western Europe. 
Spain the seat of Arabian 

and Jewish learning. 
Firdausi, epic poet of 

Persia. 



jElfric Grammaticus 

Anglo-Saxon writer and 
theologian. 

The arts faintly revive in 
Italy — paintings 
fresco and mosaic. 



973. Pope Benedict VI. 

974. Pope Benedict VII. 



981. Benedict VII. issues 
proclamation against si- 
mony. 

983. Pope John XIV. 

984. Pope Boniface VII. 

985. Pope John XV. 



989. (about). Byzantine 
Christianity propagated 
in Russia by Vladimir 
the Great. 



993. First fcanonization of 
saints. 



996. Pope Gregory V. 

997. Pope John XVI. 



999. Pope Sylvester II. 



1000. St. Stephen of Hun 
gary, receives the royal 
dignity from the pope 
with the title of Apos- 
tolic Majesty. 



1003. Pope John XVII. 



1003. Pope John XVIII. 



1009. Pope Sergius IV. 
1012. Pope Benedict VIII. 



973. Ger.: 
peror. 



-Otho II. em- 



978. Otho at war with 
Lothair of France. 



983. Otho III. emperor. 

986. France: — Louis V., 
( the Slothful ) king ; 
last of the Carlovingian 
race. 

987. France: — Hugh Capet 
king ; founder of Capetian. 
line of French kings. 



996. France:— Robert II. 
(the Wise) succeeds his 
father Hugh. 

998. — is compelled by 
the pope to separate 
from his wife Bertha 
who was his cousin. 

1000. Millennial expecta- 
tions. 



1002. Ger.: — Henry II. 
emperor (duke of Bava- 
ria). 

Italy: — Ardoin, mar- 
grave of Ivrea, elected 
king. 

1003-1018. War between 
the empire and Poland. 

1004. Italy: — Henry in- 
vited by the German 
party. — Ardoin loses 
most of Italy and resigns'. 
Henry crowned king. 

1005. Henry proclaims a 
general peace. 



IOI2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



-^5 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The "World, elsewhere. 



978 Personal rule of Basil 11 
I and Constantine VIII 

981 Beginning of the great 
Bulgarian war. 



975. Edward (the Martyr) 

becomes king. 
978. Ethelred II. ("the 
Unready ") becomes king. 



1002 



The Bulgarians plunder 
the Peloponnesus but 
their army is destroyed. 



988. Beginning of Danish 
invasion. 

The king purchases 
their retreat. 

991. Battle of Maldon. 



992. Ethelred makes treat- 
ies with the Norsemen 
and with Normandv. 

994. Olaf Trygrasson' of 
Norway and Sweyn of 
Denmark invade Eng- 
land. 



Basil II. defeats the Bul- 
garians at Vidin. 



1002. Massacre of the 
banes in England on 
St. Brice's Day. 



1003. Sweyn lands a large 
armament in England. 



1005. Scotland:— Malcolm 
II., an able, renowned 
prince. 



972. Hungary: — Geiza,the 
first Christian ruler. 



76. Spain: — Hisham, 
caliph of Cordova. 

Al Mansur, regent, 
obtains many victories 
over the Christians. 



988. Sweyn I., or Sweno, 
king of Denmark, in- 
vades England. 

989 (a6oMi). Russia:— Vla- 
dimir the Great marries 
Anna, sister of the em- 
peror Basil II., and 
adopts Christianitv. 

992. Boleslav I. king ot 
Poland. 

993. Olaf, first Christian 
king of Sweden. 

995. Norway:— Olaf I., 
attempts to introduce 
Christianity. 

997. Mahmud sultan of 
Ghazni. 



1000. Sancho III. (the 
Great,) king of Navarre. 

Pope Sylvester II. 
bestows on Stephen of 
Hungary the royal title. 

1001. Mahmud of Ghazni 
makes the first of seven- 
teen expeditions into 
India. 

1002. Death of Al Man- 
sur and beginning of 
the fall of the caliphate 
of Cordova. 



86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IOI3 A.D.- 



Literature, the arts and 
sciences, and coramerce 
flourish at Ghazni. 

Musical scale improved by 
Guide Aretino. 

Avicenna, a famous Arab- 
ian physician and phil- 
osopher. 



1041 



1021. Emperor Henry II. 
comes to the aid of the 
pope against the Byzan 
tines. 

1022. The pope and the 
emperor unite to reform 
the church in the spirit 
of the Cluniac discipline 

1024. Pope John XIX. He 
gained his election by 
bribery. He was not of 
the clergy, but consul 
and senator of Rome. 



1033. Pope Benedict IX. 
(ten years old). 



The anarchy of feudalism 
finds a partial check in 
the promulgation of the 
"Truce of God." 

George Cedrenus, Bryzan- 
tine chronicler. 

Franco Magister, writer on 
music. 



1038. The pope, for 
his scandalous conduct, 
driven from Rome, but 
re-established by the 
emperor Conrad. 

1041. "Truce of God' 
published by the French 
bishops. 



1014. Henry crowned 
emperor at Rome. 



1024. Ger.: — Conrad II. 
(the Salic) becomes em- 
peror, first of the Fran- 
conian line. 

1026-27. Conrad crowned 
king of Italy and Roman 
emperor. 

1028. Robert the Devil 
becomes duke of Nor- 
mandy. 

1031. Favorable treaty 
with Poland. 
France: — Henry I. be- 
comes king. 

1033. Kingdom of Bur- 
gundy annexed to the 
empire. 



1039. Ger.:— Henry III. be- 
comes emperor. 

1041. —defeats the Bo- 
hemians and Hungarians 
— claims the right of 
nominating to the papalj 
chair. 



I042 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



87 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Basil II. overwhelms the 
Bulgarian army at the 
pass of Demirhissar. 



The Bulgarian kingdom 
overthrown and reduced 
to submission. 



Sole rule of Constantine 
VIII. 



Romanus III. 
emperor. 



becomes 



Michael IV. (the Paphla- 
gonian) becomes em- 
peror. 



The Normans gain a foot 
hold in Apulia, 



Michael V. becomes em- 
peror. 

Zoe and Theodora rule 

jointly. 
Constantine IX. (Monoma- 

chus) becomes emperor. 
Rise of the Seljuk Turks 



1013. The Danes, under 
Sweyn, become masters 
of England. 

Ethelred flees to Nor 
mandy. 

1014. The Northmen ir 
Ireland defeated at 
Clontarfby Brian Boru. 

1016. Edmund II. (Iron- 
sides,) fights six battles 
with Canute, king of 
Denmark, with whom 
he finally divides the 
kingdom. 

1017. The death of Ed 
mund leaves Canute 
sole ruler. He patron 
izes literature and the 
Church. 



1031. Canute penetrates 
into Scotland — subdues 
Malcolm. 



1034. Scotland: — Duncan 
king. 

1035. Harold I. (Hare- 
foot) becomes king — 
ruled by Earl Godwin. 



1040. Hardicanute. 

Scotland: — Macbeth 
murders Duncan, and 
usurps the throne. 

The Saxon line re- 
stored under 
1042.— Edward (the Con- 
fessor). The country 
prospers under his mild 
sway. 

The Norman in- 
fluence predominant at 
tiie English court. 



1015. Norway:— Olaf II. 
the Saint establishes 
Christianity. 

1016. Denmark: — Canute 
II. (the Great). 



1019. Russia:— YaroslafF 
the Great. 



1024. Mahmud of Ghazni 
storms Somnath, in 
Gujarat, India. 

1025. Poland : Miecislas II. 



1028. Sancho of Navarre 
takes Castile. 



1033. Castile 
kingdom. 



a separate 



1035. Spain: — Aragon a 
kingdom under Ramiro 
I. 

Denmark: — Hardi- 
canute III. 

Norway: — Magnus I. 
(the Good). 

1037. Ferdinand I., of 
Castile, in right of his 
wife, succeeds to Leon; 
successful against the 
Mohammedans. 



1042. Denmark: — Magnus 
(the Good) of Norway, 
king. 



88 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1043 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc 



1055 



Michael Psellus, a cele- 
brated Greek philosopiier 
and historian. 

First age of scholastic 
philosophy. 

Feudal system introduced 
in England by the 
Normans. 



1045. Benedict again driven 
from the throne, and suc- 
ceeded by Sylvester III. 
Benedict is restored by 
the Counts of Tuscu- 
lum. But finding the 
people will not tolerate 
his crimes, he sells the 
papal chair to Gregory. 
Benedict deposed for 
simony by a council 
called by Henry III. 

1046. Pope Clement II. 

1048. Damasus II. 

1049. Leo IX. 



1053. — is defeated by the 
Normans at Civitate. 



1054. The papal chair 
vacant one year. 

Excommunication of 
the patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, final schism 
between Eastern and 
Western Churches. 

lOja. Pope Victor II. 

Hildebrand, the real 
head of the church from 
tiie time of Leo IX. The 
church improving in 
piety and discipline. 

1057. Pope Stephen IX. 

1038. Nicholas II. 

1039. The election of pope 
transferred to a con- 
clave of cardinals. 

1081. Pope Alexander II. 

1082. Berengar of Tours 
opposes the doctrine of 
transubstantiation. 

1066. Alexander deposes 
Harold and gives Eng- 
land to William duke of 
Normandy. 



The Papacy at the 
height of its power, 
claiming supreme domin- 
ion, temporal and spir- 
itual, over all the states 
of Christenaom. 



1047. William of Nor- 
mandy defeats his 
rebellious nobles at 
Val-es-dunes. 



1053. Germany: — Henry 
III. causes his son 
Henry to be elected and 
crowned Roman em- 
peroi. 

1054. Henry I. of France 
invades Normandy and 
is defeated at Mortemer. 



1056. Ger.:— Henry IV. 
(the Great), aged six 
years, becomes etnperor 
under the tutelage 01 
his mother Agnes. 



1059. Robert, duke of 
Apulia, becomes a vassal 
of the pope. 

1060. France: — Philip I. 
becomes king. 



1066. William, duke of 
Normandy, claims the 
crown of England, and 
makes war upon Harold 
to obtain it. 



io66 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



89 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



1043, The Russians attack Con- 
stantinople and are de- 
feated. 



1054 Theodora becomes em- 
press, the last of Mace- 
donian dynasty. 
The Greek Church sepa- 
rates from the Roman 



1056 Michael VI. (Stratioticus) 
becomes emptror. 



1057 Isaac I., (Comnenus) be- 
comes emperor. 

1059 Constantine X. (Ducas) 
becomes emperor. 



1051. Rebellion of Earl 
Godwin and his sons. 

Godwin and Harold 
banished. 

William, duke of Nor- 
mandy, visits Edward. 

1052. Godwin restored to 
favor. 

1053. The Danegeld abol- 
ished. 

Earl Godwin dies. 

The Welsh several 
times invade England, 
but are repressed by 
Harold, son of Godwin 



The World, elsewhere. 



1047. Denmark: — Svend 
Estridsen, king. 

Norway : — Harold 
Hardrada, king. 



1052. The Pisans take 
Sardinia from the Sara- 



1055. The Seljuk Turks 
become virtual masters 
of Bagdad though the 
caliphs retain the show 
of authority. 



1057. Scotland: — Macbeth 
defeated and killed at 
Langfanan by Tostig, 
earl of Northumberland, 
and Malcolm. Malcolm 
III. (Lanmore) becomes 
king. 



1066. Harold II. elected 
king; killed at the 
battle of Hastings. 
William I. duke_ of 
Normandy, styled "the 
Conqueror." 

End of the Anglo- 
Saxon dynasty. 

Edgar Atheling flies 
to Scotland. 

William I. "the Conquer- 
or," becomes king; first 
of the Norman hne. 



1065. Spain:— Alfonso VI. 
king of Leon and of 
Castile (1072). 



90 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1067 A.D. 



Progress op Society. 



1070 



1080 



Lanfranc, archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

London Bridge and West- 
minster Hall built. 

Norman French taught in 
all the schools in England 
and made use of in all 
legal proceedings. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



Medical school at Salerno 
of great prominence. 



1086 William of Spires, mathe- 
matician. 
Doomsday Book compiled 
by order of William the 
Conqueror. 

Literature patronized in 
the East by the Seljuk 
Sultan, Malek Shah. 



1090 



Roscellinus, scholastic 

founder of Nominalism. 



1071. Philip of France en 
gages in a war with 
Robert, count of Hol- 
land. 



1073. Pope Gregory VII. 
(Hildebrand), who at- 
tempts to free the clergy 
from the civil jurisdic- 
tion. He quarrels with 
the emperor. 

1075. The pope assails si- 
mony .clerical marriages, 
and lay investiture. 

1076. A council of German bishops at Worms deposes 
pope; Gregory excommunicates the emperor; 
Henrv's enemies declare him deposed. 

1077. The emperor humbles himself before Gregory 
VII. at Canossa and makes his peace; Rudolph of 
Suabia chosen as rival king. 

1080. Rudolph dies; Henry IV. deposes Gregory for 
his intrigues against him, and causes Clement III. 
to be chosen as antipope. The struggle continues 
until 1085, when Henry triumphs over Gregory, 
who flees to Salerno, and dies in exile. 



1084. Rome sacked by the 
Normans. 



1086. The order of the 
Carthusians instituted 
by Bruno. 

1087. Pope Victor III. 



1088. Pope Urban II. 



1092. Urban II. supports 
Conrad of Germany 
against his father. 



1085. Spain: —Toledo taken 
from the Moors by Al- 
fonso VI. (I.) of Leon 
and Castile. 

1086. Spain: — The Al- 
moravides invade Spain 
and crush the Castilians 
in the battle of Zallaca. 

1087. France:— War with 
England; Robert, duke 
of Normandy, opposes 
William Rufus. 



1092. Conrad, son of the 
emperor, rebels and is 
crowned king of Italy. 



1092 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



91 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1067; Michael VIT., emperor 
Romanus IV. (Diogenes) 
co-emperor. He vali 
antly but vainly opposes 
the Turks — is defeated 
and taken prisoner by 
Alo Arslan, at Manzikert 
(1071). 

1071 Bari. the last Byzantine 
possession in Italy, taken 
by the Normans. 



107J 
-75 



Syria and Palestine sub- 
dued by Malek Shah, the 
Seljuk leader. 

Jerusalem taken. 



1078 Nicephorus III. 



1081 



1084 



Alexius I. (Comnenus) be 
comes emperor. The em 
pire invaded by Robert 
Guiscard, the Norman 
who defeats Alexius at 
Durazzo. 

Alexius repels the Normans 
from Larissa. 

After the capture of Jeru- 
salem, by the Turks, the 
Christian pilgrims are in- 
sulted, robbed, and op- 
pressed This, together 
with the appeal of the 
Byzantines for aid, 
gives rise to the Cru- 
sades. — Great struggle 
between Christianity and 
Mohammedanism. 



1068-1069. National rising 
in the north and west 
relentlessly crushed by 
William. 

1070. The feudal system in- 
troduced by the king. All 
the offices of the govern- 
ment placed in the hands 
of Normans. The Nor- 
man language intro- 
duced. 

Malcolm III. of Scot- 
land ravages Durham. 

Rising of English at 
Ely under Hereward the 
Wake. 

1072. Peace between the 
Normans and the Scots. 



1067. Boleslav II., of Po- 
land, takes Kieff. 



1077. Robert, the king's 
son, raises a rebellion in 
Normandy. 

1079. Robert is defeated 
and submits. 



1086. The Doomsday Book 
compiled for all Eng- 
land, save the northern 
counties. 

1087. William invades 
France and dies at 
Mantes. 

William IJ. (Rufus) be- 
comes king. 

1088. Revolt of the Nor- 
man nobles under Odo 
of Bayeux. 



1076. Denmark; — Harold 
Whetstone. 

1077. Hungary: — Ladislas 
I., the Saint. 

1079. Poland: — Stanislas, 
bishop of Cracow, mur- 
dered. Boleslav II. 
excommunicated and 
dethroned. 
Vladislav I. 



1084. Italy: — Rome taken 
and sacked by the Nor- 
mans. 

Bohemia erected into a 
kingdom by the emperor 
Henry IV. 



1090. Sicily completely 
conquered by Roger the 
Norman, after a war of 
thirty years with its 
masters, the Saracens. 

1092. The Seljuk empire 
falls apart into a number 
of smaller states, Ico- 
nium or Roum, Damas- 
cus, Aleppo, Kerman, 
and Iran. 



92 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1093 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1093 



Anselm, archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 



The popes continue the struggle against the empire. 

1094. Valencia taken by 
the Cid. 

1095 Beginning of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all 
the countries of Christendo.n. 

1095. Portugal made a 
county by Alfonso VI. 
of Leon and Castile. 

The Council of Clermont. 
1096. The First CRUSADE:— Peter the Hermit, and Walter the Pennyless, set out 
with a vast rabble, most of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. 
The chieftains of the First Crusade were: 

1. Godfrey of Bouillon or 
Boulogne. 

2. Hugh of Vermandois. 

3. Robert of Normandy. 

4. Robert of Flanders. 

5. Stephen of Blois, 

6. Raymond of Toulouse. 

7. Bohemond, son of Rob- 
ert Guiscard. 

8. Tancred, nephew of 
Robert Guiscard. 

1099. Spain:— Death of the 
Cid and recovery of 
Valencia by the Moors. 



Nathan Ben Jehiel, Jewish 
scholar (a. 1035-1106). 



1099 Knights of 
I Jerusalem 



St. John of 
instituted. 



1100 William of Poitiers, chroni- 
cler of William the Con- 
queror. 
The dialect of the He de 
France becomes the pre- 
vailing idiom in France. 
— The appearance of 
Gothic architecture. 



1099. Pope Paschal II. 



1104. Spain:— Alfonso I., 
el Batallador, king. 

1105. Henry IV. of Ger- 
many compelled to abdi- 
cate by his son. 

1106. Ger.: —Henry V. 
becomes emperor — 
maintains the right of 
investiture. 



II07 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



93 



A.D. Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 



10951 The Byzantine emperor 
calls upon western 
Europe for aid against 
the Turks. 



1097 Appearance of the cru- 
saders; great numbers 
pass through Constan- 
tinople. 
Baldwin founds the prin- 
cipality of Edessa. 
Battle of Dorylffium, 
which secures the march 
of the crusaders through 
Asia Minor. 



1099 Jerusalem taken by the 
crusaders, under God- 
frey, who becomes ruler 
Battle of Ascalon and de- 
feat of the Egyptian 
Saracens. 



1093. Scotland .-—Malcolm 
III. invades England 
and is slain near Alnwick 
Castle. 

Anselm made archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

1094. Scot.:— Donald Bane 
king. 

— Duncan usurps the 

crown. 

William quarrels with 

Anselm. 



1098. Scotland:— Edgar, 
son of Malcolm, puts out 
Uonald's eyes and de- 
thrones him. 



X104 



Acre taken by the crusa- 
ders. 



1100. William II. acci 
dentally shot by Sir 
Walter Tyrel. 

Henry I. (Beauclerc) be- 
comes king, marries Ma- 
tilda, daughter of Mal- 
colm, a descendant of 
Edmund Ironsides, thus 
uniting the Norman and 
Saxon interests. 

1101. Henry grants the 
Charter of Liberties. 

Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, invadesEngland. 



1106. Henry invades Nor- 
mandy; takes Robert 
prisoner at the battle of 
Tinchebrai. 

Scotland : — Alexan- 
der I. 

1107. Henry's quarrel with 
Anselm concluded. 



1095. Hungary: — Coloman, 
king. 



1098, Egypt:— The Fati- 
mites take Jerusalem. 



1101. China; — Emperor 
Hwuy-Tsung calls in 
the aid of the Neu-che 
Tatars who expel the 
Khitan Tatars from Liao- 
Tung and make them- 
selves masters of the 
region. 

1102. Poland:— Boleslav 
III. 

1103. Denmark: — Niels, 
king. 



1105. Italy:— Venice, Ge- 
noa, and Pisa greatly en- 
riched by the Crusades. 



94 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I I08 A.D - 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



The Knights 
founded. 



Templars 



Hariri, Arabian poet. 

Anna Comnena, daughter 
of Alexius I., Eastern 
emperor, historian. 

Scholastic philosophy at- 
tains full development 
in the writings of Peter 
Abelard. 

Peter, the Lombard (Mas 
ter of Sentences), scho 
lastic. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth 
historian. 

Aristotle's logic comes into 
repute through the Arab 
ians. 

The revival of the study of 
the Civil Law under 
Imerius at Bologna. 



1140, Hugo of St. Victor, mystic. 



The establishment of the 
Canon Law by the De- 
er eium of Gratian. 

William of Malmesbury, 
English historian. 

Otho, bishop of Freising 
chronicler. 

Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew 
travels from Spain to 
India, byConstantinople, 
and returns through 
Egypt. 

Henry of Huntingdon 
English chronicler. 



1111. Emperor Henry V. 
compels Paschal II. to 
renounce the right of 
investiture. 

1116. Invasion by the 
emperor causes the pope 
to flee from Rome, 

1118. Pope Gelasius II 

1119. Pope Calixtus n. 



1123. First Lateran Council 

1124. Pope Honorius II. 



1128. Honorius struggles 
ajainst Roger, king of 
Sicily. 

1130. Innocent II. and An- 
acletus II., rival popes. 



1108. France: — Louis VI., 
{Le Gros) becomes king, 
Abbe Suger, counsellor. 

1109. Alfonso I. of Aragon 
rules over Leon and 
Castile in right of his 
wife. 

1110. Ger. : — Henry V. 
enters Italy, and compels 
the pope to crown him, 

1114. Henry V. marries 
Matilda, of England. 



1118. Spain: — Alfonso I. 
of Aragon captures Sar- 
agossa. 



1125. Germany: — Lothair 
II., emperor. 

— opposed by Frederick 
and Conrad of Suabia. 

1126. Spain:-Alfonso VII., 
king, Leon and Castile. 



1134. Spain: — Garcia IV., 
king of Navarre. 

Ramiro II., king of 
Aragon. 

1136. Lothair invades Italy 
and overruns the south- 
ern partof the peninsula. 

1137. A pretended Messiah' 1137. France: — Louis VII. 
in France. {le Jeune). 

1138. — another in Persia. 1138. Germany: — House of 
Suabia. 

Conrad I., first of 
the Hohenstaufen em- 
perors. 

Dissensions of the 
Guelfs and Ghibelines. 

1139. Second Lateran 1133. Portugal becomes a 
Council. kingdom after the battle 

of Ourique, under Al- 
fonso I., of the House of 
Burgundy. 

1143. Pope Celestine II. 

1144. Pope Lucius II. 

1145. Pope Eugenius III. 



1146. The Almohades in- 
vade Spain. 



1147. The Second Crusade preached by St. Bernard 
and joined by the emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of 
France. 



1 148 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



93 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1109 


Tripoli taken by crusaders 
and erected into a 
county for Raymond 
of Toulouse. 


1114. Matilda, daughter of 
Henry I., marries the 
emperor Henry V. 


1117. Persia: — Sanjar sub- 
dues Khorasan and 


1118 


John II. (Comnenus). 


1120. Shipwreck and death 


Samarkand. 






of Prince William. 


1121. Norway: Sigurd the 


1123 


The Patzinaks defeated at 
Berrhcea in Thrace. 




Jerusalemite, king. 


1124 


Tyre taken by the cru- 


1124. Scotland:— David I. 






saders. 


promotes civilization. 




1126 


John II. wages successful 
war against the Turks. 










1127. Matilda, daughter of 


1127. Roger of Sicily brings 






Henry I., marries Geof- 


about the union of Sicily 






frey Plantagenet. 


and Naples. 
China: Kaou-Tsung, em- 
peror; during his 
reign the Neu-che or 
Kin Tartars conquer the 
country to the Yang-tse- 
Kiang. 






11.3.5. Stephen of Blois. 


1135. (1130?). Sweden:— 






1136. Matilda asserts her 


Sverker I. 






right to the throne: 




1137 


John II. defeats the Arme- 


David, king of Scot- 






nians of Cilicia. 


land, assists her. 

1138. — is defeated in the 
' ' battle of the Standard ' ' 
at Northallerton. 

1139. Civil war: Stephen 
and Matilda. 

1141. Stephen made pris- 
oner at the battle of 
Lincoln. 




1143 


Manuel Comnenus be- 
comes emperor, 






1144 


Edessa retaken by the 
Turks, gives rise to the 
Second Crusade. 






1146 


Thebes and Corinth plun- 
dered by the Sicilians. 






1147 


Failure of the Second 




1147 {about). Russia: — 


1148 


Crusade after enormous 




Moscow rises to rank of 




losses. 




a oity. 



96 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 50 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


Fran'ce, Germany, Spain. 


1150 


(aboi'i). University of 








Paris. 




1152. France: — Louis di- 




Aben Ezra, of Toledo, 




vorces his queen, Elea- 




Jewish scholar. 




nor, who marries Henry 
of Anjou. afterwards 






1153. Pope Anastasius IV. 


king of England; thus 
Guienne and Poitou are 
lost to France. 






1154. Pope Hadrian IV. 


Germany and Italy: — 






(an Englishman, Nicho- 


Frederick I. (Barbar- 






las Breakspeare). 


ossa), emperor. 






1155. Arnold, of Brescia. 








condemned and burnt. 








1156. Order of the Car- 


1156. The electoral college 






melites instituted. 


appears. 

1157. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon divided under Fer- 
dinand II. and Sancho 
III. 


115S 


Bank of Venice established. 




1158. Germany: — The em- 






1159. Pope Alexander III. 


peror Frederick crosses 






Victor IV. , antipope. 


into Italy and in the diet 
of Roncaglia defines the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 
1162. Frederick destroys 
Milan. 

Spain: — ^Alfonso II., 






1164. Paschal III., anti- 


king of Aragon, in- 






pope. 


cluding Barcelona. 


1167 


{about). Oxford schools 
made a university. 


1167. Rome taken by Free 


erick Barbarossa. 




Collegesof theology, philos- 


1168. Calixtus III., anti- 






ophy, and law at Paris. 


pope. 






English commerce confined 


1170. The Waldenses and 


1170. France:— The rise of 




to the exportation of 


Albigenses begin to ap- 


the Waldenses. They 




wool. 


pear. 


derived their name from 
Peter Waldo, a merchant 
of Lyons. 

1174. Frederick Barbaros- 


1175 


Eustathius, bishop of 




sa's last expedition inio 




Thessalonica, commen- 




Italy. 




tator on Homer. 








Confirmation of the mili- 








tary order of Santiago. 






1176 


Circuit judges appointed 




1176. Frederick defeated m 




in England. 




the battle of Legnano by 
the Lombard cities. 

Henry the Lion re- 
bels. 



1 1 77 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



97' 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1152. Henry Plantagenet 








marries Eleanor of Aqui- 








taine (Guienne) and 








invades England. 








1153. Treaty of Walling- 








ford gives succession to 








Henry. 








1154.— Henry II., (Planta- 








genet). 








1155. Thomas h Backet 


1155. Sweden:— Eric IX. 






becomes chancellor. 


the Saint. 

1156. Japan: — Beginning 
of war between the clans 
of the Taira and the 
Minamoto; the latter 
defeated, found an in- 
dependent power with 
Kamakura as the capi- 
tal. 

1157. Denmark: — Valde- 
mar I. 

1158. Venice a great 
maritim.e power. 

1160. Sweden:— Kari Sver- 
kersson. 






1162. Becket made arch- 








bishop of Canterbury. 








1163. — opposes the king. 


1163. Sweden:— Arsh- 






1164. — resists the consti- 


bishopric of Upsala. 






tutions of Clarendon — 


founded. 






flees to France. 








1165. Scotland: — William. 








1106. Assize of Clarendon 








regulating the admin- 




1167 


The Byzantines overwhelm 


istration of justice. 


1167. Italy: — League of 




a Hungarian army near 




the Italian cities to pre- 




Zeugmin. 


1170. Becket returns to 
England, and is mur- 
dered. 


serve their liberties 
against the emperor. 


1171 


Outbreak of war with 


1171-1172. Henry con- 


1171. Egypt:— Saladin. 




Venice. 


quers Ireland. 


sultan. 

He extends his do- 
minions in Egypt, Syria, 
and Mesopotamia. 


1173 


The Venetian fleet disor- 




1173. Poland: — ^Miecislas 




ganized by pestilence. 




III. 


1174 


The Venetians confirmed 


1174. Treaty of Falaise, in 






in their commercial 


which William the Lion 






rights. 


agrees to do homage for 
Scotland. 

Henry makes a pil- 
grimage to the shrine of 
Becket. 




1176 


The Byzantines over- 


1176. The Assize of North- 






whelmed by the Seljuks 


ampton requires an oath 






at Myriokephalon in 


of fealty from ■ all 


1177. Poland: — Casimir 




Phrygia. 


Englishmen. 


(the Just). 



98 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 79 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical, 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1180 



1189 



1190 



Robert Wace, Anglo -Nor 
man poet. Translation 
of his Brut by Layamon 
one of the first English 
compositions. 

John Tzetzes, Greek gram 
marian. 

Maimonides (Moses ben 
Maimon), Jewish theo 
logian. 

Roger, of Hoveden, chron 
icier. 

Treatise on English law 
ascribed to Ranulph de 
Glanville. 



Massacre of the Jews at 
the coronation of Rich 
ard I. 

Teutonic order instituted. 

Abu Bekr ibn Top hail 
philosophical writer. 

Averroes, Arabic philoso- 
pher, introduced AriS' 
totelianism into Europe 



1179. Innocent (III.) anti- 
pope. 

The Waldenses spread 
over the valley of Pied- 
mont. They circulated 
the sacred Scriptures. 
They were the forerun 
ners of Protestantism, 
Condemned by the 
Eleventh General Coun 
cil, and severely perse- 
cuted. 

Third Lateran, 
Eleventh General Coun- 
cil. 

1181. Pope Lucius III. 



1185. Pope Urban III. 



1180. France:— Philip II., 
(Augustus,) 

Henry the Lion de- 
prived of Bavaria and 
Saxony. 

1183. The Peace of Con- 
stance re-establishes the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 



1187. Pope Gregory VIII. 

Pope Clement III. 1188. Spain: — Alfonso IX. 
king of Leon. 

1189 Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of 
France, Richard, of England, and Frederick Bar- 
barossa. 

1190. Ger.:— Henry VI., 



1191. Pope Celestine III. 



1198. Pope Innocent III. 



empsror. 



1192. Richard Coeur de 
Lion in captivity in 
Germany. 



1194. The two Sicilies 
united to the empire. 

1198. Philip, of Suabia, 
and Otho, of Brunswick, 
dispute the German 
crown; the former sup- 
ported by the Ghibelines 
and the latter by the 
Guelfs, 



1 199 A-D- 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



99 



A.D. Eastern Empire. 



England etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1180 



Alexius II. becomes em 
peror. 



1183 Andronicus I. becomes em 

I peror. 
118^ Isaac II. (Angelas) be 
comes emperor. 



1186 Bulgarians revolt and 
establish new kingdom. 



1190 



1195 



Iconium taken by Fred- 
erick Barbarossa, but 
afterwards restored. 



Alexius III. becomes em- 
peror. 



1181. The Assize of Arms 
regulates the national 
defence and subjects 
personal property to 
taxation. 



1182. 
VI. 



Denmark : — Canute 



1185. John, in Ireland. 



1183. Saladin takes Aleppo. 

1185. Portugal: — Sancho 
I. 

Japan: — The Taira 
clan is defeated in the 
battle of Dannoura and 
exterminated. TheMina- 
moto in supreme control 
under Yoritomo. 

1186. The last of the Ghaz- 
nevides, ruling at La- 
hore, overthrown by 
Mahmud of Ghor. 

1187. Saladin gains the 

1188. Collection of the victory of Tiberias, and 
Saladin tithe, first tax takes Jerusalem, which 
on movables. leads to 

1189. Richard I. (Coeurde 1189. The Third Crusade. 
Lion) becomes king, he 
engages in the Third 
Crusade. 

1191. Kingdom of Cyprus 
founded under Guy of 
Lusignan. 

Acre taken by the 
crusaders. 
1192. _ Richard makes a truce with Saladin; end of the 
Third Crusade 
Richard, returning home 
in disguise, through 
Germany, is imprisoned 
Is ransomed by his sub 
jects for 10,000 marks 
(1194) 



1193. John plots to seize 
the crown in the absence 
of Richard. 



1199. Richard dies. 

John (Lackland) be- 
comes king. 



1192. Japan: — Yoritomo 
rules at Kamakura as 
first shogun. 



1193. Saladin dies. 
Poland: — Lesco 
white). 



(the 



^1 



lOO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I200 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1200 



Under Innocent III. the papal power attains its climax; its supremacy over 
the secular power fully established. 



1209 



The University of Bologna 
said to be attended by 
10,000 students. — The 
University of Paris 
rises into prominence. 

Villehardouin, Saxo Gram- 
maticus, chroniclers. 

Amalric of Bena and David 
of Dinant, mystics. 



1200. The pope places France under an interdict. 



1202. The Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Mont- 
ferrat. 



12C 



1204. Normandy united to 
France. 



Albigense; 
The order of Franciscan friars instituted 



1208. Germany:— Philip, 
Crusade against the rival emperor, dies and 



Cambridge 
founded 



University 
(about). 



Period of the Troubadours 
and Trouveres in France ; 
and the Minnesinger in 
Germany. 



1213. Albigenses defeated 
at Muret. 



1215. Fourth Lateran, and 
twelfth General Council 
against the Albigenses 
and all heretics. The 
doctrines of transub 
stantiationand auricular 
confession established 

The inquisition estab- 
lished in southern France 

1216. Pope Honorius III. 



1217. The Fifth Crusade 
under Andrew II., king 
of Hungary. 



Otho is crowned as Otho 
IV. 

Assault on the count of 
Toulouse, protector of 
the Albigenses. 

1210. Germany:— Otho ex- 
communicated by the 
pope. 

1212. Spain:— The Chris- 
tians gain the battle of 
Navas de Tolosa, de- 
cisive in the control of 
the country. 



1214. Germany: — Otho 
and the English defeated 
by the French in the 
battle of Bouvines. 

1215. Frederick II., em- 
peror. 



1217. Spain: — Saint Ferdi- 
nand, king of Castile. 



I 



121/ A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



lOI 



Easetrn Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1202 

1203 
1204 



1205 



The crusaders and the 
Venetians take and plun- 
der the city of Zara. 

Isaac II. and Alexius IV. 
rule. 

The crusaders overthrow 
the Greek empire and 
choose Baldwin of Flan- 
ders emperor of Con- 
stantinople after parti- 
tioning the lands of the 
empire among them- 
selves and Venice. 

Theodore Lascaris es- 
tablishes the empire of 
Nicffia in Asia Minor. 

Henry, second Latin em- 
peror of Constantinople. 



1216 



Peter of Courtenay be- 
comes emperor. 



1204. England loses Nor- 
mandy, Maine, and 
Anjou. 



1200. Japan: — The death 
of Yoritomo is followed 
by the fall of Minamoto 
who are succeeded by the 
Hojo clan. 

1202. Denmark: — Valde- 
mar II. 

Livonia: — Institution 
of the order of Knights 
Swordbearers to con- 
quer the pagan Prus- 
sians. 



1206. Innocent III. orders 
election of Stephen 
Langton as archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

1208. The kingdom laid 
under an interdict. 

1209. John excommuni- 
cated. 



1213. The pope declares 
John a usurper and 
orders Philip of France 
to invade England ; John 
submits to hold his 
crown as a vassal of 
the pope. 

1214. Scotland: — Alexan 
der IL 



1215. Magna Charta signed 
at Runnymede 



1216. Henry III. becomes 
king. 

Earl of Pembroke 
protector. 

1217. Defeat of the French 
under Prince Louis at 
Lincoln. 

Magna Charta con 
firmed. 



1206. Genghis Khan be- 
comes emperor of the 
Mongols. 

The death of Mahmud 
of Ghor is followed by the 
dismemberment of his 
empire. 

The sultanate of Delhi 



1215. Genghis Khan takes 
Pekin and conquers 
northern China. 



1217. Norway:— Haco IV. 



I02 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I219 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1222 



1230 



University 
founded. 



ot Padua 



Alexander 
scholastic. 



of 



Hales 



1240 St. Edmund 
bury dies. 



of Canter- 



1243 



The University of Sala- 
manca founded. 



1248 (afcoj//). Foundation of the 
Alhambra near Granada. 



1250 Rubruquis travels among 
the Mongols. 
Matthew Paris, chronicler. 



1253 



{about). Foundation of the 
Sorbonne. 



1227. Pope Gregory IX. 



1229. The Inquisition at 
Toulouse. 

The Scriptures for 
bidden to all laymen. 



1241. Pope Celestine IV. 

The Flagellants. 
1243. Pope Innocent IV. 
Continual struggles 
with the emperor 
Frederick. 
1245. General Council of 
Lyons proclaims depo 
sition of Frederick II. 



1254. Pope Alexander IV 

The order of Celestines 

founded. 



1219. New crusade against 
the Albigenses. 



1223. France:— Louis VIII 
becomes king. 



II 



1226. France:— Louis IX. 
king, under the regency 
of Blanche of Castile. 

1228. Germany: — Crusade 
of the emperor after be- 
ing excommunicated. 

1230. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon united by Ferdi- 
nand III., who takes 
Cordova, Seville, and 
Cadiz from the Moors. 

1239. Germany: — Fred- 
erick II. again excom- 
municated. 



1241. The Mongols defeat 
the Teutonic Knights 
and the Silesians at 
Wahlstatt. — The begin- 
ning of the Hanseatic 
League. 

1246. Henry of Thuringia 
set up for emperor by 
the pope, and 

1247. William, of Holland. 

1248. France: — Louis IX. 
sets out on his first 
crusade. 

1249. He is defeated at 
Damietta in Egypt and 
forced to abandon the 
country. 

1250. Insurrection of the 
Pastorels in southern^ 
France. 

Germany: — Conrad IV. 
and William of Holland 
reign as rival emperors. 
1252. Spain:— Alfonso X. 
king of Castile and Leon. 

1254. Louis IX. returns to 
France from Palestine. 

1256. Beginning of the 
Great Interregnum 
Germany. 



I25« A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



103 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1221 Robert becomes emperor. 



1222 



1228 



1237 



1242 
1244 



1255 



John Ducas, emperor of 
Nicsea. 



Baldwin II. and John of 
Brienne, co-emperors. 



Baldwin II., sole ruler. 



The Mongols in Asia Minor. 

The Khorasmians take 
Jerusalem. 



Victorious campaign of the 
Byzantines against Bul- 
garia. 



1224. Poitou occupied by 
the king of France. 



1230. First expedition of 
Henry III into France 
for the recovery of his 
estates. 



1240. Richard, earl of 
Cornwall, heads an un 
successful crusade. 



1242. Henry III. makes 
second expedition into 
France— unsuccessful. 



1249. Scotland: — Alexan- 
der III. 

— Repulses Haco, king 
of Norway — obtains the 
Scottish Isles. 



1258. The Provisions of 
Oxford. 



1219. Japan:— The sho- 
gunate seized by the 
Fujiwara. 

1221. The Khorasmian 
empire overthrown by 
Genghis Khan. 

1222. Hungary: — Charter 
of Andrew II., the 
Golden Bull, founda- 
tion of the national 
liberty, 

1224. First Mongolian in- 
vasion of Russia. 



1236. Italy:— War of the 
Lombard cities with 
Frederick II. of Ger- 
many. 



1240. Second invasion of 
Europe by the Mongols , 
under Batu Khan. 
Russia subdued. 

1241. Denmark:— Eric VI. 

1242. Alexander Nevski, 
Prince of Novgorod, de- 
feats the Livonian 
Knights of the Sv/ord on 
Lake Peipus. 



1250. Egypt:— The Mame- 
lukes rule — take Da- 
mascus and Aleppo. 



1258. Hulaku Khan enters 
Persia, takes Bagdad, 
and puts an end to the 
caliphate. 

Beginning of the great 
wars between Venice 
and Genoa. 



104 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1259 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Prance, Germany, Spain. 



1261 Private war and judicial 
combats suppressed in 
France by the laws of 
St. Louis. 



1265 



J1270 



Parliament in England. 

The monastic orders by 
their wealth, rigid dis' 
cipline, and popular in- 
fluence become power 
ful aids to pontifical 
ambition. 

Peter of Albano, astrologer 
physician, and naturalist. 



Bonaventura, mystic. 

Thomas Aquinas, greatest 
I of scholastics. 

Albertus Magnus, philoso 
pher. 

Literature and science 
flourish in Spain, under 
Alfonso X., the Learned, 
of Castile. 

Complete separation of the 
three great courts of law 
in England, Exchequer, 
King's Bench, and 
Common Pleas. 

Marco Polo travels in the 
East as far as Pekin. 



1280 



Roger Bacon, of Oxford 
pioneer of science. 

Robert, of Gloucester 
author of a metrical 
chronicle of England. 



1261. Pope Urban IV. 
He offers the crown 
of Sicily to Charles of 
Anjou. 



1265. Pope Clement IV. 



1266. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the 
dominion of southern Italy, and places Charles of 
Anjou on the throne of Naples. 



1268. No pope for about 
three years. 



1271. Pope Gregory X. 



1273. Gregory receives the 
county of Venaissin. 



1269. Pragmatic Sanction 
— foundation of the 
liberties of the Gallican 
Church. 

1270. France: — Louis IX. 
sets out on his second 
crusade, and dies before 
Tunis — succeeded ' by 
—Philip III. (The Bold). 

1271. Toulouse falls to tl 
French crown. 



1273. Ger.:— Rudolph, em 
peror, founds the dy- 
nasty of Hapsburg. 
1274. General council at Lyons; temporary re-union 
of the Eastern and Western Churches 



1276. Pope Innocent V. 

" Hadrian V. 
" John XXI. 

1277. Pope Nicholas III., 
enriching his family at 
the expense of the 
Church — he introduces 
Nepotism. 



1276. France at war with 
Castile. 



1278. Ottokar II. of Bo- 
hemia overthrown by 
Rudolph and the Bo- 
hemian empire dissolved. 



I280 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



105 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1259 
1261 



Michael Palasologus em- 
peror of Niccea, — 
recovers Constantinople 

and overthrows the Latin 

empire. 



126S 



1274 



Bibars of Egypt takes 
Antioch and Jaffa. 



Temporary union with the 
Latin Church. 



1263 (about). Alexander 
in. of Scotland defeats 
Norwegians at Largs 

1264. Simon de Montfort 
defeats the king's forces 
at Lewes. 

1265. First regular parlia- 
ment. — Prince Edward 
gains the battle of 
Evesham. 



1270. Prince Edward joins 
the crusade of Louis IX 



1272. Edward I., king. 



1275. Statute of West- 
minster is passed, effect- 
ing extensive improve- 
ments in the laws of the 
realm 

1277. War between Eng- 
land and Wales. 

1278. All Jews in England 
arrested on the charge 
of clipping the coin. 

1279. The Statute of 
Mortmain passed. 



1260. Bibars becomes sul- 
tan of Egypt. 

1262 (about). Norway: — 
Iceland subjected. 

Greenland tributary 
to Norway. 

1263. Magnus II. king. 



1264. China:— Kublai 
Khan builds Pekin, and 
makes it his capital. 

1265. Abaka Khan of 
Persia. 

1266. Magnus, of Norway, 
cedes to Scotland the 
Hebrides and the Isle of 
Man. 

1268. Death of Conrad in, 
the last of the Hohen- 
staufen. 



1270. Hungary: — Stephen 
V. becomes king. 



1272. Hungary: Ladislas 
IV., king. 



1279. Sweden: — Magnus I. 
king. 

Russia: — Hanseatic 
settlement at Novo- 
gorod. 

China visited by Marco 
Polo. 

Poland:-;— Lesco II, 
becomes king. 

Portugal: — Diniz the 
Great. 

1280. Norway: — Eric II. 
becomes king. 

Kublai Khan, emperor 
of all China, founder of 
the Mongol dynasty. 



io6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 28 1 A.D, 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1281. Pope Martin IV.; he 
is the instrument of 
Charles of Anjou in the 
latter's contest with the 
Byzantine emperor, 

Michael Palaeologus and 
Peter III. of Aragon. 

1285. Pope Honorius IV. 



1288. Pope Nicholas IV. 

Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature, 
and improves and embellishes Rome. 
1290 (about). University of 
Coimbra (Lisbon) found- 
ed. 

Raymond Lully, philoso- 
pher, scholar, and 
scientist. 

Thomas the Rhymer, Scot- 
tish poet. 

Cimabue, the first of 
modem painters at 
Florence. 

Amolfo di Lapo or de Cam- 
bio, the father of modem 
Italian architecture. 

The influence of the 
Crusades was great — 
expanding the mind ol 
Europe — • refining the 
general manners — ex 
citing a spirit of geogra 
phical research and ad 
venture — and promoting 
improvement in the arts 
and sciences — thus un 
dermining _ instead of 
strengthening the power 
of medievalism by ad 
vancing liberal ideas and 
freedom of thought. 

Rapid advances in civil 
ization. — Revival of an 
cient learning. — Im- 
provements in the arts 
and sciences — and pro 
gress of liberty. 
1300 Ormin, author of the Ormulwn, a book of homilies in 
the old English dialect 



1292. The papal chair 
vacant two years. 

1294. Celestine V. 
Pope Boniface VIII. 

The papacy renews its 
pretensions to supre- 
macy. 

1296. Struggles with 

The " Bull Clericis 
Laicos. 

1297. Canonization of 
Louis IX. 



1303 



The Mariner's Compass 
said to have been in- 
vented at Naples, by 
Gioia, native of Amalfi 

University at Avignon re 
cognized by papal Bull 

Dante, the father of 
modem Italian poetry 
flourishes. 



1282. Germany: — Rudolph 
invests his sons with the 
duchies of Austria, 
Styria, and Carniola. 



1285. France:— Philip IV. 
(the Fair.) 

Spain: — Alfonso III., 
king of Aragon. 



1291. Spain: — James II., 
king of Aragon. 

1292. Germany: — Adolph 
I., of Nassau, emperor. 

1294. Gascony occupied by 
the French. 

1295. Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV., king of Castile and 
Leon. 

War declared between 
England and France. 



1297. Adolph confirms the 
canton of Schwyz in its 
rights. 



1298. Germany: — Adolph 
killed in battle at Goll- 
heim. 

Albert I., son of Ru- 
dolph, of Haps', urg, 
emperor. 



1302. The Bull Unam 1302. First convocation of 



Sanctayn asserts the su- 
premacy of the Church 

1303. Pope Boniface VIII. 
dies. 

Pope Benedict XI. 
— The papal power 
declines. 



the States-General 
France having repre- 
sentatives from the 
towns. 

The French defeated 
by the Flemings at 
Court rai. 



1303 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



10; 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1282 Andronicus II. 



12S8 



Othman begins to lay the 
foundations of the Turk 
ish power in Asia Minor 



Capture of Acre by the 
Mamelukes — end of the 
European states in 

Asia Minor. 

The Genoese obtain the 
trade of the Black Sea , 
and rise to great power. 



Othman assumes the title 
of Emir. 



1303 The Catalan Grand Com 

pany under Roger de 

I Flor enters the service 

of the Byzantines. 



1282. Llewellyn of Wales 
defeated and slain. 



1284. Wales subjugated. 

1285. The second Statute 
of Westminster effects 
important reforms ir 
legislation and legal pro 
cedure. 



1290. Jews expelled from 
England. 

The Statute of Quia 
Emptores passed. 
Scotland: — Death of Mar 
garet, the maid of Nor 
way, and beginning of 
contest between Baliol 
and Bruce. 

1291. Edward decides the 
Scottish dispute in favor 
of Baliol. 



1294." War declared against 
France. 

1296. Edward subdues 
Scotland : Baliol sub 
mits to Edward. 



1297. Edward issues the 
Confirmaho Cariarum 

Scotland: — Sir William 
Wallace. — Sir William 
Douglas, Robert Bruce, 
and other chiefs head 
rebellion against the 
English, who are de- 
feated at Stirling. 

1298. The Scots defeateJ 
at Falkirk by King 
Edward I. 



1303. Edward 
Scotland. 



invades 



1282. Sicilian Vespers : 
Massacre of the French 
jnSicily. Peterof Aragon 
invited to rule Sicily. 

1284. Genoese destroy the 
Pisan ffower at Meloria. 

1285. Separation of Sicily 
from Naples. 

1286. Denmark:— Eric VI. 
becomts king. 



1290. Hungary: — Andrew 
III., the Venetian. 



1291. The League of the 
Forest Cantons in Swit- 
zerland organized. 



1295. Poland:— Vladislav 
the Dwarf, founder of 
Polish greatness. 

Matteo Visconti be- 
comes master of Milan. 

1297. Closing of the great 
Council in \ enice. 



1298. Genoa defeats Venice 
at Curzola . 

1299. Venice concludes a 
treaty with the Turks. 

1301, Hungary: — Death ol 
Andrew the Venetian. 

Extinction of the 
house of Arpad. 
— ^Wenceslas III. of Bo- 
hemia disputes crown 
with Charles Robert of 
Anjou. 

1302. End of the war be- 
tween the Angevin 
rulers of Naples and the 
Aragonese of Sicily. 



io8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1304 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1305 



1308 



1309 



1310 



Amid the struggles of the 
Guelfs and GhibelHnes, 
Italy becomes the cradle 
of modem literature and 
improving civilization. 

University at Orleans re- 
cognized by Papal Bull 
(founded about 1220). 



University at Perugia re- 
cognized by Papal Bull. 

University at Coimbra (re- 
moved from Lisbon.) 

Duns Scotus, celebrated 
scholastic (d. about 
1308.) 

Knights of St. John 
establish themselves at 
Rhodes. 

The barons in England ex- 
tort from Edward IT. 
a reformation of abuses 
Parliaments are to be 
held every year, and to 
appoint to all important 
offices. 



1305. Pope Clement V. 



1304. France is victorious 
over Flanders. 

Germany: — The Swiss 
towns rise into impor- 
tance — oppressed by the 
House of Hapsburg. 

1306. Persecution of the 
Jews in France; they 
are banished from the 
country. 

1307. Persecution of the 
Knights Templars in 
France. 



1308. Germany: — Henry of 
Luxemburg, emperor. 
1309. Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon. 



The Papacy entirely 
under the control of the 
French king, in whose 
interests its powers are 
utilized. 



1314. Another vacancy in 
the papal chair of more 
than two years. 



1316. Pope John XXII. 



1321 Dante dies. 

Marsilius of Padua up 
holds individual freedom 
of faith and the secular 
authority against the 
Papacy. 
Romance poetry of the 
1 Middle Ages flourishes. 
1349 Thomas of Bradwardin, 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and celebrated, 1327. Louis proclaimed 
scholastic, d. emperor at Milan. 



1309. Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV. takes Gibraltar. 



1310. The House of Lux- 
emburg established in 
Bohemia. 



1311. General Council at 
Vienne. Orderof Knights' 
Templars abolished. 1312 



1324. Beginning of the 
contest of the popes 
with Louis of Bavaria 



Lyons united to 
France. 

Spain: — Alfonso XI. 
of Castile and Leon. 
1314. Germany: — Louis of 
Bavaria, and Frederick 
of Austria, contend for 
the crown. 



1314. France:^ — Louis X., 
(Hutin) becomes king. 

1315. Battle of Morgarten 
— the Austrians defeated 
by the Swiss. 

1316. France:— Philip V. 
the (Long), King. The 
Salic law now first estab- 
lished (1317) excluding 
women from the throne. 



1322. France: — Charles 
IV. becomes king. 

Germany: — Frederick 
of Austria defeated and 
taken prisoner. 

1324. Germany: — Louis 
excommunicated by John 
XXII. — appeals to a 
general council. 



1327 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



109 



A.D. 


E.\STERN Empire. 


England etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1305. Wallace betrayed 








and beheaded. — Scot- 








land submits. 








Edward recovers Gui- 








enne. 




1306 


Roger de Flor assassinated. 


1306. Scotland:— Uprising 
under Robert Bruce, who 
is crowned king. 




1307 


Aladdin III., last Seljuk 


1307. Eng.: Edward II. 






ruler of Iconium dies. — 


becomes king. 






Othman makes himself 


S c 1 1 an d.: — Bruce 






independent. 


strengthens himself by 




1308 


The Catalans defeat the 
imperial forces at Apros 
and enter Greece. 


repeated advantages. 


1309. Hungary: — Charles 

Robert of Anjou, king. 

Naples: — Robert, the 

wise. He aspires to the 

dominion of Italy. 


1310 


The Knights of St. John 


1310. Eng.:— The nobles 


1310. Italy:— The Council 




of Jerusalem established 


rise against the favorite. 


of Ten established at 




at Rhodes. 


Gaveston, and 21 Lords 


Venice. 


1311 


The Catalans conauer At- 


Ordainers are appointed. 


1311. Italy— Matteo Vis- 




tica after winning the 




conti, lord of Milan, 




battle of the Cephisus 


1312. Death of Gaveston. 


restored by the emperor. 




(1310). 


1314. Edward II. invades 
Scotland, and is de- 
feated at the battle of 
Bannockburn. 

1315. The power is in the 
hands of the Lords 
Ordainers under Thomas 








of Lancaster. 


1318. Genoa assisted by 
Robert of Naples against 
the Ghibellines. 

Swede n: — Magnus 
Smek, becomes king. 








Denmark: — Christo- 
pher II. king. 
1320. Italy: — Castruccio, 


1321 


Civil war between Andron- 




lord of Lucca and Pisa. 




icus 11. and his grand- 


1322. Lancaster defeated 






son, later Andronicus 


and e:vecuted. 






III. 


1323. Truce between Eng- 
land and Scotland 




1326 


Death of Othman. — Ork- 
han, son of Othman, 
makes Prusa his capital. 






1327 


Nicomedia taken by O.rk- 


1327. Edward III. becomes 


1327. Italy: — Invaded by 




han. 


king. 


Louis IV., emperor of 
Germany. 



no 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1328 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spaii 



1334 



1335 



Giotto, Italian architect, 
sculptor, and painter, 
pupil of Cimabue, made 
chief architect of the 
Florentine Cathedral. 



Greek literature revives. — 
Barlaam teaches Pe- 
trarch. — Leontius lec- 
tures on Homer at 
Florence. 

Giottino, Florentine paint- 
er. 



1346 



1347 



1350 



1328. Crusade preached 
against Louis, who de- 
poses John XXII., and 
sets up Nicholas V. — 
antipope. 



1334. Pope Benedict XII. 



1328. France:— Philip VI. 
of Valois becomes kin?. 
— he defeats the 
Flemings at Cassel. 



1356 



1338. The pope loses the 
right of confirming the 
election of a German 
emperor. 

Struggles in Rome be 
tween the Colonna and 
the Orsini. 



1342. Pope Clement VI. 
Gunpowder in use at the 

battle of Crecy, though 

known to Roger Bacon 

as early as 1270. 
Democracy at Rome, under Rienzi, the last of the 

Tribunes 
William of Occam, greatest 

of nominalist scholastics 
Manufactures improve in 

England : — Commerce 

increases. 
Bartolus, celebrated jurist 

teaches at Pisa and Peru 

gia. 1352. Pope Innocent VI. 



1354. Rienzi killed. — Al- 
bomoz, cardinal legate 
restores the papal do- 
minion. 
Sir John Mandeville's Tra- 
vels- 



1338. Alliance between 
Edward III. and the 
Flemings under Arte- 
velde — the beginning of 
the Hundred Years' War. 
Germany: — Declara- 
tion of the Diet of Frank- 
fort, that the pope had 
no temporal power in the 
empire and that an em- 
peror chosen by the 
electors needed no papal 
confirmation. 

Louis sides with the 
English against France. 

1346. France: — Normandy 
overrun by Edward , 
with his son, the Black 
Prince. — French defeat- 
ed at Crecy. 

Germany : — Charles 
IV., emperor and king 
of Bohemia. 



1350. France: — John (the 
Good) becomes king. 



1356. Germany: — Promul- 
gation of the Golden 
Bull establishing the 
mode of imperial elec- 
tion and regulating the 
affairs of the empire. 

France: — KingJohnde- 
feated and taken prisoner 
at Poitiers. — Charles the 
dauphin, regent. 



1356 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Ill 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



132S 



1329 



1330 



Andronicus III. becomes 
emperor. 



Andronicus III. defeated 
by the Turks in the 
battle of Pelekanon. 

Nicaea taken. 



1341 



1346 



1352 
1354 



John V. (Paleologus), em 
peror. 



1328. Peace between Scot 
land and England. — The 
independence of Scot- 
land acknowledged. 

1329. Scotland:— David II. 



1332. David II. expelled 
and Baliol crowned, but 
soon expelled. 

1333. Battle of Halidon 
Hill. — Baliol restored — ■ 
does homage to Edward. 



John VI. (Cantacuzenus), 
co-emperor 
1354. 



1338. Beginning of the 
Hundred Years War. 



1340. The victory of Hel 
voet Sluys — gives spirit 
to the English navy. 

1341. David II. restored. 



1346. Battle of Crecy. 
Scotch defeated at 

Neville's Cross. 

1347. Siege and capture of 
Calais 

abdicates,! 1348-49. The Black Death 
in England. 



Genoese defeat the Vene- 
tians, allies of the em 
pire, in the Bosporus. 

Turks seize Gallipoli in 
Europe. 



1351. Statute of Provisors 



1356. Edward, the Black 
Prince, gains the battle 
of Poitiers. John of 
France made prisoner 
Two years' truce. 



1328. Moscow under the 
Grand -duke Ivan Kalita 
becomes paramount in 
Russia. 



1333. Poland: — Casimir 
the Great becomes king. 

China: — Shun-te last 
of the Mongol emperors 
succeeds. 

Japan: — Fall of the 
Hojo family. 
1335{about). Birth of Ti- 



1336. Japan: — The war of 
the Chrysanthemums — 
strife between rival mi- 
kados. Feudalism per- 
fected 

1339. Italy:— Simon Bo- 
canegra, first doge of 
Genoa. 

1340. Denmark:— Walde- 
mar III. 



1342. Hungary: — Louis 
the Great. 



1347. Italy:— Rienzi, the 
last of the Tribunes, 
rules at Rome. 



1350. Italy:— Naval war 
between Venice and 
Genoa. 



1354. Italy:— Rienzi killed 
— papal power restored. 
— The Venetians crushed 
by the Genoese at 
Sapienza. 

1356. War between Hun- 
gary and Venice. 



I 12 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1350 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



Petrarch and Boccaccio, 
marking the vanguard 
of the Renaissance. 



The Jagellonian University 
at Cracow founded. 

Foundation of the Uni- 
versity of Vienna. 

Geofifrey Chaucer, father of 
English poetry (a. 1340- 
1400). 

JohnGower (a. 1325-140S). 



(about). Foundation of 
the Bastile at Paris. 



1380 Mysteries played in France. 
Wickli.xe's translation Oi 
the New 1 tstament. 



University of Heidelberg 
founded. 

Froissart's Chronicles. 

Birth of Jan Van Eyck 
who is reputed to have 
invented oil painting. 



1362. Pope Urban V. at 
Avignon — beautifies the 
city of Rome. 



1370. Pope Gregory XI. 



1377. Gregory XI returns 
from Avignon to Rome 
— end of the Babylonian 
captivity. 

1378."SchismoftheWest": 
Pope Urban VI. ac- 
knowledged in the Em- 
pire and England. 

Clement VII. acknow- 
ledged in France, Spain, 
and Scotland. 



1386. Urban VI. bestows 
Naples upon Louis ot 
Anjou, who is opposed 
by Ladislas. 



1356. The people of Paris 
attain power under Eti- 
enne Marcel. 

1358. The rising of the 
Jacquerie; death of 
Marcel. 

1360. France: — John re- 
gains his liberty — cedes 
territory to England by 
the peace of Bretigny. 

1364. France :— Charles V. 
(the Wise) becomes 
king. 

1365. Du Guesclin invades 
Spain and drives out 
Peter the Cruel of Cas- 
tile. 

1367. The French defeated 
by the Black Prince at 
Najera [Navarrete]. 



1369. Aquitaine rises 
against the English. 



1375. English lose their 
French possessions, re- 
taining only Calais. 
Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 



1378. Germany: — Wences- 
las (king of Bohemia), 
emperor. 



1380. France :— Charis* 
VI. (the Mad). 



1382. Battle of Rosbecq — 
the Flemings defeated 
by the French — Arte- 
velde killed. 



1386. France : — Fruitless 
attempt to invade Eng- 
land. 

Leopold III. of Aus- 
tria defeated by the' 
Swiss at Sempach. 

Jagello (Vladislav II.)' 
founds Jagellonian dy- 
nasty in Poland. 

1388. Leopold IV. de- 
feated at Naefels. 



1388 A,D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



113 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1359 
1361 



1369 



1373 



1378 



1381 



Amurath I., sultan of the 
Turks. 

The Turks take possession 
of Adrianople. 



John V. seeks a reconciHa- 
tion with the pope in the 
hope of securing aid 
against the Turks. 



Treaty of peace with the 
Ottomans; the emperor 
becomes a vassal of the 
Turks. 



John V. dethroned and 
imprisoned by his son 
Manuel; he escapes after 
two years. 



The empire pays tribute 
to the Turks. 



1359. Edward again ii 
vades France. 

1360. Peace of Bretigny. 



1366. The Black Prince 
aids Peter the Cruel, of 
Castile, to recover his 
throne. 

The Statute of Kil- 
kenny relating to Ire- 
land. 



1369. Renewed war with 
France ; unsuccessful : 
loss of English territories 
in France. 

1371. Scotland: — Robert 
11. — the House of Stuart. 

1376. Death of the Black 
Prince. 

1377. Richard II. becomes 
king. First speaker of 
the House of Commons. 



1381. Peasants' Revolt (in- 
surrection of Wat 
Tyler). 



1384. The Scots, assisted 
by France, invade Eng- 
land. 

1385. The English burn 
Edinburgh. 



1363. Timur begins his ca- 
reer of conquest. 



1368. Copenhagen taken 
by the Hanseatic fleet. 

China: — Hung Woo 
establishes the native 
Ming dynasty. 

1369. Timur becomes king 
of Transoxiana and 
makes Samarcand the 
capital of his new empire. 

1370. Poland: — Extinction 
of the royal race of 
Piasts with Casimir III. 



1378. Italy: — The rising of 
the Ciompi in Florence. 

1379. Genoese defeat Ve- 
netians at Pola and take 
possession of Chioggia; 
Genoese captured next 
year. 

1380. Russia: — Dimitri. 
grand duke of Moscow, 
victorious over the Tar- 
tars at Kulikovo, near 
the Don. 

1382. The Tartars sack 
Moscow. 



1385. War between Austria 
and Switzerland. 

1386. — Battle of Sempach : 
the Austriars defeated. 

1386-87. Timur conquers 
Persia. 

1387. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Margaret, the 
Semiramis of the North, 
becomes queen. 



1388. Battle of Otter- 
bourne (Chevy Chase). 



114 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1389 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1392 



University of Erfurt 
founded . 

Revival of Greek literature 
in Italy. 



1389. Pope Boniface IX. 



1393. The power of the 
pope over the English 
Church limited by the 
Statute of Praemunire. 

1394. Pope Benedict XIII. 



1400 



Chaucer dies. 



1392. France: — Charles; 
seized with madness. 



1394. Germany:— The em 
peror imprisoned by the- 
people of Prague. 



1400. Ger. : — Rupert em- 
peror. 



1409 University 
founded. 



1415 



of Leipsic 



University of St. Andrews 
founded. 



John Huss and Jerome of 
Prague, Bohemian re- 
formers. 

Peter d'Ailly and John 
Gerson, theologians. 



1404. Pope Innocent VII. 



1406. Pope Gregory XII. 



1409. The Council of Pisa 
deposes Gregory and 
Benedict, and elects 
Alexander V.; — neither 
will yield, so that there 
are three popes at once. 

1410. Pope John XXIII. 



1412. The pope excommu- 
nicates John Huss. 



1414. Council of Constance. 

1415. John Huss and Je- 
rome of Prague (1416) 
burnt by the Council of 
Constance. 



1406. Spain: — ^John II., of 
Castile. 

1407 France; — Murder of 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, 
by a Burgundian parti- 
san. 

1408. Yussuf III., king of 
Granada. 



1410. France: — Civil war 
between the parties of 
Orleans and Burgundy. 

Germany: — Death of 
Rupert. 

1411. Sigismund, king of 
Hungary, emperor. 

1412 Spain: — Ferdinand 
I. king of Aragon. 



1415. France: — ^The French 
defeated by Henry V., of 

England , at Agincourt. 

1416. Spain:— Alfonso V., 
king of Aragon. 



I 



J 



1416 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



115 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


13S9 


The Servians defeated in 




1389. Turks defeat Ser- 




the battle of Kossovo 


1390. Scotland:— Robert 


vians at Kossovo. 




by the Turks. — Bajazet 


III. 






I. , sultan of the Turks. 


Persecution of the 




1391 


Manuel II. emperor. 


Wicklifites. 


1392. Timur subjugates 






1393. The Statute of Prffi- 


Persia. 






munire. 




1396 


Battle of Nicopolis. — 








Sigismund, of Hungary- 




1397. Union of Calmar 




aided by French crusa- 




forming Denmark, Swe- 




ders, defeated by Baja- 




den, and Norway into a 




zet I. 




single monarchy. 






1398. Henry of Lancaster 


1398. Invasion of India by 






banished. 


Timur; he takes Delhi. 






House of Lancaster: — 


Italy: — Pisa falls un- 






1399. Henry IV. becomes 


der the yoke of the 






king, Richard II. de- 


Visconti. 






posed. 








1401. Rebellion of Owen 








Glendower. 




1402 


Bajazet defeated and 


1402. Scotch defeated at 






made prisoner by Timur 


Homildon Hill. 






at the battle of Angora. 






1403 


Empire of the Turks di- 


1403. Rebellion of the 






vided after death of 


Percys, who are defeated 






Bajazet, among Solyman 


at the battle of Shrews- 


1405-06. Italy:— Pisa con- 




I., Musa, and Moham- 


bury. 


quered by Florence. — • 




med I. 


1406. Scotland:— James I. 


Subjugation of Padua 
and Verona by Venice. 






1408. Henry Percy, Earl 


1408. Ladislas of Naples 






of Northumberland de- 


seizes Rome. 






feated and killed at 








Bramham Moor. 


1410 . The Teutonic Knights 
defeated by the Poles at 
Tannenberg. 

1412. Denmark, Norway, 
etc.: Eric VII., of Pom- 
era nia, becomes king. 


1413 


Mohammed I. sole ruler 


1413. Henry V. becomes 


1413. Sack of Rome by 




of the Turks. 


king. 
1414. — claims the French 
crown. 


Ladislas. 






1415. — gains the battle of 


1415. Conquest of Ceuta 






Agincourt. 


by the Portuguese. 



ii6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



14 1 7 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Frakce, Germany, Spain. 



1420 



1425 
1426 



1430 



1431 



Portuguese exploration of 
Africa promoted by 
Henry the Navigator. 



Alain de Chartier, French 
poet. 

University of Louvain 

founded. 
The arts promoted in Italy 

by Cosmo de' Medici. 



England increases her 
trade with the Medit- 
terranean. 

Fra Filippo Lippi, painter. 

George of Peurbach, as- 
tronomer at Vienna. 

Thomas a Kempis, mystic. 

Orderof the Golden Fleece 
founded. 

(?)The Azores discovered. 



1437 Ulugh Beg, ruler of Samar- 
cand and astronomer, 
compiles his Star Tables. 



1438 



(about) . Printing from 
movable type, Guten- 
berg;, Coster, Fust, 
Schoffer, etc. 



Church restored. 



1417. Pope Martin V.| 

elected by Council of 1419. Sigismund claims the 
Constance; unity of the Bohemian crown . 

1420. Treatyof Troyes pro- 
viding for the succession 
of the king of England to 
the French throne. 

1422. France: — Death of 
Charles VI.— Henry VI. 
proclaimed at Paris king 
of France and England. 
Charles VII. pro- 
claimed king at Poitiers. 

1428. Orleans besieged by 
the English. 

1429. —saved by Joan of 
Arc. 

Charles crowned at 
Rheims; makes a vain 
attempt to gain Paris. 

1430. Joan of Arc taken 
prisoner, by the English 
and burnt as a witch in 
the following year. 



1431. Pope Eugenius IV. 
Council of Basle. 



1434. The pope expelled 
by the Romans and in 
exile till 1443. 



1431. Germany : — Sigis- 
mund visits Italy, and is 
crowned emperor by 
"Pope Eugenius IV. 

1435. Peace of Arras, be- 
tween France and Bur- 
gundy. 

1436. France: — Recovery 
of Paris by Charies VII. 



1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges establishes the 
liberties of the French Church. 

1438. Germany: — House of 
Austria (Hapsburg). 

Albert II. (king of 
Bohemia and Hungary), 
emperor. 



1439. Eugenius IV de- 
posed by the Council of 
Basle, which elects Felix 
v., who receives, how- 
ever, l.ttle recognition. 1440. Germany: — Fred- 
erick III. emperor. 

France: — The dau» 
phin (Louis XI.), rebels, 
but is pardoned. — the 
so-called Praguerie. 



I440 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



117 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 








1419. Bohemia: — Hussite 








war breaks out. 






1420. Treaty of Troyes.— 


Discovery of Madeira 


1421 


Amurath II., sultan. 


Henry marriesCatharine, 
daughter of Charles VI., 
and is declared heir to 
the French crown. 


by the Portuguese. 


1422 


Amurath II. makes an un- 


1422. Death of Henry V. 






successful assault on 


Henry VI. becomes 






Constantinople. 


king. 








1424. The duke of Bedford 


1424. Bohemia:— Death of 


1425 


John VII. emperor. 


defeats the French at 


John Ziska, the Hussite 






Vemeuil. 


leader. 
1426. Italy:— War of the 






1428. — besieges Orleans. 


duke of Milan against 
Florence and Venice. 






1429. The siege raised by 


1429. Florence: — Cosmo 






the Maid of Orleans. 


de' Medici becomes 
gonfalonier. 


143Q 


The Turks take Thessa- 


1430. — she is taken pris- 






lonica. 


oner and burnt (1431). 
1431. Henry VI. crowned 








at Paris. 


1432. Venice:— Execution 
of Carmagnola, the con- 
dottiere. 

1434. Poland:— Vladislav 






1435. Death of the duke of 


III. 






Bedford, followed by the 








loss of all the English 








possessions in France, 








except Calais (Bordeaux, 








the last, taken in 1453). 








1 437 .Scotland :— James 1 1 . 


1437. Hungary:— End of 
the House of Luxemburg 
with the death of Sigis- 
mund. 


1438 


The emperor visits Italy 


1438. Truce with Scotland. 


1438. Portugal:— Alfonso 


-39 


to obtain help against 
the Turks — submits to 
the pope. 




V. king. 

1440. Hungary: — Vladis- 
lav III., of Poland, 
chosen king. 



ii8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1442 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain 



1446 



1447 



1450 



1453 



Birth of Perugino, founder 
of the Roman school 
of painting, teacher of 
Raphael. 

Library of the Vatican 

founded. 
Regiomontanus, German 

astronomer. 



Flourishing period of 
Flemish trade. — All Eu 
ropean nations have 
warehouses at Bruges 
and Ghent. — Book trade 
at Mayence. 

Pletho and Bessarion, 
Italians, further the re- 
vival of Platonism. 

The fall of Constantinople 
brings Greek scholarship 
to Italy and accelerates 
the progress of the 
Renaissance. 



1444. France : — establish- 
ment of the companies of 
Archers, the first na- 
tional standing army. 



1447. Felix V. resigns in 
favor of pope Nicholas 
V. 



1448. Concordat of Sienna 1448. Maine and Anjou 
Aschaffenburg, by regained by the French^ 



which the relations of 
the German church to 
the papacy are 
tablished. 



1449. The greater part of 
Normandy overrun by 
the French. 



li 



1451. Germany: — Expedi- 
tion of Frederick III. 
to Rome. 



1453. Austria made an 
archduchy by Frederick. 



End of the French and 
English wars. 



1453 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



119 



1442 
1443 



1444 



1448 



1451 



1453 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



I 



John Hunyady defeats the 
Turks at Hermannstadt 
and at Nissa. 

Insurrection of Scander 
beg — victory over the 
Turks near Nissa. 

Battle of Varna — Vladis- 
lav, king of Poland, 
defeated and killed by 
the Turks; Servia and 
Bosnia reduced to sub 
mission. 



Constantine XIII. (Palaeo- 
logus) the last of the 
Greek emperors. 

Hunyady defeated at 
Kossovo. 



Mohammed II. 
the Turks. 



The World, elsewhere. 



sultan of 



Siege and capture of Con^ 
stantinople by the Turks, 

END OF THE EASTERN 
EMPIRE. 



1444. Truce with France. 

1445. Marriage of Henry 
VI. to Margaret of 
Anjou. 



1447. Gloucester arrested 
for treason — dies sud 
denly. 



1450. Insurrection of Jack 
Cade — calling himself 
Mortimer. 



1442. Alfonso V., of Ara- 
gon, unites the crown of 
the Two Sicilies. 



1447. Poland: — CasimirlV. 
king. 

The Visconti become 
extinct in Milan. 

1448. Denmark: — Christian 
I., of Oldenburg, be- 
comes king.. 

Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s 
VIII. 
1450. Italy: — Francesco 
Sforza, duke of Milan. 



I20 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1454 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1400| {about). Laurentius Valla, 
humanist philosopher. 



1460 Wood engraving invented 



Nicholas of Cusa, philoso- 
phical writer, marks the 
transition from medieval 
to Renaissance thought. 

Philip de Comines, French 
historian. 



1473 



1454. Richard, duke of 
York, becomes pro- 
tector. 



1455. Outbreak of the 
Wars of the Roses 
first battle at St. 
Albans. 

Scotland : — Struggles 
between the king and 
aristocracy for power. 



1460. Battle of North- 
ampton. Battle 
Wakefield. 

James III. of 

Scotland. 



1461. Second battle of 
St. Albans. Edward 
Earl of March pro- 
claimed king as Ed 
ward IV. Gains the 
battle of Towton. 



1464. Battles of Hedg- 
ley Moor and Hexham. 



Hungary: — Matthias pat- 
ronizes literature and the 
arts. 



1469. Warwick banished 



1470. Edward IV. flees 
to Flanders. 

1471. Battle of Barnet: 
— Warwick slain. Bat- 
tle of Tewkesbury 
Henry VI. dies in the 
Tower. 



1456. The 
D auphin 
Louis seeks 
refuge at 
the court 
of Burgun- 
dy. 



1461. Lo uis 
XI. becomes 
king. 



1465. The 
League of 
the Pub- 
lic Weal 
opposes 
Louis; the 
peace of 
Conflans. 



1454. Spain : 
Henry IV. 
of Castile, 



1471. War 
with Char- 
les of Bur 
gundy. 



1474. War be 
tween the 
Swiss and 
Charles of 
Burgundy 



1469. M a r - 
riage of 
Ferdinand 
of Aragon, 
with Isa- 
bella of 
Castile. 



1475 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



121 



Germany. 



1456 



Hunyadydefends Belgrade 
against the Turks. 



1458 Matthias Corvinus chosen 
king of Hungary, and 
George Podiebrad, ol' 
Bohemia. 



1462 



1468 



1471 



1472 



Insurrection in Vienna. 
The emperor besieged 
in his court — delivered 
by Podiebrad, of Bohe- 



War between Bohemia and 
Hungary. 



Vladislav, son of Casimir 
IV. of Poland, becomes 
king of Bohemia. 



University of Ingoldstadt 
founded. 



Italy. 



1454. Peace 
of Lodi be- 
tween Milan 
and Venice. 



1455. Com- 
plete 
cendencyof 
Cosmo de' 
Medici in 
Florence. 

1458. The 
French 
rule in Ge- 
noa. 

Pope 
Pius II. 
(.iBneasSil- 
vius.) 



1463. War of 
Venice with 
the Turks 



1464. Pi erode" 
Medici at 
Florence. 

Pope 
Paul II. 

1466. Gale- 
azzo Maria 
S f o r z a, 

duke 
Milan. 

1469. Lorenzo 
de' Medici 
succeeds 
Piero. 



1471. Sixtus 
IV. pope. 

Power of 
the Medici 
increases. 

Learning 
flourishes. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1456. Turks 
repulsed at 
Belgrade 
which is de- 
fended by 
Hunvady 
and Capis 
trano. 



146.3. War 
with Ven- 
ice. 



1454. Poland: — Confirm- 
ation of the national 
liberties in the statute 
of Nieszawa. 

1454. Poland:— War 
with the Teutonic 
Order. 



1458. H u n g a r y: — 
Matthias _ Corvinus — 
makes his country 
formidable to her 
neighbors. 



1462. Russia: — Ivan III. 
the Great succeeds. 



1466. Peace of Thorn. — 
East Prussia a fief of 
Poland. — West Prus- 
sia ceded to Poland. 

1468. Uzun Hasan, mas- 
ter of all Persia. 



1470. — forms an alliance 
with the Venetians 
and the duke of Burgundy against the 
Turks— conquers Bagdad. 



1472. Russia: — Ivan 
r-arries Sophia, niece 
of the Greek emperor, 
1475. The 

Crimea sub- 
jugated by 
the Turks. 



122 


TABULAR VIEWS 


I 


476 A.D.- 






England, Scotland, 




Spain and ^ 


A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc. 


etc. 


France. 


Portugal. 








1476. —who 


1476. Spain: 








is defeated 


Inst i t u- 








at Granson 


tion of the 








and Morat, 


Santa Her- 








and 


mandad 
or Sacred 


1477 


Caxton establishes his 




1477. —slain 


Brother- 




printing press at West- 




at Nancy. 


hood for 




minster. 


1480. War with Scotland. 


Artois and 
Burgundy 
united to 
the French 
crown. 


the preser- 
vation of 
i n t ernal 
order. 
1479. Union 
of Castile 
and Ara- 
gon under 
Ferdinand 
II. and 
Isabella. 

1481. The In- 
quisition 
in Seville. 

Portugal : 
John II. be- 






1483. Edward V., king. 


1483. Charles 


comes king. 






Richard, Protector. — 


VIII. be- 








The king and his 


comes king. 








brother murdered in 










the Tower. 










Richard III., king. 










148.5. Henry, earl of 










Richmond, lands at 










Milford Haven. 










Battle of Bosworth 










Field;— Richard de- 










feated and slain. 










House of Tudor. 










Henry VII., kmg. 






1486 


Lady Juliana Bemers, one 
of the earliest woman 
writers of England, pub- 
lishes treatise on sports, 
"Boke of St. Albans." 


1486-87. Lambert Sim- 
nel, pretender. 

The Star Chamber 
established. 








Leonardo da Vinci, painter, 


1487. James IV. in 




1487-1494. 




scul^jtor, architect, and 


Scotland. 




The grand- 




scientist. 






mastership 
of the great 




Marsilio Ficino and John 






c hi valric 




Pico Mirandola, Italian 






orders of 




Platonists. 






Spain is as- 
sumed by 


1488 


Bartholomew Dias rounds 
the Cape of Good Hope. 






the crown. 


1490 


Martin Bebaim (Nurem- 
berg) constructs his 
terrestrial globe. 









1490 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



123 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1477 



1479 



Marriage of Maximilian 
and Mary of Burgundy. 

War between the emperor 
and Hungary. 



Maximilian defeats the 
French at Guinegate 



1478. Conspi- 
racy of the 
Pazzi at 
Florence. 
Giulio, 
brother of 
Lorenzo de' 
Medici, 
slain. 



1484. Inno- 
cent yiii. 

pope. 



1485 



Vienna taken by the 
Hungarians. 



1490 Vladislav of Bohemia 

I chosen king of Hungary 

on the death of Matthias 

I Corvinus. 



1479. Peace 
^ith Ven- 
ice; Turks 
o b t a i n 
Lemnos and 
Albania. 

1480. — cap- 
ture and 
destroy 
Otranto. 

1481. Baja- 
zet II. the 
first un war- 
like sultan. 



1485. War 
with Egypt. 



1477. Hungary: — War 
with Frederick III. 

1478. Russia:— Ivan III. 
captures Novgorod. 



1480. The Mongol yoke 
thrown ofi. 



1481. Denmark: — John 
partially acknow- 
ledged in Sweden. 



1485. Hungary:— Mat- 
thias Corvinus takes 
Vienna. 



124 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 49 1 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 




1 


1491. Brit- 




1492 


DISCOVERY OF 1 - 


tany unit- 


1492. Con- 




A.,x^RICA. 


ed to the 


q uest of 








crown by 


Granada 








the king's 


by Gonsal- 








m arriage 


vo de Cor- 








with Anne. 


dova. 


1493 


The second voyage of 1493. Perkin Warbeck 




Disappear- 




Columbus. — A Spanish pretends to be Rich- 




ance of 




colony at Hispaniola. 


ard, duke of York. 




Moorish 
power. 






1494. Poynings' Law 


1494. In- 


Discovery of 






makes Irish parlia- 


vasion of 


America 






ment dependent on 


Italy. 


by Colum- 






English government. 


1495. Battle 


bus.— The 
Jews ex- 


1497 


The discoveries of John 


1497. Cabot makes dis- 


of Fomovo, 


pelled from 


-98 


and Sebastian Cabot. 


coveries in America. 


French 


Spain. 






■Vi^aroeck captured. 


victory. 


1497-98. Vas- 


1498 


Vasco da Gama reaches 




1498. Louis 


co de Gama 




India. 




XII. be- 
comes king. 


doubles the 
Cape of 




Third voyage of Columbus. 






Good Hope 




He discovers Trinidad 






and reaches 




" and sights the American 






India. 




Continent. 










Lisbon the great seat of 










trade — Venice declines. 










Maritime enterprises great- 










ly extended. 










Niccolo Machiavelli, 










statesman and historian. 








1439 


Amerigo Vespucius's voy- 


1499. Eari bf Warwick, 


1499. —in- 






age. 


last of the Plantage- 
nets, executed. 


vades Italy 
— conquers 
the Milan- 
ese Duchy. 

1500. Treaty 










with Fer- 
dinand, of 
Aragon, for 
the con- 
quest and 
partition of 




1502 


Fourth voyage of Colum- 




Naples. 


1502. Moors 




bus. 


1.503. James IV. of 
Scotland marries 




in Spain 
offered al- 




Raphael, Michael Angelo, 


Margaret of England. 




ternative 




Titian, Correggio, paint- 






of baptism 




ers. '' 

/ 






or exile. 

1505. Alme- 
ida, Portu- 
guese gov- 
ernor in the 
Indies. 



1505 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



125 



Germany. 



Italy. SrTJp,'*lt'^ The World, elsewhere. 



1493 



1495 



Maximilian I. 



Public peace established, 
private wars forbidden, 
the imperial chamber 
instituted as a supreme 
court. 



1501 Creation of the Aulic Coun- 
cil. 



1502 



University of Wittenberg 
founded. 



1492.PieroTI. 
succe ed s 
his father 
Lorenzo in 
Florence. 

Pope Al- 
exander 
VI. (Bor- 
gia). 

1494. Expe 
dition of 
Charles 
VIII. into 
Italy. 



1501. Par- 
t it ion of 
Naples 
between 
France and 
Spain. 



1503. Pope 
Pius III. 

Pope 
Julius II. 

The 
French de- 
feated at 
Cerignola 
axd Gari- 
gliano. 

1504. Naples 
annexed to 
Aragon. 



1492. War 
with Hun 
gary. 



1499. Naval 
victory 
over the 
Venetians 
at Sapien- 
^a. 



1492. Poland: — John 

Albert. 

America discovered by 
Columbus. 

1493. Spanish colony at 
Hispaniola. — Alexan- 
der VI. publishes the 
Bull of Demarcation. 



1497-1503. Voyages of 
Amerigo Vespucius. — 
South American coast 
explored. 



1500. Cabral reaches 
coast of Brazil. 



1503. Peace 
with Hun' 
gary. 



1501. Poland :- 
ander succeeds. 



Alex- 



1502. Ismail Shah Sufi 
makes himself sole 
sovereign of Persia. — 
Destruction of the 
Golden Horde and end 
of Mongol power in 
Russia. 



126 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1506 A.D.- 



Progressof Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, etc 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1506 



St. Peter's begun. 



1509. Henry VIII. 



1511. — joins the Holy 
League against France 



151.3. Invasion of the 

Scots. — Battle of Flod- 

den — the Scottish king 

killed. 

James V. 

1515. Wolsey, chancellor, 
and cardinal. 



1516 
1517 



Sir Thomas More'.-; Utopia 
published. 

Luther, Erasmus, Melanch- 
thon, and other reform- 



Hans Sachs, German meis- 
tersinger. 



1506. Colum- 
bus dies at 
Valladolid. 



1507, Genoa 1507. Xime- 
united to nes made 
France. cardinal. 



1510. T h 
Council ofj 
Tours, to 
support 
the king 
against the 
pope. 

1511. Holy 
League 

formed 
against 
France by 
Pope Ju 
lius II. 
Spain, the 
empire, 
and Eng 
land. 

1512'. French 
victory at 
Ravenna. 



1515. Francis 
I. 

invades 
Italy — vie- 
t o r y of 
Marignano, 
Genoa and 
Milan sub 
mit. 

1516. Con- 
cordat with 
the pope 
instead of 
Pragmatic 
Sanction. 



1509-10. 
Oran, Al- 
giers, and 
Tripoli 
subdued 
by Spain. 



1516. Charles 
I. king of 
all Spain, 
and the 
N e t h e r- 
lands. 



1518 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



127 



Germany. 



IT.A.LY. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 











1506. Poland:— Sigismund 
L (the Great). 


1.508 


Maximilian enters Italy 
to be crowned by the 
pope. 

— joins the League of 
Cambray. 


1508. League 
ofCambray 
against 
Venice 
form.ed by 
France, 
Spain, the 
emperor, 
and the 
pope. 

1509. Vene- 
tians de- 
feated at 
Agnadello. 

1511. Holy 
T.,eague to 
expel the 
French. 

Council 
of Pisa. 




1510. America: — Settle- 
ment at Darien. 

Goa in India taken 
by the Portuguese. 

1511. America: — Cuba 
conquered. 


1512 


— divides the empire into 
ten circles. — Joins the 
Holy League. 


1513. Pope 
Leo X. 

(Giovanni 
de'Medici\ 
patron of 
literature 
and arts. 


1512.SeI;mI. 
dethrones 
and puts to 
death his 
father. 

1514. The 
P ersi ans 

defeated at 
Chaldiran 
—Georgia 
and Kur- 
distan add- 
ed to the 
empire. 


1513. America: — Florida 
discovered. 

South Sea first reached 
by Balboa. 

1515. De Soto reaches the 
La Plata River. 


1516 


Louis IL, of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 




1516. Syria 
conquered. 




1517 


Commencement of the 
Reformation. 




1517. Egypt 
conquered. 




1518 


Luther summoned to 
Rome; he appeals to a 
general council. 






1518. Khair-ed-din suc- 
ceeds his brother Arouj 
(Barbarossa) in Algiers. 



128 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I 5 19 A.D. 



1519 
-22 



1526 



Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. 



First circumnavigation of 
the globe, by Magellan. 



Tyndale's translation of 
the New Testament 
brought into England. 

Ariosto, Italian poet. 

Hans Holbein, German 
painter. 



1528 Death of Albrecht Diirer 



1520. The Emperor 
Charles V. visits Eng- 
land. — M e e t i n g of 
Henry and Francis I. 
of France at the " Field 
of the Cloth of Gold." 



1521. The doctrines of 
Luther opposed by 
Henry, in his book on 
the Seven Sacraments 
— he receives the title 
of "Defender of the 
Faith. " 



1527. The question of 
Henry VIII. 's divorce 
submitted to the pope. 



1528. Patrick Hamilton 
burned, first Protest- 
ant martyr. 



France. 



1521. First 
war Yr ith 
Charles V. 



1523. The 

constable 
of Bourbon 
joins the 
emperor 
against 
Francis I. 

The im- 
perial and 
English 
troops in- 
vade 
France. 

1525. Francis 
defeated 
and taken 
prisoner at 
Pavia. 



1527. Third 
war with 
Charles V. 



1519-21. 
Conquest 
of Mexico 
by Cortes. 

1520-1521. 
Rising of 
the Com- 
muneros in 
Spain. 



1528 A.D. 



OF UiNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



129 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1519 



Charles V., emperor 
(Charles I. of Spain). 



1521 



1524 



The archduke Ferdinand 
marries Anne, sister of 
Louis of Bohemia and 
Hungary, whence the ac- 
cession of Bohemia and 
Hungary to the House 
of Hapsburg. 

Diet of Worms. 



The Peasant Revoltand the 
Anabaptist movement 



1526 



The peasants under Thomas 
Miinzer defeated. 



Charles marries Isabella 

of Portugal. 
Death of Frederick of 

Saxony. 



1522. Pope 
Adrian VI 



1523.Clement 
VII., pope. 



1525. Spain 
acquires 
the ascen- 
dency by 
the victory 
of Pavia. 



1520. S4) 1 i 

man, (the 
Ma gn i fi- 
cent) be- 
comes em 
peror. 



1521. B e 1 
grade 
taken by 
storm. 

1522. Rhodes 
capitulates 



1519-1521. Mexico con- 
quered by the Spaniards 
under Cortes. 

1520. Christian II. of 
Denmark invades Swe- 
den, overthrows Sten 
Sture and perpetrates a 
massacre at Stockholm. 



1526. Inva 
si o n of 
Hun ga r y 
and victory 
at Mohacs 
where Louis 
II., of Hun 
gary per- 
ishes. 



152.3 Sweden: — Revolt un- 
der Gustavus Vasa. — 
The Danes expelled. — 
Union of Calmar dis 
solved. 

Denmark and Nor 
way : — Frederick I. 



1525. Albert, grand-master 
of Teutonic Order makes 
East Prussia a secular 
possession and holds it 
of the king of Poland. 

1526. Baber founds the 
Mogul dynasty at Delhi.. 



1527. The 
Medici ex- 
pelled from 
Florence 

Rome 
s to rm e d 
by the im- 
peria lists 
under th* 
constable 
of Bourbon 

1.528. French 
ex p elled 
from Genoa 
by Doria. 



I30 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1529 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



E^fGLAND, Scotland, etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1530| Spinning wheel invented in 
Germany. 
Rabelais, French satirist. 



1534 



1542 



1543 



Ignatius Loyola founds the 
Order of the Jesuits. 

John Knox, Scottish 
former. 

Xavier plants Christianity 
in India. 



1529. Treaty 
of Cam 
bray. — 
France 
abandons 
all claims 
in Ita y. 



1532. Calvin 
preaches, 



1529. Fall of Wolsey.— Sir 
Thomas More, Lord 
Chancellor. — Rise of 
Thomas Cromwell. 



1533. The king marries 
Anne Boleyn. 

Cranmer made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury 



1534. England' breaks 
away from the Roman 
church. 



1535. Bishop Fisher and 
Sir Thomas More be 
headed. 

Henry makes himself 
head of the church. 



1536. — marries Jane Sey- 1536. Fourth 
mour. — Suppression of war with 
the smaller monasteries. Charles V. 



1539. Henry marries Anne 
of Cleves. 



1540. Fall of Cromwell. 



1542. Mary, queen of 
Scots — Earl of Arran, 
regent. 



Copernicus publishes his 1543. Henry marries 



De Revolutionibus 
biutn Cfclesiium. 



Or- 



Vesalius's work on Anat- 
omy. 



Roger Ascham, tutor 
Queen Elizabeth. 



of 



Catherine Parr. 

1544. Henry invades France 
— takes Boulougne. 



1538. Truce 
of Nice 
for ten 

years. 

Attempt 
to recover 
power 
Italy: 
hence the 

1542. Fifth 
French 
war. 



1544. Peace 
of Crespy 

1545. T h e 

Vaudois in 
F r a nee 
massacred 



1.535. Acqui- 
sition of 
Milan by 
S p a i n. — • 
Tunis 
taken by 
Charles V. 



1540. Portu- 
gal: — Lis- 
bon, the 
market of 
the world. 

1542. Com- 
mercial 
treaty be- 
tween Por- 
tugal and 
Japan. 




1546 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



lU 




1529 The Turks besiege Vienna. 
— Diet of Spires. — Luth- 
erans first called Protes- 
tants. 



1530 



1531 



1534 



1538 



1541 



1543 



1544 
1546 



The Diet of Augsburg 
witnesses the appearance 
of the Protestant con- 
fession. 

The Smalkaldic League 
organized. 



Anabaptists under John of 
Leyden establish them- 
selves in Miinsten 



Congress of Nice between 
the emperor, the pope, 
and the king of France. 



The Turks overrun Hun 
gary. 



War against France, 



Diet of Spires. 

The Smalkaldic war. 



1530. Medici 
restored. — 
Charles V. 
crowned at 
Bologna. 



15.34. Paul III 
pope. 



1537. Cosmo 
de' Medici 
duke of 
Florence, 



1540. Investi- 
ture of Mi- 
lan con 
ferred bv 
Charles V. 
on his son , 
Philip. 



1529. Inva- 
sion of Ger- 
many. — 
Siege of 
Vienna. 

The Otto- 
man navy 
formidable 
under 
Khair-ed- 
din Barba- 
rossa. 



1545. Council 
of Trent 
opened. 



1529. Lutheranism es- 
tablished in Swedt n 
by action of national 
council. 

1530. Malta given to the 
knifrhts of Rhodes by- 
Charles v. 

Russia: — I van IV.. 
(the Terrible.) 



1533. Norway and Den- 
mark: — Christian III. 

1533-1534. Conquest of 
Peru by Pizarro com- 
pleted. 



1534-1535. Cortes in lower 
California. 



1535. — who 1535. Cartier in the St. 

seizes Tu- Lawrence River. 

nis. — T h e 

em pe r or, 

Charles V., 1536. Portugese establish 

restores themselves in Macao, 

the Moor- China. 

ish king. — 

Turks take 



1539. De Soto's expedition 

sets out. 

1540-1542. Coronado's ex- 
pedition in the south- 
western United States. 

1541. Orellana's voyage 
down the Amazon. 

De Soto discovers the 
Mississippi River. 



1545. South America : — 
Mines of Potosi dis- 
covered. 



1541. De 

structionof 
an arma- 
ment led 
by Charles 
V. against 
Algiers. — - 
Soliman, 
theMagnif 
icent. mas 
ter of Hun 
gary. 



132 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1547 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1547 



1553 



The Earl of Surrey, poet, 
introduces the sonnet 
into English poetry. 

Palestrina, founder of 
Italian church music. 

Titian, painter. 

Scaliger, J. C, philologist. 

Montaigne, French essay- 
ist. 



{about). Ralph Roister Dots 
ter, the first English 
comedy. 

Cardan, Italian phil 
osopher. 



1547. Edward VI. 

Somerset invades Scot- 
land — defeats the Scots 
at Pinkie. 

1549. The first Prayer 
Book issued and pre 
scribed by act of Parlia 
ment. 



1547. Henry 
II. The 

famous 
Catherine 
de' Medici 
queen. 



1553. Northumberland in 
trigues to settle the 
crown on Lady Jane 
Grey, his daughter-in- 
law. 

Death of Edward VI 
Mary becomes queen. 
Catholicism restored 

1554. The queen marries 
Philip, of Spain. — Lord 
Dudley and Lady Jane 
Grey executed. 

1555. Bloody persecution 
of Protestants. 



1552. Sixth 
war with 
Charles V 



155.3. France 
obtains 
possession 
of Met z, 
Toul, and 
Verdun. 



1557. War with France to 
support Spain. 



1558. Calais lost. 

Elizabeth becomes 
queen. 

Cecil, Lord Burleigh 
secretary of state. 



1557. The 
French de- 
feated at 
St. Quentin 

1558. — at 
Gravelines 



1555. Philip 
of Spain 
receives 
the Nether- 
lands. 

1556. Charies 
abdicates. 
— Philip 
I I., king 
of S pa in , 
N et her- 
lands, Mi- 
lan, the Si- 
cilies, and 
American 
possessions 



1557. Portu • 
gal: — Se 
hastian. 



1558 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



'^23 



1553 



Germany. 



The Smalkaldic forces de 
feated at Muhlberg. 
Maurice becomes elector 
of Saxony. 



Treaty of Passau secures 
religious liberty to the 
Protestants. 

Fruitless siege of Metz by 
Charles V. 

Death of Maurice, of Sax- 
ony, at Sievershausen. 



1555 The Peace of Augsburg- 
reaffirms toleration of 
Protestants and con 
cedes them representa- 
tion in the Imperial 
Chamber. 

1556 Charles V. abdicates. 



Ferdinand I., emperor and 
king of Hungary and 
Bohemia. 

Coronation by the pope 
relinquished. 



1550. Julius 
III., pope. 

1551. Second 
session of 
Council of 
Trent. 



1555. M a r- 
cellus II., 
pope. 

Paul IV. 
(Caraffa) , 
pope. 



1557. The 
grand 
duchy of 
Tuscany 
established 
under Cos- 
mo de' Me- 
dici. 



1548. The 
Turks in- 
vade Per- 
sia. 



1551. Tripoli 
taken from 
the Mal- 
tese knight 

1552. In 
vasion o 
Hungary. 



1553. War 
with Persia 
concluded. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1548. Poland: — Sigismunc 
II. (Augustus). 



1549. The Jesuits enter 
Brazil. 



1550. Antonio de Meudoza 
viceroy of Peru. 

Russia: — Ivan, th* 
Terrible, overthrows the 
Khanate of Kazan. 



1556. India: — Jelal-ed-din 
Akbar becomes Mogul 
ernperor, a patron of 
science and literature, 
aided by his ministers 
Abu Fael and Sheikh 
Faizi. 

— raises the Mogul 
empire to its greatest 
splendor. 



^34 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1559 A.D.- 



A. D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 


1559 


Foundation of Geneva 
Academy (now the Uni- 
versity). 


1559. Protestantism es- 
tablished by Acts of 
Uniformity and Supre- 


1559. Peace 
of Gateau - 
Cambresis 


1559. Mar- 
garet of 
Parma be- 




Foundation of Jesuit Col- 
leges in opposition to 
Protestant Schools. The 
first at Coimbra, in 
Portugal. 


macy. 

The Puritans begin to 
appear. 


and end 
of struggle 

between 
France and 

the empire 

Francis 
II., Duke 
of Guise 
in power. 


comes re- 
gent of the 
Nether- 
lands with 
Granvella 
as her 
counsellor. 


1560 


Ronsard and the other 
poets of the PlHade in 
France. 


1560. Scotland:— Catholi- 
cism abolished by parlia- 
ment. 


1560. Charles 
IX., 






Paolo Veronese, painter. 
Guarini, Italian poet. 


1562. O'Neill's rebellion in 
Ireland. 


1562. Relig- 
ious liberty 
granted to 
the Hugue- 
nots. 

First 
civil relig- 
ious war- 
Huguenots 
supported 
by E n g- 
1 an d — de- 
feated at 
Dreux. 




1564 


Death of Michael Angelo 
and of Calvin, birth of 
Shakespeare. 




1563. Peace 

of Am - 
boise ends 
war. 






Camoens, Portuguese poet. 








• 


Justus Lipsius, scholar. 

Thomas Tallis, English 
musician. 


1565. Scotland: — Mary 

marries Lord Darnley. 

Revolt of Protestants. 




1565. Occu- 
pation of 
the Philip- 
pines by 
the Span- 
ish. 






1567. Shane O'Neill de- 
feated and killed. 

Scotland : — Darnley mur- 
dered — the queen marries 
earl of Bothwell — is de- 
throned and imprisoned 
at Lochleven. 


1567. The 
second war 
— Hugue- 
nots de- 
feated at 
St. Denis. 


1567. Duke of 
Alva, gov- 
ernorofthe 
Nether- 
lands; he 
establishes 
the Bloody 
Tribunal. 






James VI., king of 
Scotland. 







1567 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I.3S 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 

Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 






15.59. Pius IV 
(Medici) 




1559. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Frederick II. 






Peace of 
C a t ea u - 

Cpmbrcsis 
terminates 
the French 




Decrease of the in- 
fluence of the Hanse 
towns. 






v.- a r s in 
Italy. 






1562 


Maximilian elected king of 
the Romans. 


1562. Council 
of Trent 
reassem- 
bled. 


1560. Fleet of 
the Italian 
states de- 
feated at 
the island 
of Djerbe. 


1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. 
becomes king. 

1562. Ribault's colony at 
Port Royal. 


1564 


Maximilian II., emperor. 




1565. Unsuc- 
cessful 
siege of 
Malta 
which is 
defended 
by the 
knights 
under La 
Valette. 


1564. CoHgny sends a 
second colony of Hugue- 
nots to Horida — de- 
stroyed by the Span- 
iards. (1565).— St. Au- 
gustine founded, 1565. 


1566 


Szigeth in Hungary taken 
by the Turte. 


1566. Pius v., 
pope. 


1566. Death 
of Spliman 
at the siege 
of Szigeth. 
SelimlL, 
sultan. 


^ 



136 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1568 A.D.- 



.'..D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 






1568. Mary, queen of Scots , 


15r8. Treaty 








takes refuge in England 


of Lo ng • 








and is imprisoned. 


jum e a u 
ends war. 

1569. Third 
civil war. 
Huguenots 
routed at 
Jamac. — 
Conde de- 
feated at 
montcon - 
tour. 








1570. Elizabeth excom- 




1570. War 






municated by the pope. 




with the 
Turks. 






Scotland: — Lennox re- 










gent. 




1571. Naval 
victory at 
Le pan 1 
won by 
John of 


1572 


Camoens publishes his 
Lusiads. 




1572. Mass- 
acre of St. 
Bartholo- 
mew. 

Fourth 
civil war. 

1573. Peace 
of Rochelle. 

1574. Henry 
III. be- 
comes king. 

Fifth war 


Austria. 


1576 


University of Leyrten 


1575. The sovereignty of 


with the 






founded. 


Holland offered to Eliza- 
beth and declined. 


Huguenots 

1576. The 
Catholic 
League. 


1576Antwerp 
sacked by 
the Span- 
ish soldiers. 
The Paci- 
fication of 
Ghent con- 
cluded by 
John of 
Austria. 


1577 


Sir Francis Drake begins 




1577. Sixth 


1577. The 




his voyage round the 




religious 


Perpetual 




world. 




war. 


Edict pub- 
lished. 




Tasso, Italian poet. 









1577 A.D. 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



137 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1568 



The duchy of Pnissia made 
hereditary in the House 
of Hohenzollem. 



1575 
1570 



Ma.ximilian II. seeks the 
Polish throne. 

Rudolph II., emperor 
king of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 

The Catholic reaction 
^.akes rapid propress in 
the Austrian dominions. 



1569. Flor- 
ence be- 
comes the 
gran d 
duchy of 
Tuscany. 

Cosmo 
de' Medici 
declared 
grand duke 
ofTuscany 
by Pius V. 



1570. War of Venice with 
the Porbe. 



1571. Cyprus reduced hx 
the Turks. Battle 
Lepanto. 



1572.Gregory 
XIII., pope 



157.3. Cyprus 
yielded to 
the Porte 
by Venice 

1574. Flor- 
ence: Fran 
cesco Maria 
succ eeds 
Cosmo. 



1573. Peace 

with Ven 
ice. 



1574. Amu 
rath III. 



1568. Sweden: — John III. 
becomes king. 



1569. Poland and Lithua- 
nia united by the Diet of 
Lublin. 



1570. Peaceof Stettin, be- 
tween Denmark and 
Sweden. 

1571. Russia raided by 
the khan of Crimea. 

Moscow burnt. 

1572. Extinction of the Ja- 
gellonian dynasty in 
Poland with Sigismund 
Augustus. The crown 
becomes elective. 

1573. Japan: — Fall of the 
Ashikaga shoguns; No- 
bunaga supreme. 



1574. Poland: — Henry of 
Valois chosen king; he 
escapes to France. 

1575. Poland: — Stephen 
Bathori chosen king; he 
strengthens the Jesuits. 



138 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1578 A. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 

Portugal. 










1578. Sebas- 










tian i n - 










vades Mor- 










occo and 










perishes in 










the battle 










of Alcazar- 










quivir. 










Port.:— 










Henry I. 










1579. Union 






1579. Marriage negotiations 




of Utrecht, 






between Elizabetn and 




beginning 






the Duke of Anjou. 


1580. The 


of ij u t c h 
i n dep en - 
dence. 

1580. Portu- 
gal falls un- 






1581. Levant Company 


seventh 


der Spanish 


IJb^ 


Gregorian reformation of 
the calendar. 

Tycho Brahe, astronomer. 


chartered. 

1585. Raleigh's colony in 
Virginia. 

War with Spain. 


war. 

1584. The 
Catholic 
League re- 
organized. 

1585. Eighth 
war, the 
war of the 
three 
Henries. 


dominion. 


158b 


Tobacco brought to Eng- 
land. 


1586. Earl of Leicester 
lands in Holland with 
an English army. Sir 
Philip Sidney killed at 
Zutphen. 

1587. Execution of Mary 
Stuart. 










1588. The Spanish Armada 


1588. Revolt 


1588. Defeat 






destroyed. 


of Paris 
against 
Henry III. 
and for the 
Guises. 
1589. Assass- 
ination of 
Henry III ; 
H u s e of 
Bourbon 
Henry IV. 
He wins 
the battle 
of Arques. 


of the 
Spanish 
armada. 

1589. English 
volunteers 
under 
Drake and 
Norris, re- 
pulsed 
from Lis- 
bon. 


1590 


Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. 

Spenser. 

The Carracci, celebrated 

painters of Bologna. 
Kepler, astronomer. 




1590. Battle 
of Ivry. 





1590 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



139 



1 




Ottoman f 


A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1579 


Duke "William, of Bavaria, 




1579. English 


1579. Commencement of 




friend of the Jesuits. 




c omm er- 


the Dutch Republic by 




The imperial authority 




cial repre- 


the Union of Utrecht: 




disregarded by the 




sentatives 


William, prince of 




princes of the empire. 




in Constan- 


Orange, stadtholder. 




who wage war among 




tinople. 






themselves. 


1580. Charies 
Emmanuel 
duke of Sa- 
voy. 

1585. Sixtus 
v., pope, 
active and 
energetic— 
corre cts 
abuses in 
the church 


1581. First 
trade with 
England . 

1583. English 
ambassador 
sent to Con- 
stantinople. 


1584. William of Orange 
assassinated. 

1585. North America: — 
First English colony 
founded in Virginia, by 
Sir W. Raleigh. 

Persia acquires power 
under Abbas the Great. 


1586 


Struggle in Saxony be- 


erects 




1586. Battle of Zutphen: 




tween Lutherans and 


building 




death of Sir Philip 




Calvinists. 


for Vatican 
library. 

1590. Urban 

\ II., pope. 

Gregory 

XIV., pope. 




Sidney. 

1587. Poland: — Sigismund 
III., king. 

1588. Denmark: — Christian 
IV. 



140 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I 591 A.D.- 



1591. Troops sent to 
France to aid Henry IV 



1593. Act for religious con 
formity. 



1596. Cadiz attacked and 
the Spanish fleet burnt 
by the earl of Essex. 

1598. Revolt of O'Neal, 
earl of Tyrone. 



1593. Henry 
abjures 
Protestan- 
tism. 



1594. Paris 
submits to 
Henry. 

Jesuits 
banished. 

1595. War 
with Spain. 



1598. Peace 

of Vervins 
Edict of 
Nantes — 
granting 
toleration 
to Protes- 
tants. 

Ministry 
of Sully. 



1598. Philip 
III., king 
of Spain. 



1598 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



141 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1593 



War with Turkey. 



1591. Inno- 
cent IX., 
pope. 

1592. Clement 
VIII., pope 



1596 



Imperialists defeated by 
the Turks in the battle 
of Keresztes. 



1593. War 

with the 
empire in 
Hungary. 

1594. The 
grand vi- 
zier takes 
Raab. 



1595. Moham- 
med III. 

Turkish 
power in 
Hungary 
decl ines ; 
defeated 
at Gran — 
revolt of 
Wallachia. 

1596. Mo- 
hammed 
leads his 
troops, and 
defeats the 
Germans 
at Keresz 
tes. 



1592. 



Japanese undei" 



Hideyoshi invade Corea. 
Sweden: — Sigismund 
III., of Poland, succeeds 
to the Swedish crown. 



1595. The regent Charles 
assumes independent 
authority. 



1598. Russia:— The house 
of Rurik becomes ex- 
tinct in the person of 
Feodor I. 

Boris Godunov suc- 
ceeds. 

.Sigismund lands in 
Sweden, to re-establish 
his power — but is de- 
feated and returns to 
Poland. 



142 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1600 









England, Scotland, 




A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


America. 


etc. 


France. 


1600 


Shakespeare, Fletcher. Beri 




1600. The Gowrie con- 


1600. Henri 




Jonson. — Napier inven- 




spiracy in Scotland. 


IV. mar 




tor of logarithms. 




1601. Earl of Essex 


ries Mari 
de' Medici 




Lord Bacon, celebrated 




beheaded. 






philosopher. 




1603. James I, — Union 


1603. T h « 




Lope de Vega, Spanish 




of the English and 


Jesuit 




dramatist. 




Scotch crowns. 


re -ent e 
France. 




English East India Com- 










pany chartered. 










William Gilbert publishes 










his work on magnetism. 








1604 


Conference at Hampton 

Court. 
New translation of the 

Bible begun (published 

1611). 


1604. Port Royal, 
Acadia, colo- 
nized by the 
French (De 
Monts and 
Poutrincourt). 






1605 


Cervantes's Don Quixote 
(first part) appears. 


1607. English 
settlement at 
Jamestown 
(first perma- 
nent one in 
North Amer- 
ica). 

1608. Quebec 
founded. 

1609. Hudson in 


1605. The Gunpowder 
Plot. 

1609. The charter of 




16101 (1608?) Telescope invented 


New York Bay. 


the East India Com- 


1610. Henr 




in Holland. 




pany renewed. 

1611. Colonization of 
Ulster in Ireland by 
English and Scotch. 


IV., wit 
E ngla n 
and Ho! 
land, plan 
the down 
fall of th 
Hapsburg 
power. 

Assassi- 
nation 
Henry IV 
by Ravai! 
lac. 

L u i 

XIII., 
king, Mari 
de' Medic 
regent. 



l6l3 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



143 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Leo XI., pope. 
Paul v., pope. 



1609 Tuscany:- 



Expulsion 
Moors. 



i^osmoll. 
of the 



Leghorn the empo- 
rium of the i^evant 
trade. 



1606. Peace be 

tween the em 
pire and the 
Turks. 



1608. Protestant 
Union, under 
Frederick, the 
elector pala- 
tine. 

1609. The Catho- 
lic League, un- 
der the Duke 
of Bavaria. 

Bohemia re- 
ceives a royal 
charter. 



1612. Matthias 
emperor. 



1601. Shah 
Abbas of 
Persia be 
gins the re 
conquest 
of lost pro- 
vinces. 



160.5. Shah 
Abbas wins 
the battle 
of Basso- 
rah. 



1613. Sinope 
on the Black 
Seaplunder- 
ed by the 
Cossacks. 



1603. Japan: — Tokugawa 
lyeyasu makes himself 
shogun; his descendants 
retain power till 1868. 



1604. Sweden: Charles IX. 



1605. India: — Jehangir, 
Mogul emperor. 

Russia:Death of Boris 
Godunoff; appearance of 
the false Demetrius; 
anarchy. 



1609. India:— Arrival of 
Hawkins, first English 
envoy from the East In- 
dia Company. 

1611. Sweden: — Gustavus 
Adolphus, king. — War 
with Denmark. — Axel 
Oxenstiern, minister. 

1612. Russia: — A national 
uprising under Minin 
and Pozharski leads to 
the expulsion of the 
Poles. 

1613. Russia: — Michael 
Romanoff, czar, founder 
of the present ruling 
line. 



144 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1614 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland. 
etc. 



1616 



1619 



1620 



1622 



1627 



1614. Manhattan 
Island settled 
by the Dutch- 



Death of Shakespeare and 
Cervantes. 



Negro slavery introduced 
into Virginia. 



Bacon's Novum Organum. 
Thermometers invented by 

Drebbel. 
Inigo Jones, celebrated 

architect. 
Martin Opitz, German poet. 

First newspaper (weekly) 

in England, 
Peter Paul Rubens, painter. 
Massinger, the dramatist. 



The Parian marbles 
brought to England by 
the earl of Arundel. 

Harvey publishes his work 
on the circulation of the 
blood. 

Edward Coke, the great 

jurist. 



1619. Negro 

slaves first im- 
ported to Vir 
ginia. 



1620. Emigration 
of Pilgrims to 
New England 
and founding 
of Plymouth. 

1621. John Car 
ver, 1st Gover 
nor of Ply 
mouth. 



1623. New Hamp 

shire settled. 



1625. Maine set 
tied. 



1614. King resorts to 
iienevolences. 



1618. Francis Bacon 
lord chancellor. 

Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh executed. 



1621. Bacon i m 
peached. 



1625. Charles I. 



1627. War with France in support of 
the Huguenots. 



1614. Last as- 
sembly of 
the States- 
General be- 
fore the Re- 
volution. 

1615. The 

king mar- 
ries Anne, 
of Austria. 
Civil War: 
C o n d e 
heads . the 
H u g u e- 
nots. 

1617. Ascen- 
dency of 
Luynes be- 
gins. 



1620. Rising 
of the Hu- 
guenots. 



1624. Minis- 
try of Car- 
dinal Rich- 
elieu. 



1627 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



145 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1618 



1621 



1623 



1625 



Conspiracy of Bed 
mar, the Spanish 
envoy, to reduce 
Venice under sub 
jection to Spain. 



Spain supports the 
emperor in Ger 
many. 

Philip IV. 

Italy: — Gregory XV. 
pope. 

Tuscany: — F e r d i- 
nand II. 

Italy: — The famous 
library of the ^^ala- 
tine at Heidelberg 
sent to Rome. 
Urban VIII., pope. 

Spain: — Naval war 
with England. 



1618. The Thirty 
Years' War be 
gins. 



1619. Ferdinand 
II., emperor. 

Fer dinan d 
deposed by the 
Bohemians 
who chose as 
king the elector 
palatine. 

1620. Victory of 
the White 
Mountain near 
Prague gained 
by the imper 
ial forces over 
the palatine 
king of Bo 
hernia. 



1626. Victory of 
Wallens t ein 
over Mansfeld 
at Dessau, and 
victory of Til 
ly over Chris 
tian IV., of 
Denmark, at 
Lutter. 



1617. Musta 
pha I. 

1618. Oth 
man II. 



1616. India: — Sir Thomas 
Roe, ambassador from 
James I., of England. 
Manchus invade China. 



1617. Sweden predomi- 
nates in the north. 

1618. Netherlands:— T h e 
Synod of Dort. Armin 

ianism condemned. 



1620. War 
with Po 
land, and 
victory at 
Jassy. 



1623. Amu- 
rath (Mu- 
rad) IV; 
restores 
tranquilli- 
ty. 



1621. Dutch West India 
Company incorporated. 



1622. Persia: — O r m u z 
gained from the Portu- 
guese by the help of the 
English. 



1625. Netherlands: — Breda 
taken by Spinola. 



146 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1628 A.D. 



A.D. 


t'ROGRESs OP Society, etc. 


America. 


England, Scotland, 
etc. 


France. 






1628. John Endi- 
cott at Salem. 

1629. Quebec 

taken by Eng- 
lish under 
Kirke. 


1629. Parliament dis- 
solved and no Parlia- 
ment for eleven 
years. 


1628. La Ro- 

chelle re- 
duced by 
the royal 
troops; end 
of Hugue- 
not am- 
bitions. 






1630. Boston 
founded by 
Winthrop. 


Peace with France 
1630. and with Spain. 


1631. Treaty 
with Swe- 
den against 
the em- 
peror. 


1633 


Galileo before the Inquisi- 
tion. 




1633.Wentworth made 
lord-deputy of Ire- 
land and Laud, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 
The king visits 
Scotland . — Is 
crowned at Edin- 
burgh. 








1634. Maryland 
settled by a 
colony sent out 
by Lord Balti- 
more. 


1634. Writs for ship- 
money issued. 


1634. Bern- 
hard of 
Saxe-Wei- 
mar in the 
French ser- 
vice. 


1635 


French Academy founded. 

Death of Lope de Vega, 
Spanish dramatist. 

Pedro Calderon de la 
Barca, Spanish dramat- 
ist. 


1635.Connecticut 
settled from 
Massachusetts ; 
Guada lou pe 
and Martini- 
que, by the 
French. 




1635. Alli- 
ance with 
Holl and 
against 
Spain, for 
the parti- 
tion of the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 

Alliance 
with Swe- 
den against 
Austria. 



i635 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



147 



Italv, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1628 



1630 



1631 



Italy: — General 
Italian war on the 
death of the duke 
of Mantua, 



Spain : — Peace with 
England, 



Italy: — Peace of 
C hera sc o, — The 
influence of France 
increases. 



1628.Wa!lenstein 
recovers all the 
shores of the 
Baltic, except 
Stralsund. 

1629. The Edict 
of Restitution 
published. 



1630. Gustavus 
Adolphus lands 
in Germany. — 
Diet of Ratis 
bon. — Wallen- 
stein dismissed, 
succeeded by 
Tilly. 

1631. Sack of 

Magdeburg, by 
Tilly. — Gusta 
vus Adolphus 
wins the battle 
of Breitenfeld 
(Leipzig). 

1632. Defeat and 
death of Tilly, 
at the Lech 
Gustavus takes 
Munich. — Wal- 
lenstein again 
in command.— 
Battle of Lilt 
zen. — Victory 
and death of 
Gustavus Adol 
phus. 



1634. Wall en 
stein assassi 
nated. — Bern- 
hard of Wei 
mar defeated 
at Nordlingen 

1635. Peace of 
Prague be- 
tween the em- 
peror and 
Saxony. 



1632. Revolt 
of Spahis 
and Janis 
saries sup' 
pressed. 



1628. Persia:— Death of 
Shah Abbas and succes- 
sion of Shah Soofi I. 



1629. Peace of Liibeclc 
between the empire and 
Christian IV., of Den- 
mark. 



1632. Sweden: — Christina, 
queen. — Oxenstiem, re- 
gent. 

P o 1 a n d: — Vladislav 
IV., king. 

Russia: — War with 
Poland; siege of Smol- 
ensk. 

1633. Union of Heilbronn, 
between Sweden and tho 
German Protestants. 



1634. Peace of Wiasma, 
disadvantageous to- 

Russia. 



148 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1635 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1636 



Comeille's Cid, the be 
ginning of the French 
classical drama. 

Van _ Dyke, Rembrandt 
painters. 



1639 



1640 



First printing-press in the 
United States at Cam- 
bridge. 

The Connecticut Constitu 
tion. 



The Jansenists, followers 
of Jansenius, bishop of 
Ypres. 

Claude Lorraine, French 
painter. 

Death of Rubens. 

Thomas Hobbes, philoso- 
phical writer. 



1636. Rhode Is 
land settled. 



1636. Harvard 
College found- 
ed. 



1638. Delaware 
settled. 



1639. First print 
ing office ii 
America, at 
Cambridge, by 
Stephen Daye 
Sa y brook. 
Conn., founded 



1641. Montreal 
founded. 



1637. Hampden op- 
poses ship-money. 

Troubles in Scot- 
land caused by 
Charles's plan to 
overthrow the 
Scotch Presbyterian 
church and to en 
force episcopacy. 



1639. Episcopacy abol- 
ished in Scotland. 
First Bishops' war. 



1640. Parliament 
sembled - — dissolved 
without effecting 
anything. 

The Scotch invade 
England, take pos- 
session of Newcastle 

The Long Parlia- 
ment, Nov. 3. 

Impeachment of 
Strafford and Laud. 

1641. Strafford be- 
headed. — Courts of 
Star Chamber and 
High Commission 
abolished. 

The Grand Ramon 
strance. 



1642. Civil War and 
Revolution. — Battle 
of Edgehill, inde 
cisive. 



1635. Inva- 
sionof Gas- 

conybythe 
Spaniards, 
and of 
P i car dy, 
by the. im- 
perialists, 
who threat- 
en Paris. 

1637. The 
French 
occupy 
Artois. 



1640. Turin 
taken by 
the French; 
Alsace 
occupied. 



1641-42. Al- 

liance with 
P ortugal 
against 
S p a i n. — 
Catalonia 
and Rous- 
sillonrevolt 
and submit 
to France. 



1642. Cinq 
Mars and 
de Thou 
beheaded. 

Death of 
Richelieu. 



1642 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



149 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1640 



1636. Swedes vic- 
torious at Witt - 
stock over the 
Saxons. 



1637. Ferdinand 
III., emperor 

Gallas suc- 
cessful against 
the Swedes. 

1638. Bernhard 
of Saxe-Wei 
mar, defeats 
the imperial- 
ists at Rhein- 
feld — takes 
Breisach. 

1639. Battle of 
Chemnitz gain 
edby the Swe 
dish general 
Ban^r. 



Portugal regains her 1640. Branden- 



independence 
under John IV., of 
Braganza. 



burg: — Fred- 
derick William, 
the Great Elec 
tor. 



1642. The Swedes 
under Torsten- 
son defeat the 
Austrians at 
Leipzig. 



1635. Amu- 
rath takes 
Erivan. 



1638. Bagdad 
taken by 
the Turks. 



1640. Ibra- 
him, sultan. 



1639. Holland: — Great 
naval victory by Van 
Tromp, over the Spanish 
fleet in the Downs. 

India: --Madras found- 
ed by the English. 



ISO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1643 A.D.- 







, iEngland, Scotland, 




A.D. 


Progress of Society, etr. 


America. ' 

1 etc. 


France. 


1643 


Torricelli invents the ba- 


1643 Confedera- 


1643. Royalists vic- 


1643. Louis 




rometer. 


tion of the col- 


torious at Chalgrove 


XIV. (the 






onies ot New 


and other places; 


Great). 






England, for 


battle of Newbury. 


Anne, of 






mutual d e- 


Solemn League and 


A ustria, 






fence. 


covenant between 
the Scotch and Eng- 
lish parliaments. 


regent. 

Victory 
of Rocroi 

over the 


1644 


Milton's Areopagitica. 


1644. Union of 


1644. Battle of Marston 


Spaniards, 






Providenceand 


Moor — royalists de- 


bytheduke 






Rhode Island. 


feated. 


of Enghien. 
Ministry 
of Cardinal 
Mazarin. 


1645 


Death of Grotius. 




1645. Battle of Naseby. 


1645. The 
French win 






1646. The Jesuit 


1646. The king seeks 


the battle 






missionary Jo- 


refuge in the Scot- 


of Nord- 






gues killed by 


tish camp. 


lingen. 






the Mohawks. 










John Eliot be- 










gins his work 










among the In- 










dians. 






1647 


George Fox begins public 


1647. Peter Stuy- 


1647. — is delivered up 






work. 


vesant, gover- 
nor of New 
Amsterdam. 


to parliament. 


• 


1648 


Pascal's experiments in 


164S. Cambridge 


1648. Cromwell routs 


1648. Fac- 




air pressure. 


platform adop- 


the Scotch. — The 


tion of the 






ted in Massa- 


Presbyterians ex- 


F rond e ; 






chusetts 


pelled from parlia- 
ment, which receives 
the name of " tne 
Rump." 


dissensions 
f mented 
byCardinal 
de Retz. 

— The 
Peace of 
Westphalia 
gives to 
F r a nee, 
Metz.Toul, 
Verdun , 
Alsace, 
and Brei- 
sach. 






1649. Act of Tol- 


1649. Trial and execu- 


1649. Court 






eration passed 


tion of the king. 


removes to 






in Maryland. 


The Commonwealth. 
Cromwell subdues 
Ireland. Sack of 


St. Ger- 
main. 








Drogheda. 





1649 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



151 





Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 


. — — 


A.U. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1643. Negotia- 










tions begun at 










Miinster lead- 










ing to thePeace 










of Westphalia. 






1644 


Innocent X., pope. 


1644-45. Upris- 
ing in Hungary 
under Rakoczy 
— the emperor 
forced to yield 
to the demands 
of the Protes- 




1644. China:— Establish- 
ment of the Manchu dy- 
nasty. 

Naval victory of the 
Swedes over the Danish 
fleet. 






tants. 


1645. War 
with Ven- 
ice. Crete 
the theatre 
of war. 


1645. Sweden: — Peace of 
Bromsebro with Den- 
mark. 

Russia: — Alexis, czar» 


1647 


Revolt of Naples, 
under Masaniello. 






1647. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam II. 






1648. Peace of 


1648. Moham- 


1648. Poland:— The 






W estp ha 1 ia 


med IV. 


Ukraine Cossacks revolt 






signed at Miin- 


The khan 


under Bogdan Chmiel- 






ster and at Os- 


of Crimea 


nicki and defeat the 






nabruck.— The 


raids Rus- 


Poles. 






principle of a 


sia and 


John Casimir, king. 






balance of 


Poland 








power in 


carrying off 








Europe first 


40,000 








recognized. — 


prisoners. 








Swit zerland 


The Turks 








and the Dutch 


begin a 








Netherlands 


twenty 








declared inde- 


years' siege 








pendent. 


of Candia. 








Prague taken 










by the Swedes. 


1649. Naval 
defeat by 
the Vene- 
tians in 
the Archi- 
pelago. 


\ 



I!?2 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1650 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



England, Scotland 
etc. 



France. 



1650 



1651 



1653 



1654 



Milton's controversy with 
Salmasius. — Death of 
Descartes. 

Hobbes's Leviathan. 

Jeremy Taylor, Algernon 

Sidney, English writers. 



Lebrun, French painter. 



1651. Navigation 
Act passed. 



1652. Maine 
towns as far 
cast as Casco 
joined to Mas 
sachusetts. 



Walton's Compleat Angler l&Cio. Settlement 
of North Caro- 
lina under 
royal patent. 



Air pump invented by 
von Guericke. 



Uioo. Stu^'^•esant 
conquers New 
Sweden (Dela- 
ware). 



1650. Cromwell defeats 
the Scots at Dunbar.l 

The Scots proclaim 
Charles II. He en- 

1651. ters England — 
is defeated at Wor^ 
cester, and escapes 
to France. I 

The Navigation Act 
passed. 



1652. Naval war with 
Holland. — Blake 
defeated by Tromp. 



1653. Long Parliament 

dissolved by Crom 



well.- 



1 
sum- 



Parliament" 
moned. 

Oliver Cromwell 
Lord Protector. 

Milton private 

secretary to Crom- 
well. 

1654. Peace of West- 
minster. — Alliance 
with Holland. 

1655. War with Spain 
— Jamaica conquered 
by Penn. 



1657. Cromwell refuses 
the crown. 



1650. Peace 
concluded 
b e t w e en 
the Court 
and Parlia- 
m e n t . — 
C ond 6 , 
Conti, and 
L o n g ue- 
ville im- 
prisoned. — 
T u renne 
flees to the 
Spaniards. 

1652. Maza- 
rin retires 
to Sedan. 
Conde flies 
to Spain. 
War be- 
tween Tur- 
enne and 
Conde; the 
latter de- 
feated at 
B 1 e ne a u 
and at 
Paris. 

1653. Maza- 
rin enters 
Paris in 
triumph. 



1654. By the 

treaty of 
Basle, 
France se- 
cures Al- 
sace. 



1656. Strife 
between 
Jansenists 
and Jesuits. 



m 



1657 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



153 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1654 



1655 



16.55 
-56 



1651. Formation 
of Catholic 
and Protestant 
Leagues. 



Brazil recovered by 

Portugal from the 

Dutch. 

Italy :• — Alexander 

VII., pope. 
War between Eng 

land and Spain. 



1656. The elector 
of Brc.ndenburg 
allies himself 
with Sweden 
against Poland. 

1657. By the 
treaty of Weh- 
lau, Poland 
cedes Prussia 
to the elector. 



1056. Mo- 
hamm e d 
Kio pri li, 
grand vi- 
zier. 

1657.Lemnos 
and Tene- 
dos taken 
from the 
Venetians. 



165.3. Holland:— John de 
Witt, grand pensionary; 
De Ruyter, admiral. 



1653. Defeat and death 
of Tromp off Portland 
in the English Channel. 

Swede n: — Christina 
resigns. Charles X. 

first of the House of 
Zweibriicken. 

Poland : — War with 
Russia ; Smolensk 
taken by the Russians. 

The Cossacks place 
theme elves under 
Russian suzerainty. 
1655. Charles X. of Sweden 
invades Poland. 



1658. Denmark: — War 
against the Swedes, who 
overrun Denmark, and 
menace Copenhagen. 



154 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1658 A.D.- 



Progress OP Society, etc 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1660 



1662 



1665 



1666 



1667 



1668 



1658. Death of Crom 

I w e 1 1. — R i c h a r d 

Cromwell, Protector 

1659. Laval- 1659. Richard Crom 



Montmorency 
made bishop 
of New France. 



About this time flourish 
Corneille, La Fontaine, 
La Rochefoucauld, Ma 
dame de Sevigne, Moliere 
Racine, Boileau, and 
Pascal in France. 

Royal Society at London 
founded. 

Velasquez and Murillo 
Spanish painters. 

Bernini, Italian sculptor. 



Canal of Languedoc, from 
the Mediterranean to 
the Atlantic, begun. 

Gobelin tapestry manu 
factory in Paris, found 
ed by Louis XIV. 

Salvator Rosa, landscape 
painter. 

Huygens, Dutch astrono 
mer. 



Persecution of Jansenists 
in France. 



Foundation of the Aca 
demy of Sciences, at 
Paris. 

Paradise host published. 
Cassini, Italian astrono- 
mer and mathematician. , 
D'Herbelot, Bourdaloue, 
LaBruyere.Malebranche, 
French writers. 



Reflecting telescope made 
by Sii Isaac Newton. 



1662. Charter ob 
tained from 
Charles II. for 
Connec ticut 
and New Ha 
ven. 

1663. Carolina 
granted to 
Lord Claren 
don and others 

Mason and 
Di.xon's 1 i n ( 
begun. 

Eliot's In 
dian B i b 1 < 
printed. 

1664. New Am 
sterdam occu 
pied by the 
English. 

1665. Union of 
Conne c ticut 
and New Ha- 
ven. 



1667. Acadia 
ceded to France 
by the peace of 
Breda. 



well resigns. — Rump 
parliament called 
but soon expelled. 

General Monk sup 
ports parliament 
against the army. 

1660. Charles II. Hyde 
earl of Clarendon 
chancellor. 

Military tenures 
abolished. 

1661. New parliament 
Episcopacy re- 
established in Scot- 
land. 



1662. Marriage of 

Charles II. to Cathe 

rine of Portugal. 

Act of Uniformity 

Dunkirk sold to 

France. 



1664. War with Hoi 
land. 



1665. Naval victory by 
the duke of YorK at 
Solebay. 

Great Plague 
London 

1666. Great Fire in 
London. 



1659. Peace 
of the Pyr- 
enees. 



1660. Mar- 
riage of 
Louis XIV. 
to Maria 
Theresa, of 
Spain. 

1661. Death 
of Mazarin. 

Colbert, ■ 
intendant 
of finance. 

Lyonne, 
Le Tellier. 

1662. Dis- 
putes with 
the pope. 
—6000 
troops sent 
against the 
Turks in 
Hungary. 



1664. French 
East India 
and West 
India Com- 
panies 

1665. Colbert 
becomes 
controller- 
general of 
finance. 



1667. Peace of Breda, 

New Netherlands 
ceded to England. 

Fall and banish- 
ment of the earl of 
Clarendon. 



1668. Triple alliance- 
England, Sweden, 



1667. War 
with Spain. 
Louis 
claims 
Fl a n d e r s 
for his 
w i f e — i n- 
vades the 
Spanish 
Nether' 
lands. 

1668. Peace 
of Aix-la- 

and Holland, against C h a p e 1 1 e 
France. I with Spain. 



1 668 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



155 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1658. Leopold I. 



1660. In the 
peace of Oiiva 
Poland recog 
nizes the inde 
pendence of 
East Prussia 
under the 
elector of 
Brandenburg. 



1665 



1667 



1G68 



Victory of the Por- 1663. The diet 

tuguese over the permanent at 

Spaniards at Ratisbon. 
Estremoz. 



Spain: — CharlesII. 
The victory of 
Villa Viciosa es- 
tablishes Portu- 
guese indepen- 
dence. 



1664. Montecu- 
culi victorious 
over the Turks 
atSt.Gotthard 



Clement IX., pope, 
Portugal: — Re 
volution at Lis- 
bon. King de- 
posed. Pedro II, 



Peace of Lisbon 
with Spain. 



1663. Inva 
sion of 

Hungary 
under 
A c h m e t 
Kioprili ; 
Germany 
threatened ; 
Turks de 
feated at 
St. Gott- 
hard(1664) 
sign treaty 
of Vasvar 
giving the 
sultan su- 
zerainty 
over Tran- 
sylvania. 

Crete tak- 
e n from 
Venice by 
Kioprili. 



1658. Denmark: — Naval 
victory over the Swedes. 

Peace of Roskilde. 

India: — Aurungzeb 
makes himself emperor. 



1660. Denmark; — Peace of 
Copenhagen. 

Revolution in Den- 
mark; absolute mon- 
archy established. 

Sweden: — Charles XI. 

Peace of Oliva gives 
Livonia and Esthonia to 
Sweden. 

Prussia acknowledged 
independent. 



1664. Rise of the Mahratta 
power in India: Sivaji 
takes and sacks Surat. 



1667. Poland:— Great 
victory of Marshal John 
Sobieski over the Tar- 
tars. 

Holland: — Peace of 
Breda: loss of New 
Netherlands. 

Peace of Andrussovo 
between Poland and 
Russia. 



156 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1669 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland 

etc. 



France. 



1669 



Phosphorus discovered. 



1675 



1678 



Christopher Wren, archi 
tect, commences St 
Paul's. 

Ruysdael, celebrated 
Dutch painter. 

William Temple, historian 

Butler, Waller, and Dry- 
den , English poets ; Henry 
More, Leighton, Baxter 
Boyle. 

Mansart, architect. 



John Bunyan, Pilgrim's 
Progress. 



1670. Conclusion 
of the "Ameri 
can treaty' 
(Madrid) be 
tween England 
and Spain. 

Charleston 
founded. 



1675-76. King 
Philip's War in 
New England. 
Bacon's Re- 
bellion in Vir 
ginia. 

1677. Maine pur 
chased by 
Massachusetts 



1670. The Cabal min 
istry. — Secret treaty 
with France against 
Holland. — C h a r 1 a s 
the pensionary of 
Louis XIV. 

1672. War with Hol- 
land in conjunction 
with France. 



1673. Test Act passed. 
Ministry of Danby. 



1674. Peace with Hol- 
land. 



1678. The " Popish 

Plot" excitement 

Rise of the names 

of Whigs and Tories. 



1672. War 
with Hol- 
land. 



1673. French 
ambassa- 
dor at Is- 
pahan. 

1674. The 
Imperialists 
defeated at 
the battle 
of S i n s - 
h e i m . — 
T ur e n ne 
ravages 
the Pala- 
t i n a t e . — 
Battle of 
Seneffe be- 
tween 
Conde and 
William of 
Orange. 

1675. Death 
of Turenne 
at S a 1 z - 
bach. 



1677. Victory 
over the 
Prince of 
Orange at 
Mont-Cas- 

1678.' Peace 
of Nime- 
guen with 
Holland 
and Spain 
— restores 
tranquil - 
lity to Eu- 
rope. — ■ 
France 
wins Fran- 
che-Comte. 

France the 
most form- 
i d a b 1 e 
power i n 
Europe. 



1678 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



157 





Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1669 


Nithard, the Jesuit, 
dr i V e n from 
Spain. 








1670 


Cosmo III., grand 
duke of Tuscany. 
Clement X., 
pope. 






1670. Denmark:— Chris- 
tian V. 


1671 


Spain AHiancewith 
Holland. 












1672. The em- 


1672. The 


1672. Sea fight between 






peror and 


sultan in- 


the Dutch fleet, under 






elector of 


vades Po- 


De Witt and De Ruyter, 






Brandenburg 


land. 


and the English and 






ally themselves 




French fleets — Dutch de- 






with Holland 




feated. 






against France. 




Holland: William III., 






1673. War of the 


1673. —de- 


stadtholder. 






empire and 


feated by 








France. 


Sobieski at 








1673. Treaty of 


Choczim. 




1674 


Revolt of Messina 


The Hague 




1674. Poland:— John So- 




in favor of 


against France 




bieski. 




France. 


1675. Turenne 




1675. The Swedes invade 


1676 


Messina blockaded 


and Monte- 


1676. Peace 


Brandenburg and are 




by the Dutch 


cuculi opposed 


of Zurawno 


defeated at Fehrbellin. 




and Spanish 


on the Rhine. 


with Po- 






fleets. 


The elector of 


land. 






Death of De 


Brandenburg 








Ruyter. 


defeats the 








Innocent XI., 


Swedes at 




1677. Battle of the Lund; 




pope. 


Fehrbellin and 
gains Pomer- 
ania. 

1678. Hungarian 

revolt under 
Tokolyi. 


1678. First 
war with 
Russia be- 
gins. 


between the Swedes and 
Danes; the latter de- 
feated. 



158 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1680 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1680 



1681 



1684 



1687 



(about) Tramways with 
wooden rails near New 
castle. 

Penny post established in 
London. 

Lully, from Florence 
founder of French opera. 

John Dryden's Absalom 
and Achitophel. 

Increase Mather, American 
theologian. 

Molinos, founder of Quiet- 
ism. 



1682. Founding 
of Philadel 
phi a by Wil 
liam Penn. 



(about) Telegraphs invent- 1684. Massachu 
ed. setts deprived 

of its charter. 



Newton's Principia pub 
lished. 



1686. Sir Ed 
mund Andros 
governor of 
New England 



1688. General 
suppression of 
charter govern- 
ments. 



of King Wii 
liam's War 

Leisler i n, 
New York 



1683. "Ryehouse 
Plot." 

Execution of Lord 
Russell and Algernon 
Sidney. 

Mutiny at Bom 
bay. 



1685. James II. 
Rebellion of Mon- 
mouth, in England, 
and Argyle, in Scot- 
land; both defeated 
and executed. 

Judge Jeffreys. 

1686. The king favors 
the Catholics; 
establishes the 
Court of High Com 
mission. 



1687. Declaration of 
Indulgence pub- 
lished. 

1688. "Revolution of 
1688."— The Whigs, 
apply to the prince! 
of Orange, who lands' 
in England with an 
army — the king flees 
to France. 



1681. The 
French 
seize 
Strassburg. 

1683. Inva- 
sion of the 
Spanish 
N ether- 
lands. 



1684. Truce 
of Ratis- 
bon for 
twenty 
years with 
Spain. 

1685. Revo- 
cation of 
the Edict 
of Nantes. 



1688. War of 
Spain, 
the League 
of • Augs- 
burg, the 
empire, 
Holland, 
Savoy, and 
England 
agai ns t 

1689. Beginning' 1689. William III. and! 1689. Grand 

Mary II. I alliance 

The Bill of Rights.l against 

Toleration Act, and France 

Mutiny Bill passed. headed by 

War with France. William 

James II. lands in III. 
Ireland — besieges 
Londonderry. 



1689 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



159 



A.D. 


Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 


Germany, 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The World, el&ewhere. 


1680 


Duke of Medina- 


1680. Great part 




1680. Sweden:— Diet of 




Ci^li first minis- 


of Alsace seiz- 




Stockholm. The king 




ter in Spain^ 


ed by France. 


1682. War 

with the 
empire. 


becomes absolute, 

1682. Russia: — Ivan and 
Peter rule, their sister 
Sophia, regent. 






1683. Turkish 


1683. Total 


1683. Denmark: — The 






war; siege of 


rout be- 


Code of King Christian 






Vienna by the 


fore Vi- 


published. 






Turk s — v i c - 


enna. The 








toryot the Ger- 


vizier 








mans and Poles 


Kara Mus- 








under Charles 


tapha put 








of Lorraine 


to death. 




1684 


Genoa bombarded 


and John So- 


1684. Alliance 






by the French. 


bieski. 


of Venice 
with Po- 
land and 
the em- 
pire against 
the Porte. 




1686 


The duke of Savoy 


1686. League of 


1686. Russia 


1686. India:— The Dekkan 




persecutes the 


Augsburg or- 


dec lares 


conquered by Aurung- 




Vaudois. 


ganized against 
France. 

Buda taken 
after being held 
by the Turks 
145 years. 

1687. D^ecisive 
victory of Mo- 
hacz: Croatia 


war. 

Venice 
conquers 
the Morea; 
Buda taken 
b y the 
Im p aria- 
lists. 
16:i7. Revolu- 
t i n in 
Co nst an- 


zeb. 






and Transyl- 


t i nopl e ; 


1688. Prussia:— Frederick 






vania subdued. 


M oham- 


III. 






Joseph I. 


med de- 








crowned king 


throned 








of Hungary. 


Solyman II. 

1687. Athens 
bombarded 
by the Ve- 
netians. 




1689 


Revolt of Cata- 


1689. Grand al- 




1689. Russia: — Peter the 




lonia in favor of 


liance ratified 




Great begins personal 




France. 


at Vienna. 




rule after overthrowing 




Alexander 


The Palati- 




his sister Sophia and 




VIII.. pope. 


nate desolated 
by the French. 




repressing the Streltsi. 

First trade with China. 

India: — Height of the 
Mogul power under Au- 
rungzeb. 

China: — Great in- 
fluence of Jesuits, 



1 6c 




TABULAR VIEWS I 


690 A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


1690 


Leibnitz, German philoso- 


1690. The Eng- 


1690. Wil'iam in Ire-' 1690. Naval 




pher. 


lish settle- 


land. — Battle of the 


victory 




Bossuet, French pulpit 


ments of 


Boyne. James de- 


over the 




orator; La Bruyere, 


Schenectady, 


feated, returns to 


Dutch and 




critic. 


Casco, Me. 


France. 


English at 




Purcell, English musician.. 


and Salmon 
Falls, N. H,, 
destroyed by 
the French. 

Port Royal 
Nova Scotia 
reduced by 
Sir William 
Phipps. 

Expedition 
against Quebec 
unsuccessful. 
1691. Schuyler 
defeats the 
French at La 
Prairie. 

Leisler execut- 
ed. 


1691. Limerick taken, 
and William acknow- 
ledged. 


B e a c h y 
Head. 
Victory cf 
Lu xem - 
bourg, at 
Fleurus. 






1692. Maryland a 


1692. Invasion of Eng- 1692. The 






royal province. 


land undertaken by, Frenchfleet 




1 


the French in favor defeated at 


1692 


Witchcraft superstition in New England. 


of James. — Naval La Hogue. 




John Locke and Sir Isaac 


victory by the Dutch Marshal 




Newton in England. 




and English.— The 


L u x e m - 




Boileau, F^nelon, and 




Glencoe massacre. 


bourg de 




Bayle, in France. 






feats Wil 
Ham at Ste 


1693 


National debt of England 


1693. N. York:— 




enkirk, and 




begins. 


Ep i scopac y 


1693. — at 


1694 


Bank of England founded. 


introduced. 


1694. Bank of England Neerwin- 






William and 


incorporated. Death 


den. 




Publication of the diction- 


Mary's College 


of Queen Mary. 






ary of the French Acad- 


founded. 








emy. 












1697. Acadia re- 


1697. General peace of 


Ryswick — 






stored to the 


between 






French by the 


1698. First partition 


France and 






Treaty of 


treaty, between 


the allies. 






Ryswick. 


Louis XIV. and 
William III., 
to dispose of the 
crown and _ posses- 
sions of Spain. 








1699. French 


1698. Visit of Peter 








colony in 


the Great. 








Louisiana at 










Biloxi. 







1699 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



i6i. 





Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The V/orld, elsewhere.. 






1690. Joseph I. 


1690. Musta- 








elected king of 


pha Kio- 








the Romans by 


prili drives 








the Diet of 


the Austri- 








Augsburg. — 


ans across 








Victories of 


the Danube 








the Turks at 


- — recovers 








Nissa, Belgrade 


Belgrade. 








Widdin, and 










other places. 






1691 


Incursion of the 
French into Ara- 
gon. 

Innocent XII., 
pope. 




1691. Ahmed 
I I .— D e - 
feat and 
death of 
K io pril i 
at Szelan- 
kemen. 




1693 


Battle of Marsas:- 
lia — the allies in 






1693. Sweden:— The king 
formally declared abso- 




Italy defeated by 




1694. Chios 


lute. 




the Marshal 




taken by 






Catinat. 




the Vene- 
tians. 

1695. Musta- 
pha II. 

1696. —leads 
his own ar- 
my. 


1695. Holland :— Bombard - 
ment of Brussels by the 
French, under Villeroi. 

1696. Poland:— Death of 
Sobieski — succeeded by 


1697 


Peace of Rysw 


ck 


1697. Defeat- 


1697. Frederick Augustus I. 




Spain: — Intrigues 


1697. Victory 


edatZenta. 


Sweden: — Charles XII. 




for the success- 


over the Sultan 




(15 years old) becomes 




ion. 


Mu=tapha at 
Zenta, by the 
Prince Eugene. 


1699. Peace 
of Carlo- 
witz. 

The Ot- 
toman 
power 
broken. 


king. 

Russia : — I ntroduc- 
tion of various manufac- 
tures — equipment of a 
fleet, etc. 

1699. Denmark:— F r e d - 
erick IV. becomes king. 
Alliance of Denmark, 
Russia, and Poland 
against Charles XII. of 
Sweden. 



1 62 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1700 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


1700 


Academy of Sciences at 
Berlin founded. 

Massillon, pulpit orator, in 

France. 
Godfrey Kneller, English 




1700. A British fleet 
sent to assist Charles 
XII., of Sweden. 


^^ 




painter. 1 1701. Yale Col- 


1701. War of the Spanish succession. 




Cotton Mather's Magvalia: 


lege founded. 






Clarendon's History of 








the Grand Rebellion. 






.1702 


Incorporation of the 


1702. Beginning 


1702. The French invade Holland 




United British East 


of Queen Anne's 


under BoufHers — repulsed by 




India Company. 


War. 


Marlborough. 








Anne becomes queen 




1703 


St. Petersburg founded. 


1703. Appalachian 


1703. Methuen treaty 


1703. Revolt 




Swift's Tale of a Tub pub- 


Indians sub- 


of commerce with 


of the 




lished. 


dued in the 


Portugal. 


Camisards 




Flourishing period of 


Carolinas. 




suppressed 




French literature. — 


Maine ravag- 




by Mar- 




Great splendor in the 


ed by French 




shal Villars, 




French court. 


and Indians. 










1704. Deerfield 


1704. Marlborough enters Germany, 






attacked by 


gains the battle of Blenheim. 






the French. 


Gibraltar taken by 








Boston News- 


Rooke. 








Leiter, fi r s t 






1705 


Death of Spener, founder 


Am erican 








of Pietism. 


periodical. 








1706. Carolina 


1706. Battle of Ramillies, Villeroi 






threatened by 


defeated by Marlborough. 






the French and 










Spanish. 




g 


1707 


Isaac Watt's Hymns. 


1707. Unsuccess- 
ful expedition 


1707. Treaty of union 
with Scotland. 


1 






against Port 


Victory of Almanza over thel 






Royal. 


English and Portuguese by the! 
French under Berwick. 1 








The first united 


> 








parliament of Great 










Britain meets. 








1708. The Say- 


1708. Battle of Gudeni 


irde, — French 






brook platform 


defeated. 






formed. 


Sardinia and Minorca captured 
by the English. 








Unsuccessful at- 










tempt of the Preten- 










der to land in Scot- 




i 
j 






land. 





I708 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



165. 



A.D. 


Italy, Spain, and 


Germany. 


Ottoman 


The World, elsewhere:. 




Portugal. 




Empire. 




1700 


Clement 'XI., pope. 
Death of Char- 
les II., of Spain, 
who names the 
duke of Anjou 
as his successor. 






1700. Russia:— Peter the 
Great invades Ingria — 
defeated by Charies XII., 
at Narva. 

War of the Northern 
Powers. 


1701 Spain:- -Philip V. 


1701. Prussia is 


/ 


1701. Charies XII. invades 






erected into a 




Poland — is victorious at 






kingdom under 




Riga. 






Frederick I. 










Grand alli- 






1702 


Victory of Luzzara 


ance of The 




1702. — enters Warsaw — 




gained by the 


Hague, be- 




takes Cracow. 




French over the 


tween England, 




Victory of Pultusk. 




imperialists. 


Holland, and 
the empire, to 
prevent the 
union of 
France and 
Spain. 
1703. The Hun- 
garians rise 
under Ragot - 










sky and threat- 


1703. Ahmed 


1703. Charies wins the 






en Vienna. 


III. 


battle of Clissow. 


1704 


The archduke 
Charles enters 
Spain and is pro- 
claimed king. 






1704. Poland: — The throne 
declared vacant and 
Stanislas Leszczynski 
elected king. 


1705 


Barcelona taken by 
the allies. 


1705. Joseph I. 






1706 


French driven 
from Italy by 
Prince Eugene 
after the battle 
of Turin. 

Portugal : — 
John V. 

English and 
Portuguese enter 
Madrid. 






1706. The Swedes victor- 
ious over the Saxons and 
Russians at Frauen- 
staat. 


1707 


All the Spanish 
possessions in 
Italy abandoned 
to the allies. 

Spain: — Battle of 
Almanza is fol- 
lowed by the 
downfall of the 
archduke. 


1708. Hungarians 
under Ragot - 
sky defeated 
by the im- 
perial forces. 




1707. Charles XII. con- 
cludes peace of Altran- 
stadt in which Augustus 
abandons his claims to 
the Polish crown. 

1708. Russia —Revolt of 
the Cossack Mazeppa. 

1708. Charles invades 
Russia, crosses the 
Dnieper, and is 



164 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1709 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


Great Britain. 


France. 






1709. First paper' 1709. The French un- 








money in New 


der Villars defeated 








York. 


at Malplaquet. 




1710 


Berkely's Principles oj 


1710. First post 


1710. Victory of Vendome at Villa- 




Human Knowledge. 


office at New 


viciosa. 






York. 


Dr. Sacheverell's 








Fruitless ex- 


trial. — Collision ol 








pedition against 


Whig and Tory prin- 








Canada. 


ciples. 
/ 




1713 


The famous bull Unigeni- 


1713. Queen 


/ 

1713. Peace of Utrecht. 




tus against the French 


Anne's War 


Perpetual separation of _ the 




Jansenists.' 


closed by 


crowns of France and Spain. 






the treaty of 


England acquires Newfoundland, 






Utrecht which 


Acadia, and Hudson's Bay, also 






gives Acadia 


Minorca and Gibraltar. Spanish 






to the English. 


Netherlands ceded to Aus- 
tria; Dutch to hold Barrier 
forts against France; England ob- 
tains assiento from Spain; begin- 
ning of English naval and colonial 






supremacy. 








1714. Factions at court 


1714. Peace 








■ — disgrace of Harley 


of Ra- 








chancellor of the ex- 


stadt: the 








chequer. 


em p eror 








Deathof the queen 


ack now - 








House of Han- 


ledges 








over: — George I. 


Philip V.- 








Townshend, pre- 


king of 








mier. 


Spain on 
the cession 
of Lombar- 
dy, Naples, 
and Sar- 
dinia. 


1717 


The monastery of Mafra, 


1715. Indian wai 


1715. Insurrection of 1715. Louis 




"the wonder of Portu- 


in South 


Jacobites. — Battles 


XV. 




gal," built. 


Carolina. 


of Sheriffmuir and 


Duke of 




Prior, Steele, De Foe, 




Preston. 


Orleans re- 




Addison, Pope, flourish 




War against Swe- 


gent. — Du- 




in England. Le Sage 




den. 


bois, minis- 




publishes his Gil Bias. 






ter. 



I/I/ A.D. 



OB' UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



165 





Italy, Sp.»in, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 








1709. Charies 


1709. defeated at Pultowa. 








XII. takes 


Sweden at war with 








refuge at 


Denmark. 






1710. Treaty 


Bender — 


Poland: — Frederick 






of The Hague 


hence war 


Augustus reascends the 






between Eng- 


with Rus- 


throne. 






land, Holland, 


sia. 








and the empire. 






1711 


C h a r I e s leaves 
Spa!n on be- 
coHiing emperor. 


1711. Charles VI. 
Ministry of 
Count Zin- 
zendorf. 

1713. Pragmatic 
Sanction, vest- 
ing the suc- 
cession to 
Austria in the 
daughters of 
Charles. 




1713. Prussia:— Frederick 
William I. 


1714 


Barcelona taken by 


1714. Peace of 


1714. War of 


1714. Russia:— Naval vic- 




Berwick. Alber- 


Rastadt and 


Venice 


tory over the Swedes. 




oni prime minis- 


Baden with 


with the 


Aland and Finland con- 




ter of Spain. 


France. 


Porte. 

1715. Corinth 
taken by 
the Turks 
— the em - 
peror joins 
V e n i c e — 
siege of 
Corfu rais- 
ed on the 
news of 
their 

1710.defeatat 
the battle 
of Peter- 
wardein. 

1717. Prince 
Eugene 
takes Bel- 
grade. 


quered. 

1715. Netherlands: — Bar- 
rier treaty with Austria. 
Sweden: — Return of 
Charles — Prussia and 
England join the alliance 
against him. 



166 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I718 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



America. 



1718|The "Appellants" 

I France, headed by the 
Cardinal de Noailles 
appeal from the bull 
Unigenitus to a gen 
eral council; but without 
effect. 

1719 Robinson Crusoe. 



1718. New Or 
leans settled by 
the French. 



1719. First Phil 
adelphia news 
paper. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1718. Quadruple alliance: the em- 
peror, England, Holland, and 
France against the designs of 
Spain. 



1719. Unsuccessful 
attempt to invade 
Scotland by the 
Spaniards. 
"The South Sea 
Scheme." 



1719 A.Do 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY^ 



167 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



1719. Italy:- Sicily 

invaded by the 

Spanish. 

Spain: — Alb er - 

oni falls from 

power. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



The World elsewhere. 



1718. ■ Quadruple 
al.iance against 
Spain. 



1718. Peace 
of Passaro- 
witz, be 
tween the 
Porte, Ve- 
nice, and 
the empire. 
Hungary 
lost to the 
Turks. 



171S. Charles XII. invades; 
Norway; is killed at the; 
siege of FredericshalL 



1719. Sweden: — Ulrica- 
El e o n o r a becomes 
queen. 



1 68 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1720 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England. 



1721 



Inoculation introduced by 
Lady Montague. The 
same year introduced 
into Boston by Dr. 
Boylston. 

The Moravian establish- 
ment at Herrnhut under 
the protection of Count 
Zinzendorf. 



1725 



1728 



Giovanni Battista Vico's 
Scienza Nuova. 



Behring's Strait discovered 



In England: 
Pope, Swift, 
Young, 
Thompson, 
Watts, Lord 
Bolingbroke, 
Doddridg e, 
Chesterfield. 



In France: 

J. B. Rous- 
seau, Le 

Sage, Roll in, 

Montes- 
quieu. 



1723. Increase 
died. 



Mather 



1724. War against the 
Abenaki Indians 
Maine; Father Rale 
killed. 

Fort Dummer in 
Vermont built. 

1725. First New York 
newspaper. 



1727. Great earthquake in 
New England. 

1728. Cotton Mather died. 
Discovery of diamond 

mines in Brazil. 

1729. The Carolinas sepa 
rated. 



1731 
1732 



1735 



1739 



Halley, astronomer. 

First lodge of Freemasons in America, at Philadelphia. 



Birth of Washington. 



Linnaeus publishes 
Systema Natures. 



1732. Birth of Washington, 
1733. Savannah founded, 



1734. Beginning of the 
his Great Awakening in 
New England. — Arrest 
of the printer Zenger in 
New York. 



Hume's Treatise on Human 
Nature. 



1720. Bursting of the 
"South Sea bubble." 

1721. Sir Robert Wal pole's 
ministry begins. 



1724. Swift's Drapier's 
Letters. 



1725. League of Hanover 
or Herrenhausen by 
England, France, and 
Prussia against Spain 
and Austria. 

1727. George I. dies at 
Osnaburg. 

George II. king. 

1728. Peace of Pardo with 
Spain. 

J 

1729. Treaty of Seville, be- 
tween France, Spain, 
England, and Holland. 



1731. treaty of Vienna 
with Spain and the 
empire. 



m 



1738 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



169 



France. 



1720 John Law, controller' 

general of the fi' 
nances. 



1723 



1724 
-25 



1728 
-29 



1733 



Louis XV. assumes 
the government 
and the Regency 
comes to an end 

Duke de Bourbon 
minister. 

Congress of Cambray 
to consider claims 
of Spain and Aus 
tria. 



Ministry of Cardinal 
Fleury. 



Congressof Soissons, 
includmg all the 
great powers ex- 
cepting Russia 
meets, and is dis' 
solved, without 
effecting anything 



i"W; 



ar of the Polish 
succession: France 
Spain, and Sardinia 
against Austria. 



Conquestof Lorraine 



1734 

173S^/Preliminaries 

peace at Vienna 
not concluded till 
1738 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1724. Spain:- 
Philip V. ab 
dicates but 
resumes pow- 
er after some 
months. 



1734. Conquest 
of Naples 
and Sicily by 
Don Carlos 



Germany. 



1720. Austria ob 
tains Sicily in 
exchange for 
Sardinia which 
is ceded to 
Savoy. 



1722. Charles VI. 
establishes the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 



1725: Treaty of 
Vienna .alliance 
between Spain 
and Austria 



1731. Charles VI 
abandons the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 

1733. War of the 
Polish succes- 
sion. 



1735. Prelimina 
ries of Vienna, 
final peace not 
concluded till 
1738. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1720. Sweden:-The queen 
abdicates in favor of her 
husband, Frederick I. 

172 1 . Italy : — Innocent 
XIII., pope. 

Peace of Nystadt between 
Sweden and Russia. 

Russia: — Peter as- 
sumes the title "Empe- 
ror of all the Russias 

The Danes re-enter 
Greenland. 

1723. Italy: — John Gaston 
(de' Medici), grand duke 
of Tuscany. 

Turkey:— The Turks 
and Russians attempt to 
dismember Persia. 

1724. Italy: — Benedict 
XIII., pope. 



1725. Russia:— Catherine 
I., widow of Peter. 

Turkey: — Invasion of 
Persia. 

1726. Russia: — Alliance 
with Austria. 

Peter II. 

1727. Turkey: — Peace of 
Bagdad with Persia. 



1730. Denmark: — Chris- 
tian VI. 

Italy: — Clement XII. 
pope. 

Russia: — Anne. 



1733. Poland:— Frederick 
Augustus II., The diet 
elects Stanislaus, but is 
compelled by the Rus- 
sian army to elect 
Frederick. 

1734. Stanislaus besieged 
in Dantzic, escapes to 
Konigsberg. 

Turkey: — Turks dri- 
ven from Persia by 
Nair Shah. 

1736. — war with Russia 
and Austria. 

1737. Italy: — Francis of 
Lorraine, grand duke of 
Tuscany. 



170 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1739 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



America. 



Great Britain. 



L. Holberg, 
matist. 



Danish dra 



1747 



Frederick the Great makes 

great improvements in 

military tactics. 
Durante, Handel, and Seb 

Bach, musical compos 

ers. 



Indigo first produced in 
Carolina. 

Swedenborg, philosopher 
and theologian. 

Mosheim, ecclesiastical hiS' 
tori an. 



1742. Invasion of Florida 
by Indians and Span- 
iards — repulsed. 



1745. Louisburg and Cape 
Breton taken from 
France by the English. 



1746. College of New Jer- 
sey at Princeton found- 
ed. 



17*8. Peace of Aix-la 
Chapelle restores Louis- 
burg to France; Ohio 
Company founded. 

1719. English settlement 
in Nova Scotia Halifax 
founded. 



1739. War with Spain 
(War of Jenkin's Ear). 
Porto Bello taken by 
Admiral Vernon. 



1740. Anson's voyage 
round the world, and 
capture of the Manila 
galleon. 



1744. English fleet defeated 
near Toulon. 



1745. Scotch rebellion — 
Charles Edward lands in 
Scotland. 



1746. He is defeated at 
Culloden. 



1747. Victories over the 
French off Belle-Isle and 
Cape Fiiiisterre. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la- 
restitution of conquests. 



175 I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



171 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1740|v.War of the Austrian 
succession. 



1739. War 
with Eng- 
land, for in 
fractions of 
the assiento 
treaty. 



i34 



rench defeated by 
the allies at Det 
tingen. 



1744]- War declared against 
England and Aus- 
tria. 



1745 



1746, 



1747 



Battle of Fontenoy, 
allies defeated. 



The French under 
Marshal Saxe over- 
run the Austrian 
Netherlands; Mad- 
ras taken from the 
English. 

Marshal Saxe defeats 
the duke of Cum- 
berland at Law- 
feld. 

French fleet defeated 
by Hawke off 
Belle-Isle. 

Chapelle. — m u t u a 1 



1746. Ferdi- 
nand VI., in 
Spain. 



1740. War of the 

Austrian suc- 
cession. —Maria 
Theresa suc- 
ceeds to the 
hereditary 
States. 

Frederick 
II. invades 
Silesia. 

1741. The French 
and Bavarians 
overrun Aus- 
tria, take Pra- 
Kue, and 

1742. crown Char- 
les VI I emperor 

Treaty of 
Berlin between 
Prussia and 
Austria gives 
greater part of 
Silesia to for- 
mer. 

The French 
driven across 
the Rhine. 



1745. Charles VII. 
dies. 

House of 
Lorraine: 

Francis I., 
husband of 
Maria Theresa, 
becomes em- 
peror; 

Prussian 
V i c t o r i e s 
at Hohenfried- 
berg, Henners- 
d o r f , and 
Kes s elsdorf. 
End of second 
Silesian war. 



1748. Peace of Aix -la -Chapelle; 
Spain and Pruosia the only 
gainers by the war. 



1739. India: — Invaded by 
Nadir Shah who takes 
and plunders Delhi. 

Turkey: — Turks vic- 
torious at Krotzka and 
conclude advantageous 
peace of Belgrade. 

1740. Italy :— Benedict 
XIV., pope. 

Russia: — Ivan VI. 
under regency of Biron. 



1741. Sweden: — War with 
Russia. Swedes driven 
out of Finland. 

Russia: — Elizabeth. 



1743. — Peace of Abo with 
Sweden gives to Russia 
southern Finland. 

Turkey: — War with 
Persia. Defeat near 
Erivan. 

1744. India: — Hostilities 
between French and 
English. 

1 1 a 1 y : — N o r t h e r n 
Italy occupied by 
French and Spaniards, 
who take 
1745. — Parma, Milan, and 
Piacenza. Genoa bom- 
barded by the English. 



1746. — French and Span- 
iards driven from Lom- 
bardy. 

Denmark: — Fred- 
erick V. 

1747. Netherlands:— Wil- 
Ham IV., stadtholder. 

Persia: — Nadir Shah 
assassinated. 



1751. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam v., stadtholder. 

Denmark : — Ministry 
of Count Bemstorff. 

Sweden: — House of 
Holstcin-Gottorp: Adol- 
phus Frederick. 



172 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1752 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1752 Franklin's discoveries in 

electricity. 

England introduces the 

"New Style" Calendar. 

British Museum founded. 



1753 



1761 



British: 
Alan Ram- 
say, 
Shenstone, 
Gray, 
Collins, 
Akenside, 
Churchill. 

Hogarth, 



French: 
Helvetius, 
J. J. Rous 
seau. 
Germany: 

Gellert, 
Winck- 
elmann. 
Wilson, 



and 



Joshua Reynolds, paint- 



Niebuhr's travels in Ara- 
bia. Wesley and Whitefield 
preachers. 



1765 



Philadephia M e d i c a 
School, first in America. 

Appearance of Black- 
stone's Commentaries. 



Hostilities between England and France over 
1752. The new style intro- 
duced; the year hereafter 
commences Jan. 1. 

1753. Washington's mis 
to the French at 

Fort Le Bceuf, 

1754. Washington builds 
Fort Necessity. — King's 
College (Columbia) 
founded. 

1755. Defeat of Braddock. 



1756. Oswego taken by the 
French. 



1757. Fort Wm. Henry 
captured by the French. 



1758. Repulse of Aber- 
crombie at Ticonderoga 

Fort Du Quesne 
taken by the English 
Louisburg captured by 
Gen. Amherst. 

1759. Invasion of Canada 
— death of Wolfe- 
Quebec taken. 

Capture of Niagara, 
Crown Point, and Ticon 
deroga. 



1763^ End of 

French War. 



1756. "Seven Years' 
Subsidiary alliance 

with Prussia. 

Ministry of Willianr 

Pitt, the elder. 



1757. Victory of Plassey, 
in India, won by Clive. 



1759. Naval victories over 
Lagos, and in Quiberon 

Surat , in India, taken. 

1760. George III. 



1761. Earl of Bute, 
mier. 



pre- 



the Old 



1762. War with Spain. 
Conquest of Havana, 

Trijiidad, and Manila. 

1763. Peace of Paris, be- 
and England; Canada 
Britain. 



1 1765. Stamp Act resisted! 1765. Bengal ceded to the 

,. in Masoachusetts and ^^^^, ^"^'"^ 9°I?,Pt"l ^J 
the treaty of Allahabad. 



Virginia. 

Stamp Act Congress! 
at New York. I 



1765 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



^71 



France 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



the Ohio country. 



1754 



The loss of Dupleix's 
conquests in India 



War." 



1757 Invasion of Hanovei 
by the French; 
victorious at 

Hastenbeck, de 
feated at Ross 
bach. 



1758i Defeat at Crefeldt 
on the Rhine. 



the French off Cape 
Bay. 



1760 Loss of all Canada. 



176 Ij The Bourbon Fam 
! ily Compact. 
Capture of Belle-Isle 
by the English 



tween France, Spain, 

ceded to Grea 

1764; E.xpulsion of the 

I Jesuits. 



1755. Earth- 
quake at 
Lisbon. 



^59. Charles 
III. in Spain 



1754. 

in. 



Turkey: — Othman 



1756. Seven 
Years' War be 
tween Austria 
and Prussia. 

Invasion 
and conquest 
of Saxony, by 
Frederick II 
Battle of Lo 
bositz won. 

Alliance with 
France. 

1757. Prussians 
victorious at 
Prague, Ross 
bach, and 
Leuthen; de- 
feated at Kol 
lin and Gross 
iagerndorf. 

1758. French de 
feated at Cre 
feldt. 



1759. and at Min 
den. 

Russians and 
Austrians de 
feat Frederick 
at Kunersdorf 
Lresden retak 
en. 

1760. Fredenck 
defeated at 
Landshut, vic- 
torious at Lieg- 
nitz and Tor- 
gau. 

1762. Prussians 
victorious at 
Burkersdorf. 

1763. Peace of 
Hubertsburg. 



1765. Joseph II 
emperor. 



1755. Italy: — TheCorsi- 
cans under Paoli, revolt 
against Genoa. 

1756. India: — Calcutta 
taken by Surajah Dow- 
lah of Bengal; the Black 
Hole. 



1757. Turkey: — Mustapha 
111. 



1758. Italy : — Clement 
XIII., pope. 



1761. India: — Siege and 
capture of Pondicherry, 
by the English. 

1762. Kingdom of Mysore 
founded by Hyder Ali. 

Russia: — Peter III. 
Catherine II. 

1764. Poland: — Stanislaus 
Poniatowski elected 
king. 

1765. India:— Treaty of 
Allahabad. 

Establishment of a 
British Empire. 

Italy : — Peter Leopold, 
grand duke of Tuscany. 



1/4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1766 A.D.-- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1766 Wallis and Carteret's voy- 

I age of discovery in the 
I South Seas. 

1767 Spinning -jenny invented 

by Hargreaves in Eng- 
land. 

1768 Cook's first voyage of dis 

covery. 
Bruce begins exploration 

of the Nile. 
Royal Academy of Arts 

in England; Joshua 

Reynolds first president 

1769 Letters of Junius. — Ark- 

Wright's spinning frame; 
Watt's steam engine. 

1770Whitefield dies at New- 
bury port. 



1771 First edition of the Ency 
clopasdia Britannica. 



1766. Stamp Act repealed 
The Declaratory Act 



1768. British troops in 
Boston. 



1769. Daniel Boone ex 
plores Kentucky. 



1770. Boston Massacre. 



1772. Hancock, S. Adams 
and Patrick Henry pro 
mote the Revolution. 



1773. Tea destroyed at 
Boston. 



1774 Priestley discovers oxygen. 1774. Boston Port Bill. 

Continental Congress at 
Philadelphia. 



1766. Stamp Act repealed. 
New ministry under the 
earl of Chatham. 

1767. First war with Ryder 
Ali in Mysore begins. 



1768. The Wilkes agita- 
tion. 



1769. Hyder Ali plunders 
the Camatic. 



1770. Ixird North, prime 
minister. 



1772. Warren Hastings 
head of government in 
Bengal. 

The Boston Port Bill 
passed. 

Wairen Hastings gov. 
ernor-general of India. 



1775. American Revolutionary War. 

April 19, skirmish at 1775. Lord North's "con- 
Lexington, ciliatory measures" re- 
Second Continental jected by the colonies. 
Congress. 

June 17, battle of 
Bunker Hill. 

Washington, com- 

mander-in-chief. 

Montgomery takes St. John's and Montreal, and 
falls at Quebec. 



1775 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



175 



A..D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1766 


Lorraine annexed to 




1766. Denmark: — Chris- 




France on the death of 




tian VII. 




Stanislaus Leszczynski. 




1767. Spain: — Jesuits ex- 
pelled. 

India: — Hyder Ali re- 
sists the English. 


1768 


Genoa cedes Corsica to 




1768. War between Russia 




France. 




and the Ottoman Em- 
pire. 

Ali Bey, ruler of 
Egypt, rebels against 
Turkey. 


1769 


Paoli defeated and Corsica 




1769. Pope Clement XIV. 




subdued. 




The Russian army oc- 
cupies Wallachia and 
Moldavia. 


1770 


Marriage of the dauphin 

with Marie Antoinette. 

Fall of Choiseul; attack 

on the parlement; Ma- 








dame DuBarry rules the 




1771. Sweden: — Gustavus 




king. 


J 


III. succeeds. 

The Russians overrun 
the Crimea. 






1772; Joseph II. takes part 


1772/ First partition of 






in the first partition of 


Poland, among Russia, 






Poland, the territory 


Prussia, and Austria. 






acquired being made in- 








to the kingdom of Gali- 




1773 


Avignon ceded to the pope 


cia. 


1773. Ottoman Empire: — 




after the suppression of 




The Russians are re- 




the Jesuits. 




pulsed at Varna and 
Silistria. 

Pope Clement abol- 
ishes the order of Jesuits. 

Russia: — Revolt of the 
Cossack Pugatcheft', 
calling himself Czar 
Peter. 

Ottoman Empire: — 
Abdul Hamid succeeds. 


1774 


Louis XVI. becomes 


1774. Austrians occupy 


1774. India:— Warren 




king; Marie Antoinette, 


Bukovina. 


Hastings, first British 




queen. — Maurepas, 




governor-general . 




prime minister; Turgot, 




Peace of Kutchuk- 




minister of finance. 




Kainarji between Russia 


1775 


Malesherbes, minister oi 




and Turkey. 




the interior. 




1775. Pope Pius VL 
Bassora taken by the 

Persians. 

1776. India: — Lord Pigot, 
governor of Madras im- 
prisoned by his own 
council. 



176 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1776 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1776 



Appearance of Adam 
timitn's Wealth of Na- 
tions and the first vol- 
ume of Gibbon's Rome. 



1778 



In England 

Goldsmith, 

Warburton, 

Johnson, 

Lowth, 

Garrick, 

Hume, 

Robertson, 

Blackstone, 

Adam Smith 

Home Tooke 

Priestley, 

Horsley, 

Burke, 

Pitt, 

Fox, 

Cooper, 

Sheridan, 

McPherson, 

Bums, 

Karnes 

Reid. 



Death of 
Rousseau 



1776. The British troops 
evacuate Boston. 



France: 
Voltaire, 
Rousseau, 
Diderot, 
^ondillac, 
Jusiieu, 
Lavoisier, 
La Harpe, 
Barthelemy, 
Buffon. 

Germany: 
Mosheim, 
Zimmermann, 
Kant, 
Klopstock, 
Lessing, 
Wieland, 
Herder, 
Goethe, 
Sw:Linnffius, 
It:Metastasio 

Russia: 
Kheraskov, 
Derzhavin, 
Bogdanovich 
Khemnitzer. 
Voltaire and 
— Discovery 

of tne Sandwich Islands 

by Captain Cook. 



1776. The city of London 
remonstrates against the 
American war. 
Moultrie defeats the English at Sullivan's Island. 



1780 



1781 



1783 



1784 



Sunday Schools established 
in England, by Robert 
Raikes. 



Herschel's discovery of 

Uranus. 
Appearance of _ Kant's 

Kritik der reinen Ver- 

nunft. 



Air balloon of Montgolfier. 



First American daily 
newspaper in Philadel 
phia. 



The British army takes 
possession of New York. 
Hessians hired for 
service in America. 



Declaration of Inde 
pendence, July 4. 

Americans under Put- 
nam and Sullivan de- 
feated on Long Island, 
Aug. 27. 

Battle of White Plains 
Oct. 28. 

Battle of Trenton, 
Dec. 26. 
1777. Arrival of Lafayette. 

Capture of Ticonderoga by the British. 

Battles of Princeton, January 3;. Bennington^ 
Aug. 16; Brandywine, September 11, and Still- 
water, September 19. 

Philadelphia taken by the English. — Battle of 
Germantown, Oct. 4; Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7; 
Gates receives Burgoyne's surrender, Oct. 17. 

Articles of confedera-| 
tion, adopted by Con 
gress, Nov. 15. 



1778. Alliance with France. 1778. Capture of Pondi- 
Battle of Monmouth, cherry in India. 

June 28. 

Arrival of the French 
fleet under D'Estaing. 

Massacre of Wyoming. 

Savannah taken by 
the English. 

1779. Wayne recovers 
Stony Point. 

Paul Jones's victory 
off Flamborough Head, 
England. 

1780. British take Charles- 
ton; battle of Camden; 
De Kalb killed. 

Treason of Arnold. 
Battle of King's Moun- 
tain 

1781. Battle of Cowpens 
gained by Morgan; bat 
ties of Guilford Court 
House, Hobkirk's Hill 
and Eutaw Springs. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 

1782. Rodney destroys De 
Grasse's fleet at Domini- 
ca. 



1780. War with Hyder AH, 
who conquers the Car- 
natic. 

War with Holland. 
Gordon "No-Popery" 
riots in London. 

1781. Naval victory off the 
Doggerbank. 



Articles of Confedera- 
tion become effective. 



1783. Peace of Versailles: 

Independence of the United States acknowledged 
by Great Britain. 

1783. Pitt, the younger. 



1784. First ordinance for 
government of North- 
west Territory, 



premier. 
1784. Peace with Tippoc 
Sahib. 



1784 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



1 77 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1776 Necker, director of finance, 
Silas Deane in Paris ob- 
tains help for the Ameri- 
can cause. 



1777 



177S 



1779 



1780 



1781 



1782 



1783 



Franklin in France. 
Lafayette sails for America. 



Alliance with America. 



St. Vincent and Grenada 
taken by D'Estaing. 



Rochambeau 
America. 



Necker resigns. 



Defeat of De Grasse in the 
West Indies, by Rodney 



Peace of Versailles. 



1778. " Wars of the Bava- 
varian succession" re- 
sulting from Joseph II. 's 
attempt to acquire ter- 
ritory in Bavaria. 



1779. Congress and Peace 
of Teschen settles the 
differences arising from 
the Bavarian question. 



1781. Joseph II. proclaims 
freedom of religion in 
his territories. 



1782. Reforms of Joseph II. 
Punishment of death 
abolished. Monasteries 
suppressed. 

The pope visits the 
emperor, to dissuade 
him from hostilities 
against the church. 

1784. Joseph II. attempts 
to open the Scheldt to 
navigation. 



1777. Portugal : — Maria, 
queen. 

Spain: — Florida Blanca, 
foreign minister. 



1778. India: — War between 
the English and the 
Mahrattas. 



1779. Spain : — Alliance 
with the American colo- 
nists. 



1780. Declaration of the 
armed neutrality by 
Russia, Denmark, and 
Sweden to protect neu- 
tral flags from the right 
of search claimed by 
Britain. 

Hyder Ali overruns 
the Carnatic. 



1782. Gibraltar held against 
Spanish and French. 

India : — Rise of chief 
of Mahrattas. 
Tippoo sultan ofMysore. 

1783. — alliance with the 
French. 

Crimea united to 
Russia. 

1784. Pitt's India Bill: In- 
dian affair; placed under 
the Board of Control. 



1/8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1785 A.D.- 



A.D. I Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1785 



1786 



1788 



1789 



La P^rouse begins voyage 1785. John Adams, first 



of exploration in the 
South Pacific. 



Bums's Poems published. 



Appearance of the London 
Times. 

Herschel's telescope. 
Talma, the celebrated 
tragedian. 

Tom Paine, 

Fisher Ames. 

Hannah More, 

Gainsborough, 

Morland. 

Boguslawski, 

Krasicki, Polish authors. 

Alfieri, Italian poet. 

Gluck, 

Haydn, 

Mozart, 

Beethoven. 



minister from the United 
States of America to 
Great Britain; Jefierson 
minister to France. 
1786. Shays's Rebellion in 
Massachusetts. 



1787. General Convention 
at Philadelphia. 

Federal Constitution 
of the United States, 
adopted. 

1788. Marietta in Ohio set- 
tled. 

1789. George Washington 
president: 

Jefferson, Hamilton, 
Knox, and Randolph 
form the cabinet. 



1791. First United States 
Bank. 

Vermont admitted to 
the Union. 



1792. Kentucky admitted 
to the Union. 

United States Mint 
established. 



1786. Warren Hastings 
succeeded by Comwallis. 



1787. Warren Hastings 
impeached. 

First convicts trans- 
ported to Australia 
(Botany Bay). 

1788. The king insane. 
Death of Charles Edward 
the last pretender. 

Trial of Warren Hast- 
ings. 



1791. Death of John 

Wesley. 



1792 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



179 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1785^ The affair of the Diamond 
Necklace increases the 
unpopularity of Marie 
Antoinette. 



1787 Financial difficulties. — 
New taxation; Calonne, 
Brienne, and Necker, 
ministers successively. 

1788 Second meeting of the 
Notables. 

1789 French Revolution. July 
14, the Bastile .stormed ; 
August 4, the Constitu- 
ent Assembly resolves on 
the abolition of feudal 
privileges; Oct. 5-6, 
the Paris mob marches 
on Versailles and brings 
the king to the Tuileries; 
Nov. 2, the property of 
the church confiscated. 

1790 July 14, the Feast of Fed- 
eration, the king accepts 
the newly drafted con 
stitution; Aug. 31 
military uprising at 
Nancy suppressed by 
Bouille. 

1791 April 2, death of Mirabeau , 
the radical element gain 
control of the revolu 
tion; June 20, the royal 
family flee to Varennes; 
they are brought back; 
Sept. 14, the king swears 
to the perfected con 
stitution; Oct. 1, the 
Legislative Assembly 
convenes. 

1792^April 20, war declared 
against Prussia and 
Austria; June 20, the 
mob invades the Tuil 
eries; Aug. 10, the 
Tuileries stormed and 
the royal family lodged 
in the Temple; Sept 2 
the Paris mob massacres 
the royalists in the 
prisons; Sept. 20, the 
cannonade of Valmy, a 
Republican success 

Sept. 21, France de 
Glared a Republic by the 
Convention; Nov. 6 
Dumouriez defeats the 
Austrians at Jemappes. 



1785i Joseph's plan to ac- 
quire Bavaria frustrated 
by Frederick II., who 
form= the " Flirsten- 
bund." 

1786. Prussia: — Death of 
Frederick the Great. — 
Frederick William II. 



1788. War against Turkey. 
The Austrian Nether- 
lands revolt. 



1790. Leopold II., empe- 
peror. 



1791. Conference of Pilnitz 
between Leopold II. and 
Frederick William II. of 
Prussia who issue a 
warning to the revolU' 
tionary party in France 



1792. Francis II., emperor. 

French take Spires, 

Mainz, and Longwy. — 

Lafayette imprisoned at 

Olmiitz. 



1787. Russia:- 
the Porte. 



-War with 



1788'. Spain:— Charles IV. 
War between Sweden 

and Russia. 
1789. Ottoman Empire: — 

SeUm III. 



1790. Tuscany; 
nand III. 



-Ferdi- 



1792. Sweden: — Gustavus 
IV. 



i8o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1793 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. United States. 



Great Britain. 



1793 



Whitney's cotton gin. 



1794 



Ecole Polytechnique 
Paris founded. 



1793. Washington re-elec- 
ted. 

Neutrality in regard 
to France. 



1793\if'irst coalition against 
France, directed by Eng- 
land — Austria, the em- 
pire, Prussia, Sardinia, 
Spain, and Holland. 



1795 



1796 



Pestalozzi, educator. 
Mungo Park, African 

traveller. 
Institute of Francef ounded. 



Jenner 
tion. 



begins vaccina- 



1799 



Voltaic pile invented. 



1794, Jay's treaty with England 
Commencement of the 
navy — 6 frigates built. — French 

Whiskey Insurrection in Corsica. 
Pennsylvania. 



1795. Wayne's treaty with 
the Western Indies. 



1796. Washington declines 
a re-election. 

Tennessee admitted to 
the Union. 

1797. .Tohn Adams, second 
president. 

The X Y Z papers. 



1798. War with France. 
Washington commander 
in-chief. The Alien and 
Sedition Laws; the Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky 
Resolutions. 



1799. Death of Washington. 



driven from 



1795. War with Holland. 
Cape of Good Hope 
taken. 

Warren Hastings ac- 
quitted. 

173G. Outbreak of Irish 
rebellion. 



1798. Irish rebellion. — 
Nelson's victory at the 
battle of the Nile. 



1799. Second coalition 
against France. — Serin- 
gapatam taken by the 
English and Tippoo 
Sahib killed. 



1800. Seat of government 1800. Union of England 
nansf erred to Washing- and Ireland effected. — 
ton, D. C. Malta taken. 



ISOO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



i8i 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1793 



Jan. 21, execution of 



Louis XVI.; March 18, 

Dumouriez defeated at 

Neerwinden; April 

Committee of Public 

Safety under Daiiton 

wields supreme power; 

July 13, assassination of 

Marat by Charlotte 

Corday ; Oct., execution 

of Marie Antoinette 

Oct. 16, Jour dan vie 

torious at Wattigniesj 

Nov. 10, the worship oi 

Reason at Notre-Dame. 
1?94 March 24, execution of 

Hebert and his followers, 

April 5, execution of the 

Dantonists; June 8, Fes 

tival of the Supreme 

Being; June 26, Jourdan 

victorious at Fleurus, 

Belgium conquered ; July 

27-28, fall and death of 

Robespierre, end of the 

Reign of Terror. 
1795|Oct. 5, popular insurrec- 
tion suppressed by Bar- 

ras and Napoleon Bona- 
parte; Oct. 26, Conven- 
tion succeeded by Di- 
rectory. 
179(31 War in Italy. 

Battles of Lodi, Castigli- 
I one, and Arcole. 
1797 Hoche and Moreau's cele- 
brated passage of the 

Rhine. 
Revolution of 18th Fructi- 

dor. 
Peace of Campo Formio in which Austria cedes 

Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. 



1793. First coalition against 
France. 



1795. Prussia concludes 
Peace of Basel with 
France, recognizing 

French conquests on the 
left bank of the Rhine 



1793. Second partition of 
Poland by Russia and 
Prussia. 

In Hayti freedom for 
negroes proclaimed by 
French Convention. 



1798 



1799 



1800 



Bonaparte's expedition to 1799. Second coalition 



Egypt. French fleet 

defeated by Nelson at 
Aboukir, Aug. 1-2 



against France. 



The French enter Switzer 

land under Massena 

and Jourdan. Return 

of Bonaparte. Revolu 

tion of the 18th Bru 

maire. Bonaparte, first 

consul. 
Battle of Marengo, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians 

under Melas — Moreau's victory of Hohenlinden 

over the Austrians under the Archduke John. 



1794. Poland : — Revolt 
under Kosciuszko who is 
defeated at Maciejowice. 
— P r a g a (Warsaw) 
stormed by Suvoroflf. 



1795. Final partition of 
Poland — extinction of 
the kingdom. 

Holland conquered 
and the Batavian Re- 
public proclaimed. 

1796. Russia:— Paul I. 

1797. Venetian Republic 
extinguished by the 
peace of Campo Formio. 



1798. Switzerland : — 
General revolution — 
The French erect the 
Helvetian Republic. 

P r u s s i a: — Frederick 
William III. 

India: — Marquis 
Wellesley, governor- 

general. 

1739. Russians, under 

Suvoroft, win the battles 
of Cassano and Novi, but 
(under Korsakoff) are 
defeated at Zurich by 
Massena. 

1800. Armed neutrality of 
the north. 

Pope Pius VII. 



I 82 



TABULAR VIEWS 



180I A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



1801 Piazzi discovers the aster- 
oid Ceres. 



1804 



1804 
-06 



1806 
-11 



1807 



1809 



First locomotive steam 
engine used on the 
Merthyr Tydvil road in 
Wales. 

The Code NapoUon pro 
mulgated in France. 

Lewis and Clark's expedi 
tion to the Rocky Moun 
tains. 



General University (Uni 
versity of France) es 
tablished by Napoleon 
to superintend national 
education. 

Fulton's first successful 
trial of steamboats 



University of Berlin found- 
ed. 



1801. Thomas Jefferson 
third president. 



1802. Ohio enters the 

Union. 



1803. Purchase of Louisi- 
ana. 

U. States frigate 
Philadelphia taken by 
the Tripolitans. 

1804. Decatur destroys 
the Philadelphia. 

Preble bombards 
Tripoli. 

Burr kills Hamilton. 

The Lewis and Clark 
expedition sets out. 

1805. Jefferson re-elected 
president. 



1806. British Orders 
Council and Napoleon's 
decrees seriously impair 
American commerce. 

1807. Embargo on all the 
ports of the United 
States. 

Trial of Aaron Burr 
for treason. 

The attack on the 
Chesapeake by the 

Leopard. 



Great Britain. 



1808. Importation of 
slaves abolished. 



1801 Battle of Alexandria. 
French defeated lay 
Abercromby. Pitt re- 
signs, succeeded by Ad- 
dington. 

1802. Peace of Amiens. 



1803. Emmett's insurrec- 
tion in Ireland. 



1804. Pitt again premier. 



1805. Third coalition. 
Nelson defeats the 

French and Spanish 
fleets off Trafalgar. 

1806. Fourth coalition 
against France. 



1807. Bill for the abolition 
of the slave trade, passed. 



1808. The English, under 
Wellesley, enter Portu- 
gal as allies and win the 
battle of Vimeiro. 



1809. James Madison, 1809. Fifth coalition, 
fourth president. Walcheren expedition. 

Embargo repealed;! Battles of Corunna 

the non-intercourse act I and Talavera in the 
passed. Peninsula. 



l809 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



183 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1801 Peace of Luneville; Germany west of the Rhine in the 1801. Russia: — Alexander 



possession of France 



1802 Bonaparte elected presi- 
dent of the Italian Re- 
public. 

Peace of Amiens. 

Legion of Honor instituted 

1803 Bank of France, 
War with England. 



1804 



1805 



1806 



1807 



1808 



1809 



Duke D'Enghien shot. 

Bonaparte crowned as Na- 
poleon I., emperor of 
the French. 



1804. The German em- 
peror assumes the title 
of emperor of Austria 

End of the Holy 
Roman Empire. 



Austrian campaign, battle of Austerlitz. 
Peace of Presburg. 



Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. 
Victories of Auerstadt and Jena over the Prussians. 
Berlin decree against Brit- 
ish commerce. 

Victories of Eylau over 
the Prussians and Rus- 
sians and of Friedland 
over the latter are fol 
lowed by the peacs of 
Tilsit in which Prussia 
loses her Polish terri- 
tories and her possessions 
west of the Elbe.— The 
duchy of Warsaw 
created for the king of 
Saxony and the king- 
dom of Westphalia for 
Jerome Bonaparte. 
Invasion of Portugal. 



Conference at Erfurt be 
tween Napoleon, Alex- 
ander I., and the Ger- 
man princes. 



Battles of Eckmuhl, Aspem, and Wagram — Peace 
of Vienna. — Austria cedes territory to Russia 
Bavaria, and France; the Adriatic territories erected 
into the Illyrian Provinces. 



I. 

The kingdom of 
Etruria erected. Danish 
fleet at Copenhagen de- 
feated by Nelson. 
1802. Italian Republic:— 
Bonaparte president. 



1803. India: — Great Mah- 
ratta war. 

French driven from 
Hayti. 

1804. Russia: — War with 
Persia breaks out. 

India: — War between 
the English and Holkar. 



1806. Holland:— Louis Bo- 
naparte, king. 



1807. Ottoman Empire :- 
Mustapha IV. 



1808. Spain: — Ferdinand 
VII. and Charies IV. 
compelled to renounce 
their claims; Joseph Bo- 
naparte made king. 

Naples: — Murat king. 

Denmark : — Frederick 
VI. 

Ottoman Empire: — 
Mahmud II. 

1809. Sweden:— C h a r 1 e s 
XIII.; Bemadotte be- 
comes prince royal. 



1 84 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l8lO A.D.- 



1811 



1812 



1813 



1814 



Appearance of Niebuhr's 1811. Engagement between 

History of Rome. the President and the 

Little Belt. 

Indians on the "Wa- 
bash, defeated by Gov. 
Harrison at Tippecanoe. 



American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign 
Missions, founded. 



Shelley's Queen Mah. 



The Jesuits re-established 
by Pius VII. Words- 
worth's Excursio n 
Scott's Waverley. 



1815 The North American Re 
view established. 

Safety lamp invented by 
Sir Humphrey Davy. 

In England: 

Keats, Reg. Heber, Shelley 
Crabbe,Sir Walter Scott, 
Byron, Coleridge, Lamb 
Montgomery, Hogg. 

In France: 

Mad. de Stael, Mad. de 
Genlis, Chateaubriand, 
Cuvier. 

Melendez Valdez, Spanish 
poet, 

Bilderdyk, Dutch. 

In Germany: 

|W. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, 
Richter, Kotzebue 

I Weber and Spohr. 



1810. George III. insane; 
battles of Ciudad Rod- 
rigo and Busaco. 



1811. George, prince of 
Wales, prince Regent, 
(the king being insane). 
Battles of Fuentes de 
Onoro and Albuera in 
the peninsula. 



1812. War with Great Britain 

Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. 
Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 
The Constitution captures the Guerritre. 

1 1812. Lord Liverpool pre- 
I mier. 
Wool victorious at Queenstown. Oct. 13. 
Captain Jones, in the Wasp captures the Frolic, 
Oct. 18. 

The United States, Captain Decatur, captures 
the British frigate Macedonian. 

The Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captures 
the British frigate Java. 



Louisiana admitted into 
the Union. 

1813. Perry's victory on 
Lake Erie. 

Battle of the Thames, 
Tecumseh killed. 



1814. American victories 
atChippewa and Lundy's 
Lane; McDonough's vic- 
tory on LakeChamplain ; 
British repulsed from 
Baltimore; Hartford 
Convention. 

City of Washington 
burnt by the British. 

Peace of Ghent signed, Dec. 3 



Ciudad Rodrigo and 
Badajoz stormed by 
Wellington. Battle of 
Salamanca. 

1813. Battle of Vittoria 
and English invasion of 
France. 

Sixth coal it ion 
against France — Prussia 
Russia, Sweden, Great 
Britain, and Austria. 

1814. Treaty of Chaumont 
between Austria, Prus- 
sia, Russia, and Great 
Britain. 



1815. Battle of New Or- 
leans; British defeated 
by General Jackson, Jan 
8. 

War against Algiers. 

Fight between the 

Penguin and the Hornet. 



1815.Wellington victorious 
at Waterloo, June 18. 

Oppressive Com Law 
enacted. 



lSl5 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



185 



A.D. 


France. 


Germany. 


The World, elsewhere. 


ISIO 


Napoleon marries Maria 




1810. South America: — 




Louisa . — Continental 




Revolt of the Spanish 




peace except with Spain. 




colonies; uprisings in 
Venezuela, Uruguay, 
Paraguay, Chile, Buenos 
Ayres, and Mexico. 


1811 


Birth of the emperor's 
son; created king of 
Rome. 

Soult victorious in Spain — 
takes Badajoz: is de- 
feated by the English 
at Albuera. 




1811. Revolution in Peru. 


1812 


Russian campaign. 


1812. Austria in alliance 


1812. Invasion of Russia 




Battles of Smolensk and 


with France against 


by Napoleon. — Burning 




Borodino. 


Russia. 


of Moscow. 




Moscow entered by Na- 




Kutusoff pursues the 




poleon's army — and 




retreating French. 




burned by the Russians. 




Peace of Bucharest 
closes six years' war 
with Turkey and results 
in acquisition of part of 
Bessarabia and Mol- 
davia by Russia. 


1813 


Victories of Lutzen, Baut- 


1813. War of German inde- 


1813.South America:— Bol- 




zen, and Dresden, over 


pendence. 


ivar drives the Spaniards 




the allies. 


Austria joins the co- 


from Caracas. — Mexico 






alition. 


declares its indepen- 




Battle of Leipsic — Bonapa: 


•te driven to the Rhine. 


dence. 


1814 


The allies enter Paris. 




1814. Union of Holland 




Napoleon abdicates, and 




and Belgium. — Peace of 




retires to Elba. 




Kiel, between Denmark, 




House of Bourbon re- 




Sweden, and England. 




stored: Louis XVIIl. 




Union of Sweden and 
Norway as two king- 
doms underone monarch. 


1815 


Bonaparte returns from 


1815. Congress of Vienna 


1815. Netheriands: —Wil- 




Elba. The Hundred 


effects the political re- 


liam I. 




Days. Napoleon vic- 


construction of Europe. 


The I'Holy Alliance" 




torious at Ligny. Bat- 


Germanic Confedera- 


■ — Russia, Prussia, and 




tle of Waterioo. The 


tion organized. 


Austria, later joined by 




allies enter Paris. Bona- 




France. 




parte banished to St. 








Helena. 







1 86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1815 A.D.- 



A.D, Progress of SociEXY.etc. 



United States. 



1815. Abolition of the slave 
trade by the Congress 
of Vienna. 



1816 Second United States Bank 
chartered for 20 vears, 
capital $35,000,000. 



1817 



1818 



1819 



Invention of the kaleido- 
scope. 



Invention of the stetho- 
scope. — Appearance of 
Hallam's Europe During 
the Middle Ages. — Uni- 
versity of Bonn founded. 



1816. United States Bank 
incorporated. 

Indiana admitted. 



1817. James Monroe, 5th 
president. 

Mississippi admitted. 

First Seminole War 
begins. 



1818. Illinois admitted. 
Jackson seizes Pensa- 
cola. 



1816. Bombardment of 
Algiers. — Rise of popu- 
lar agitation. — The Spa- 
Fields riots. 

1817. Continued rioting 
and suspension of 
Habeas Corpus Act. 



First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savan- 



Scott's Ivanhoe. 
Oersted discovers electro- 
magnetism. 



J 822 Hieroglyphics deciphered 
by Champollion. 



1823 



1825 



nah — New York 
Liverpool. 

1819. Cession of Florida 
by Spain. 

Alabama admitted. 

1820. Missouri Compro- 
mise. Maine admitted. 

1821. Monroe re-elected. 
Missouri admitted. 



Huskisson's free trade sys- 
tem in England. 



Inland navigation of the 
United States: the Erie 
Canal opened. 

Publication of P e p ys ' s 
Diary. 



1823. The enunciation of 
the Monroe Doctrine. 



1824-25. Lafayette's visit. 



1825. Erie Canal opened. 
J. Q. Adams, 6th 
president. 



1819. The Peterloo rras- 
sacre and the Six Acts. 



1820. George IV. 

Trial of Queen Caro- 
line. 



1822. Canning, foreign 
minister. 



1823. Canning opposes the 
Holy AUia.nce and fur- 
thers the Independence 
of the South American 
colonies of Spain. 

1824. Burmese war. 



1825. Commercial treaty 
with Colombia and 
Mexico. 



l825 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



187 



France. 



Austria, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1816 



The Chambre Introuvable 
enters on a course of 
royalist reaction. 



1818 



Congress of Aix-la-Chap- 
elle decides on the evac- 
uation of France by the 
foreign troops. — France 
joins the "Holy Al- 
liance." 



1821 



1822 



1823 



1824 



1825 



Death of Napoleon at St. 
Helena. 



Laws against the freedom 
of the press. 



A French army enters 
Spain and restores Fer- 
dinand VII. 



Charles X. 



An indemnity of 1,000,000- 
000 francs granted to 
the ^migr^s. 



1816. The diet of the Ger- 
man Confederation as 
sembles at Frankfort. 



1817. Rise of the Burschen- 
schaft in Germany and 
liberal celebration at 
the Wartburg in con- 
nection with the ter- 
centennary of Luther's 
birth. 



1815. The Servians nse 
against Turkey under 
Milosh Obrenovilch. 



1816. Portugal:— John VL 
in Brazil. 

Union of Naples and 
Sicily under Ferdinand 
I. (IV.). 

1817. Republic of the 
Ionian Islands. 



IS 19. Assassination of 
ivotzebue leads to the 
repressive Karlsbad De- 
crees against the liberal 
movement. 

1820. Congress of Troppau 
decides to intervene in 
Naples. 

1821. Congress of mon- 
archs at Laybach. — 
Greek insurrection in 
Moldavia under the 
leadership of Alexander 
Ypsilanti who is speedily 
overthrown. 

1822. Congress of Verona 
declares itself against 
the Greek and Spanish 
uprisings. 



1818. Sweden :— Charles 
XIV. (Bemadotte). 

India: — The Mahratta 
power completely over- 
thrown. 
South America: — Chilean 
independence established 
by battle of Maypu. 

1819. Republic of Colom- 
bia, Bolivar, president. 



1821. Greek revolt in the 
Morea. 

South America: — 
Peru and Guatemala 
independent. 



1822. Brazil declared an 
independent empire. 

Me.xico: — Iturbide, 
emperor. 

Greek declaration of 
independence. 

Massacre of Scio and 
capture of Acropolis of 
Athens by patriots. 

1823. Italy:— Leo XII. 
pope. 



1824. Death of Lord Byron 
at Missolonghi. 

The Spaniards over- 
whelmed by General 
Sucre at Ayacucho in 
Peru. 

1825. Russia: — Nicholas I. 



i88 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1826 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1826 Foundation of 

I University. 

[Alexander Volta dies, dis- 
coverer of the Voltaic 
battery. 



London 1826. Death of Jefferson 
and John Adams, July 
4 The Panama Con- 
gress. 



In England: 

Jeremy Ben- 
tham, 

Thomas 
Chalmers, 

W. Kirby, 

Hallam. 

Lingard, 

Wordsworth, 

Southey, 

Campbell, 

Moore, 

Leigh Hunt, 

Mrs. Hemans, 

Bulwer, 

'Barry Corn- 
wall." 

Russia: 
Karamsin, 
Pushkin, 
LermontofE, 
Krilov. 

U. S, 



France: 
Talma, tra- 
gedian, 
Segur, 
La Place, 
Beranger, 
Lamartine. 



Germany: 
Meyerbeer, 
Gall, 
Spurzheim. 



Sweden: 
Tegner, 
Dahlgren. 



Italy: 
Rossini, 
Paganini. 
A.: 



N. Webster, Wheaton, 



Irving. 

Cooper, 

Garrison, 

Wirt, 

Marshall, 



1830 



Kent, 

Story, 

Gallatin, 

Livingston, 

Channing. 



Liverpool and Manchester 

Railroad opened. 
The two Landers succeed 

in tracing the Niger 

from Lake Tchad to the 

ocean. 



1826. England annexes 
Assam at t.ie conclusion 
of the Burmese war. 



1827. Completion of first 
railway in America at 
Quincy, Mass. 



1828. Enactment of a high 
protective tariff — the 
Tariff of Abominations. 



1829. General Jackson, 7th 

§ resident of the United 
tates. 
Beginning of the 
Spoils System. 



1830. The Webster-Hayne 
debate in Congress con- 
cerning States Rights. 



1827. Canning as prime 
minister furthers the 
cause of Greece. 

Treaty of London, 
between England, Rus- 
sia, and France, pre- 
pares way for Greek in- 
dependence. 

1828. Wellington ministry. 
Disturbances in Ireland. 



1829. Catholic emancipa- 
tion. 

England, Russia, and 
Spain decide upon Greek 
independence. 



1830. William IV.— Earl 
Grey, minister. 



1830 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



189 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1827 



1828 



1829 



1830 



1826. Russia: — War with Persia. 

Portugal: — Maria da Gloria, queen. 
Greece: — Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken 
by the Turks. 



Disbanding of the National 
Guard — creation of a 
new chamber of Peers. 



Villele ministry succeeded 
by one under Marti- 
gnac. 



Polignac ministry. 



The French enter Algeria; 

Algiers taken. 
Three Days' Revolution, 

July 27, 28, and 29. 
Lafayette, commander of 

the National Guard. 
Charles X. abdicates. 
Louis Philippe I. (House 

of Orleans). 



1827. Treaty of London concluded by Russia, France 
and Great Britain in relation to Greece. 

Greece: — Battle of Navarino. 

The Russians take Erivan and Tabriz. 
The Turkish fleet is destroyed at Navarino by the 
allies; CSreek independence practically accomplish- 
ed. 

1828. Portugal: — 'Dom Miguel usurps the throne. 
Russia: — War declared against Turkey. By the 

peace of Turkmantchai Persian Armenia is 
acquired. 

1829. Italy: — Pius VIII., pope. 

The Russians cross the Balkans and entef 
Adrianople. Turkey recognizes independence of 
Greece and protectorate of Russia over Moldavia 
and Wallachia. 

Venezuela separates from Colombia under the 
leadership of General Paez. 

1830. Greek independence declared by the Great 
Powers. 

Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared 
independent by the Great Powers. 

Polish struggle for nationality begins, November. 



190 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 83 1 A.D.-~ 



A..D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1831 



1S32 



1833 



1834 



1835 



1836 



1837 



The Factory Bill in Eng- 
land, limiting the hours 
of labor for children. 



Reform Bill in England — 
Extension of suffrage. 

Trade unions in England, 
France, Germany, Swit- 
zerland, etc. 



Slavery abolished in the 
British colonies. 

j-irard College, at Phila- 
delphia, commenced. 



Inquisition abolished in 
Spain. 



De Tocqueville's History of 
Democracy in America. 

James Smithson's bequest 
of £100.000 tothe United 
States for the establish- 
ment of an institution 
"for the increase and 
diffusion of knowledge 
among men," becomes 
operative. 

The Luxor obelisk erected 
at Paris. 



1831. The king of the Netherlands makes his award 
on the northeastern boundary between the United 
States and the British provinces. 
The publication of the 183 1. Lord John Russell's 



S. F. B. Morse takes out a 
patent for his electro- 
magnetic telegraph (in- 
vented 1S32). 

Appearance of Carlyle's 
French Revolution and 
Dickens's Pickwick Pa- 
pers. 



Reform Bill introduced. 

Cholera first appears 
in England. 

London Conference 
settles affairs of Belgium 
and Holland. 
1832. Reform Bill passed. 



1833. Captain Ross returns 
from his voyage of dis- 
covery in search of a 
Northwest Passage. 



1834. Sir Robert Peel, 
premier. 



Liberator begun by Gar- 
rison. 



1832. Nullification in South 
Carolina.— General Jack- 
son's celebrated procla- 
mation. — Organization 
of the New England 
Anti -Slavery Society — 

1833. Clay's Compromise 
Tarifif. 

Removal of the de- 
posits of the United 
States from the U. S. 
Bank. 

General Jackson en- 
ters second term in the 
Presidency. 



1834. The president cen- 
sured by the Senate for 
removing the deposits. 

1835. Great Fire in New 
York. _ 

Beginning of the sec- 
ond Seminole war. 



1836. The national debt of 
the United States being 
paid, the surplus revenue 
is divided among the 
States. 

Massacre of the Ala- 
mo and the defeat of the 
Mexicans by the Texans 
at San Jacinto. 

The independence of 
Texas acknowledged. 

Arkansas' admitted. 

1837. Martin Van Buren, 1837. Victoria queen. 
8th president. 

Financial crisis. 
Insurrection in Canada 
headed by Papineau. 
Michigan admitted. 



1838. _ Conrrress refuses to 
receive anti-slavery pe- 
titions. I 



1836. England takes part 
in the suppression of 
the Carlists in Spain. 



[838 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



191 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



832 



833 



834 



S36 



837 



838 



Republican uprising in 
Paris during funeral of 
General Lamarque. 

Ministry of Marshal Soult. 

French enter Belgium to 
enforce decision of Lon- 
don Conference; they 
take Antwerp. 

Guizot organizes common 
school education. 



Death of Lafayette. 



Insurrection attempted by 
Louis Napoleon at Stras- 
burg. 



Constantine 
taken. 



in Algeria 



Talleyrand dies. 
Difficulty with Mexico: 

capture of San Juan 

d'Ulloa. 



183L Brazil: — Revolution; Dom Pedro II., emperor. 
Belgium: — Leopold I., king. 

The Poles defeated at Ostrolenka; Warsaw 
capitulates. 

Italy: — Gregory XVI., pope. 



1832. The kingdom of Greece founded; Otho I., 
Poland: — The insurrection crushed and Poland 
incorporated with Russia; thousands of families 
sent to Siberia. 



1833. Spain: — Isabella II., queen; Don Carlos claims 
the throne. 

Portugal: — Dom Pedro overthrown and a con- 
stitutional monarchy restored. 

Egypt: — Mehemet Ali receives Syria from the 
Sultan. 

Mexico: — Santa Anna, president. 

1834. Quadruple alliance — England, France, Spain, 
and Portugal, against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. 



1835. Austria: — Ferdinand I., emperor. 



1S36. Spain: — The queen regent adopts the consti- 
tution of 1S12. 



1838. Mexico: — The castle of San Juan d'Ulloa taken 

by the French. 



192 


TABULAR VIEWS 


1839 A.D.- 


A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


■Qnited States. 


Great Britain. 


1839 


The daguerreotype in- 


1S39. Disturbances in the 1S39. The British take 




vented in Paris. 


"disputed territory," 


possession of Ghuzni and 






between Maine and New 


Cabul in Afghanistan. — 






Brunswick. — The Liber- 


Outbreak of opium war 






ty Party fonned. 


with China. 






Bcgininning of Anti- 


The rise of the Chart- 






Rentism in New York. 


ist agitation. 


1840 


Penny postage system in 


1S40. Establishment of In- 


IS40. The uniform penny 




England. 


dependent Treasury. 


postage system estab- 




Wheatstone's improve- 




lished. 




ment of the electric 




MaiTiage of Queen 




telegraph in England. 




Victoria to Prince Al- 
bert of Saxe-Coburg. 

War in Syria: Great 
Britain taking part with 
Austria and Turkey 
against Mehemet AH of 
Egypt. Lord Palmer- 
ston's foreign policy 
excites the ill-will of 
France, Chartist riots. 


1841 


Appearance of Emerson's 1S41. W. H. Harrison, 






Essays. 


9th president. 

He dies .\pril 4. 

John Tyler succeeds 
him, as 10th president. 

Failure of the attempt 
to restore the United 
States Bank owing to 
the opposition of the 
president. 




lS-t2 The old Croton Aqueduct 


1S42. The Dorr Insur- 


1842. The war %vith China 




in New York completed. 


rection in Rhode Island. 


ended: Hong-Kong 




Bain's electro - magnetic 




ceded to Great Britain; 




telegraph patented in 




Chinese ports opened to 




London. 




trade. 




Gutta percha in use. 




British disasters in 




First use of ether as an- 




Afghanistan. 




esthetic by Dr. Long of 


Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the U. S. 




Danielsville, Ga. 


and England, settling tlie northeastern boundary. 






End of the Seminole 








war. 


1843. Great "Repeal" 
agitation in Ireland. 
The giant meeting on 
Tara Hill and the arrest 
of O'Connell. 

The British gain pos- 
session of Scinde. 


1S44 


A gi'eat defection from the 


1845. Texas annexed to 


1844. Daniel O Connell's 




Roman Catholic Church 


the United States. 


trial and imprisonment 




under Ronge, in Ger- 


Anti-rent riots in New 


— the sentence reversed 




many, who founds the 


York. 


by the House of Lords. 




German Catholic Church. 


James K. Polk, 11th 




1845 


Lord Rosse's telescope. 


president. 


1845. Sir John Franklin 






Florida admitted. 


sails in search of the 
Northwest Passage. 

The outbreak of the 
Sikh war. 


1846 


Discovery of the planet 


1846. War with Mexico. 


1840. Famine in Ireland; 




Neptune, predicted by 


Hostilities commence 


the repeal of the Com 




Leverrier and Adams. 


ontho RioGrande, April 24. 
Battle of Palo Alto, 
May S. 

Battle of Resaca de la 
Palma, May 9. 


Laws. 



1846 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



193 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1840 



Prince Louis Napoleon at- 
tempts a hostile descent 
on the coast of France, 
near Boulogne — is taken 
prisoner, and imprisoned 
at Ham. 

Thiers retires : Guizot 
minister for foreign 
alTairs. 

The remains of Napoleon 
removed from St. Hele- 
na, and deposited with 
great honours at the 
Invalides, in Paris. 



1842 



The duke of Orleans, heir 
to the throne, killed by a 
fall from his carriage. 



1844 



Successful 
Morocco. 



with 



1846 



Louis Napoleon escapes 
from Ham, May 25. 



18.'i9. Peace between France and Mexico. 

China: — The opium trade forbidden. 

Turkey at war with Egypt. The Turks crushed 
by Ibrahim Pasha at Nisib. Mahmud II. suc- 
ceeded by Abdul Medjid who formulates reforms 
in the Hatji-sherif of Gulhane. 

India:^-Ghuzni taken by the British. 

Denmark: — Christian VIII. succeeds. 
1840. China:— (Canton blockaded by the English, to 
compel the renewal of the opium trade. 

Holland: — William I. abdicates. William II. 
succeeds. 

Syria: — Acre taken by the English, Austrians, 
and Turks. 

Spain: — Carlist insurrection suppressed. 



1841. China: — Canton taken by the British. 

Mexico: — -Santa Anna enters the capital and 
places himself at the head of the government. 

Spain: — -Espartero made regent. 

Turkey: — Mehemet Ali recognized as hereditary 
ruler of Egypt. 



1842. India: — British withdraw from Afghanistan. 
Natal taken by the British. 

China: — Peace with Great Britain; Hong-Kong 
ceded. 



184.3. Spain: — The Regent Espartero overthrown by 
Narvaez. Personal rule of Isabella II. 

Greece: — King Otho compelled to accept 
constitution, Sept. 1.5. 

India: — Scinde annexed to the British Empire. 



1846. Poland: — An unsuccessful insurrection at 
Cracow. The city deprived of its independence 
and annexed to Austria. 

Rome: — Pius IX., pope; he inaugurates a 
liberal era- 



194 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1846 A.D.- 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1846 



1848 



The planet Neptune dis-1 1846. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling 



covered. — Grote's His- 
tory of Grr^ece begun. 



Boundary, signed at London. 



Appearance of Thackeray's 
Vanity Fair, Lowell'^ 
Biglow Papers,&nd Mill's' 
Political Economy. Gold 
discovered in California. 



Formation of the Free 
Soil Party. 

Extensive emigration from Europe to America during 
this year, particularly from Ireland. 

Wisconsin admitted 



the Northwestern 
June 18. 

Commodore Sloat 
takes possession of Cali 
fornia, July 6. 

New tariff bill passed 
establishing ad valorem 
duties 

Capture of Monterey, 
September 24. 

Tampico occupied No- 
vember 14. 

Iowa admitted. 

1847. Battle of Buena 
Vista, February 23. 

Vera Cruz surrenders, 
March 29. 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
April IS. 

Battle of Contreras, 
August 20. 

Battle of Molinos del 
Rey, September 8. 

Battle of Chapultepec 
September 13. 

Mexico surrenders 
September 14. . 

Mormons establish 
Salt Lake City. 

1848. Treaty of Peace with] 1848. Disorders in Ireland. 
Mexico signed at Guaaa-j Chartist meeting 
loupe Hildalgo, Feb. 2. London, April 10. 

John Mitchell tried 
and condemned to trans- 
portation, May. 
Postal convention between the United States and 
Great Britain. 



1847. Severe famine con- 
tinues in Ireland. Large 
supplies of food sent from 
the United States; ex- 
tensive emigration . 
Death of O'Connell. 



Habeas Corpus Act 
suspended in Ireland, 
July. 

Smith O'Brien arrest- 
ed and condemned, Aug. 
5. 



1848 A.D, 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



195 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, 
etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1847 



1848 



Reform banquets in Stras- 
burg, Chartres, etc. 

Michelet's '.ectures inter- 
rupted by the ministers 
Dec. 

Abd-el-Kader surrenders 
Dec. 22. 



Debate on. the Reform 

Bill, Feb. 8. 
Proposed banquet at Pa 

ris, abandoned, Feb. 21 
Revolution commenced 

Feb. 22. 
Barricades erected, Feb 

23. Guizot dismissed. 
Louis Philippe abdicates 

and flies, Feb. 24. 
Provisional government 

established. 
Lamartine, provisional 

president, Feb. 24. 
French Republic pro- 
claimed, Feb. 27. 
.Meeting of the National 

Assembly, May 4. 
Socialist insurrection, May 

15. 
Bloody insurrection in 

Paris, June 23-26. I 

Cavaignac, military dicta- 
tor, June 24. 
Paris in a state of siege. 
New Constitution adopted, 

Nov. 4. 
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 

elected president, Dec. 

10. 



1846. Austria takes 
possession of Cra- 
cow. 



1847. Prussia:— Fred- 
erick William 
sembles the United 
Diet. 



1848. Revolution in 
Vienna and fall of 
Metternich, March 
13; revolution in 
Buda-Pesth, Mar. 
15-17; insurrection 
in Berlin, Mar. 18- 
19 ; German Vor- 
parlament meets at 
Frankfort Mar. 3 1 . 
Prussia at war 
with Denmark 
April; Emperor 
flees from Vienna, 
May 17; insurrec- 
tion at Prague ; 
meeting of Hun- 
garian i\' a t i o n a 1 
assembly, July 5 
Hungarians p r e- 
pare for war against 
Austria, Sept . : 
They defeat the 
Croatian Ban 

Jellachich, Sept. 
29. 

Insurrection at 
Vienna, Oct. 6. 

The e m p e r o rl 
leaves the city . 
The Hungarian! 
army advances 
within 6 miles of 
Vienna, Oct. 11. 
Windischgratz ap- 
pointed comman- 
der of the imperial 
army. 



1847. Hayti: — Soulouque, presi- 
dent, March 2. 

Sardinia: — Charles Albert 
initiates reforms. 

Algiers: — Abd-el-Kader 
made a prisoner, Dec. 22. 



1848. Italy: — Sicily in revolu- 
tion — Constitutions granted in 
Sardinia, Tuscany, and Rome; 
Northern Italy rises against 
Austria — Charles Albert of 
Sardinia declares war against 
Austria in March; the Sar- 
dinians defeated at Custozza 
in July and Austrians occupy 
Milan. Insurrection in 

Rome against the pope, and 
assassination of his chief 
minister, Rossi, Nov. 

Bavaria: — Disturbances on 
account of Lola Montez — the 
king abdicates in favor of his 
son, Maximilian II, March 20. 

Denmark: — Frederick VII., 
king; revolt of Schleswig- 
Holstein, March. 

Poland : — Unsuccessful re- 
volt at Cracow, April. 

Sicily declares itself inde- 
pendent, April. 

Holland receives a constitu- 
tion, April. 

Sicily: — The duke of Genoa 
elected king, July 10. 

Armistice signed between 
Denmark, Prussia, and Swe- 
den, Aug. 26. 

Sicily: — Messina bombarded 
and taken, by the royal forces 
Sept. 7. 



196 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1848 A.D.- 



1849 Emigration from Europe to America during this year 
I at the rate of 1000 a day. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th 
president. 



1850, 



Great agitation on the 

Slavery Question in the 
United States Congress 
A University founded at 
Sydney, New South 
Wales . 

Deaths in 1850: 

U. S. A. EUROPE. 

A. Judson, Wordsworth, 
S. M. Fuller, Jeffrey, 
John C. Neander, 

Calhoun, Louis 
Zachary Philippe, 

Taylor. Balzac, 

Rob't Peel, 
Woman's Rights Conven 

tion, held at Worcester 

Mass., Oct. 23. 



1850. Death of President 
Taylor. 

Millard Fillmore, 13th 
president. 

California admitted. 
Texas boundary settled 
by the payment of 
10,000,000 dollars to 
Texas. 

New Mexico and Utah 
organized as Territories 

Bill for the arrest of 
fugitive slaves passed by 
Congress. 

Slave trade in the 
District of Columbia 
abolished. 



1849. Moultan, in India, 
taken Jan. 2; battle of 
Gujerat ends Sikh war; 
the Punjab is annexed. 



1850. A British fleet block- 
ades the ports of Greece, 
to enforce the alleged 
claims of British sub- 
jects. 

Haynau, ' ' the Aus- 
trian butcher, " chastised 
by the draymen in Lon- 
don, Sept. 



1850 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



197 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, 
etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1850 



Louis Philippe dies in Eng- 
land. 

French ambassador re- 
called from London, in 
consequence of a diffi- 
culty connected with an 
English claim on Greece, 
May 16. 

New electoral law, re- 
stricting the right of 
suffrage, passed. May 31 

Arrangement with Eng 
land on the Greek dis 
pute, June 21. 

Dotation Bill, giving the 
president 2 , 16 0,000 
francs (3405,000) per 
annum, passed, June 24 



1848. The emperor 
issues a proclama- 
tion against Vien- 
na. Hungarians 
driven from Vien- 
na, October 30. 

The Imperialists 
under Windisch- 
gratz storm Vienna 
Oct. 31. 

Ferdinand abdi- 
cates, Dec. 2. 

Francis Joseph 
becomes emperor 

The Prussian 
king promulgates 
a constitution. 

1849. The Frankfort 
Parliament offers 
the imperial crown 
of Germany to the 
Prussian king who 
declines. I n s u r- 
rections in Dresden 
and Baden sup 
pressed; National 
Assembly end 
June 18; armistice 
between Denmark 
and Prussia, July 
10. Russia brings 
aid to Austria 
against the Hunga 
rians, Feb.; Hun- 
garians defeated at 
Kapolna, Feb. 26 
27; Hungary de- 
clares its indepen 
dence, April 14 
Haynau crushes 
the Hungarians at 
Temesvdr; Gorgey 
capitulates to the 
Russians at Vila- 
gos, Aug. 13; the 
Hungarian revo- 
lution is crushed. 

1850. Prussia:— The 
king takes the oath 
required by the 
Constitution, Feb. 
6. Attempt to 
assassinate him, 
May 22. 

Treaty signed at 
Munich between 
Austria, Bavaria 
Saxony, and Wiir 
temberg, to main 
tain the German 
Union, Feb. 27. 



1849. Italy: — Republic pro- 
claimed at Rome under Maz- 
zini and others, Feb. 8. 

The grand duke aif Tuscany 
flies. Provisional govern- 
ment proclaimed , Feb. 9. 

Charles Albert of Sardinia 
defeated by Radetsky, March 
21 — again totally defeated at 
Novara, March 23, he abdi- 
cates the throne in favor of his 
son, Victor Emanuel I. 

Insurrection in Genoa, 
April 1. 

Rome: — ^The French army, 
despatched to the aid of the 
pope, arrives under the walls 
of Rome, April 29. 

Rome surrenders to the 
French, July 2. Garibaldi 
leaves the city, July 3. 

The government placed in 
the hands of the pope's com- 
missioners, Aug. 3. 

Venice capitulates to Rad- 
etsky, Aug. 22. 

Austrian power in Northern 
Italy re-established. 



1850. Rome: — The pope returns, 
April, and revokes liberal 
constitution. 

Greece disputes the claims 
of Great Britain for losses of 
British subjects: is forced to 
submit. 

China: — Outbreak of the 
Taiping rebellion. 



igS 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1850 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1850 



•S51 



Northwest Passage dis 
covered by Capt._ Mc 
Clure in the Investigator 
Oct. 26. Imprisoned in 
the ice and does not 
reach England till 1854. 

The British consul at 
Charieston calls the at- 
tention of the governor 
of South Carolina to a 
law of that State, under 
which British seamen 
(colored) are imprisoned 
when they enter her 
ports for trade or in dis- 
tress, Dec. 

Appearance of Tennyson's 
lit Memoriam; Dickens's 
David Copperfield; Wag- 
ner's Lohengrin. 



Jas. Richardson, the Afri- 
can traveller, dies at the 
village of Ungouratona, 
six days distant from 
Kuka, the capital of 
Bornou, March 4. 

According to the evi- 
dence of Mr. Baines be- 
fore a Committee of the 
House of Commons 
there were in Great 
Britain 13,193 places of 
worship dissenting from 
the tenets of the Es- 
tablished Church, to 
which may be added 
Roman Catholic chap- 
els, 597, minor sects and 
Tews, 550; total non-con- 
formist churches, 14,340. 

Exhibition of the 
Worlcs of Industry of all 
Nations, inaugurated by 
Queen Victoria, May 1, 
at the Crystal Palace. 



1850. The Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty with England in 
regard to an inter- 
oceanic canal. 

Disunion Meetings 
held at Natchez (many 
present opposed to dis 
union); at Yazoo City 
(resolutions proposed 
voted down), Oct. 7; at 
Nashville (this conven 
tion passed resolutions 
recommending a con 
gress of slaveholding 
States), Nov. 19. 

The Advance and 
Rescue, American ves 
sels in search of Sir 
J. Franklin, completely 
fastened in the ice, Sept. 
13. In their northerly 
drift reach lat. 75° 23', 
Oct. 1. 

Conventions held to 
amend the Constitutions 
of the States of Indiana 
(Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct. 
14), Maryland (Nov. 4) 
New Hampshire (Nov 
6). 

Narcisso Lopez and 
others tried at New Or- 
leans for engaging in an 
expedition against Cuba, 
Dec. 17. 

Webster replies to 
Hiilsemann on the rights 
of neutral nations, Dec 
21. 



1851. Lopez lands in Cuba 
at the head of a filibus 
tering expedition; is 
captured and executed. 

General Quitman of 
Mississippi arrested for 
alleged violation of the 
neutrality law of 1818, 
by setting on foot a 
military expedition 
against Cuba. He resigns 
his office of governor, 
Feb. 3. 

Initial point of the 
boundary between the 
United States and Mexi- 
co established on the 
right bank of the Rio 
Grande del Norte, in 32° 
22' north latitude, and 
219.4 meters from the 
centre of the bed of the 
river, April 24. 



1850. Searches for Sir J. 
Franklin — the North 
Star returns to Spithead 
unsuccessful, Sept. 28. 
The Prince Albert ar- 
rives at Aberdeen with 
the intelligence that 
traces of his party had 
been found at Cape 
Reilly and Beechy Isl- 
and, at the entrance to 
WellingtonChannel, Oct. 
1. 

Appointment by the 
pope of several Roman 
Catholic bishops and 
archbishops in England 
causes great excitement, 
and an indignant letter 
from Lord Russell, the 
premier, Nov. 



1851. A strong force of 
Kaffirs attacks Fort 
White, Cape of Good 
Hope, and are repulsed. 
The Kaffir chief, Her- 
manns, attacks Fort 
Beaufort, but is re- 
pulsed, he and his son 
killed, his band com- 
pletely routed. 3000 
Kaffirs attack the colo~ 
nists and *"heir allies near 
Fort Hare; driven back 
with the loss of 100 killed, 
Jan. Col. Somerset 
captures and bums Fort 
Armstrong, Feb. 23. 
Tne Hottentots of the 
Theopolis Mission Sta- 
tionin Lower Albany join 
in the insurrection. May 
31. They are defeated 
in actions with the Eng- 
lish troops on the 3d and 
5th of June. 



d 



iSU A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



199 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 



Presidential Dotation Bill, 
proposing an additional 
grant of 1 , 8 , (I 
francs, rejected in the 
Assembly, Feb. 18. 



The Sub-Committee of the 
Assembly, appointed by 
the Committee of Re- 
vision of the Constitu- 
tion to authenticate 
petitions, reports that 
up to July 1 the petitions 
had been signed by 
1,123.105 persons thus 
classfied: For revision, 
741,011; for revision and 
P''o'ongation of powers, 
370,511; for prolontja- 
tion of powers, 12,103 — 
July 5. 



1850. Turkey: — Insurrec* 
tion in Bosnia. 



1 850 . W iirtemberg denoun - 
ces the ambition of the 
king of Prussia, and 
announces a league be- 
tween Wurtemberg, Ba- 
varia, and Saxony, un- 
der the sanction of 
Austria, March 15. The 
Union Parliament 
meets at Erfurt in 
M rch and April. ] 

Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark, 
July 2. 
Prussia refuses to join 



Denmark: — Bloody bat- 
tle of Idstedt, be- 
tween the Danes and 
Schleswig-Holsteiners, 
July 25. _^^ 



the restricted Diet of 
Frankfort, Aug. 25. 

Difficulties occurring 
in Hesse-Cassel, between 
the elector and his peo- 
ple, in regard to the 
mode of taxation, Aus- 
tria and Prussia re- 
spectively send armies 
to the Electorate to take 
opposite parts in the 
struggle, Sept. -Nov. 

Austrian ultimatum 
delivered at Berlin, di- 
recting that Prussia 
evacuate Hesse in eight 
days, dissolve the Er- 
furt League, and recog- 
nize the Diet, etc., re- 
plied to by the Prussian 
king's signing the order 
calling out the whole 
military force of the 
monarchy, Nov. 6. 

Prussian prestige 
overthrown by Austria 
at the conference of 
Olmutz, Nov. 29. 

1851. Denmark: — Schles- 
wig-Holstein yields to 
the Commissioners 
of the Germanic Con- 
federation, Jan. 10. 
1851. The Austriangovemment and the Ottoman Porte 
come to the following settlement respecting the 
Hungarian refugees: Full and entire am.nesty con- 
ditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. 
Eight excepted, among them Kossuth and Bat- 
thykny, Feb. 17. 



Charles L. Brace, an 
American, arrested and 
imprisoned in Hungary 
on a charge of fomenting 
revolution. May 23. 

Unveiling of Rauch's 
colossal statue of Fred- 
erick the Great, at Ber 
Hn, May 31. 



Australia : — Discovery 
of large gold fields near 
Bathurst, Feb. 

East Indies: — Fort of 
the celebrated pirate 
sultan of Sulu destroyed 
by the Spanish govern- 
ment of Manilla, Feb. 28. 



200 



TABULAR VIEWS 



185 I A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain 



1851 



Wyld's monster globe 
erected in London; em- 
ployed 300 men nearly 
30 days in fitting up the 
interior. 

The lord mayor of London, 
with several of the alder- 
men and common coun- 
cilmen, the royal com- 
missioners of the Expo- 
sition of Industry, etc., 
and the executive com- 
mittee of the royal com- 
missioners, leave Eng- 
land for France, by 
invitation of the prefect 
of the Seine. — Aug. 1. 

The inauguration oftherail- 
way between St. Peters- 
burg and Moscow, in 
Russia, takes place Sept. 
1. 

The town of Lagos, on the 
coast of Africa, destroy- 
ed by an English force, 
because the native chief 
refused to sign a treaty 
for the effectual sup- 
pression of the slave 
trade in his domimjons. 
The chief is deposed, 
and another substituted 
in his place, Dec. 26-27. 

Deaths in 1851. 



U. S. 

J. J. Audu- 
bon, 

S. Olin, 

J. F. Cooper, 

T. H. Gal- 
laudet, 

3. G. Morton. 



Europe. 
Lordi3exley 
Joanna 

Baillie, 
Codrington, 
Sheil, 
Lingard, 
Daguerre, 
Soult, 
Oersted, 
Jacobi, 
Turner. 
Ruskin begins publication 

of Stor.es of Venice; 

Helmholtz invents the 

opkthalmoscope. 



1851. Presidentissuesapro- 
clamation, warning all 
persons within the juris- 
diction of the United 
States not to aid or en- 
gage in any expedition 
against the Island of 
Cuba, April 25. 

Convention of dele- 
gates from the Southern 
Rights Associations of 
South Carolina meets at 
Charleston, May 5; and 
adjourns after resolving 
that, "with or without 
co-operation, they are for 
a dissolution of the 
Union," May 8, 

Erie Railroad opened 
from New York City to 
Dunkirk, 439 miles, by 
President Fillmore, 
Daniel Webster, etc., 
May 15. 

Serious conflagrations 
in California. San Fran- 
cisco alone suffers by 
taem in May and June 
to the amount of 
^12,000,000. 
"Vigilance commit- 
tee" at San Francisco, 
enforces order by sum- 
mary execution. 

Nicaragua route, be- 
tween New York and 
San Francisco, opened, 
Aug. 12. 

Great riot in New 
Orleans, growing out of 
the Cuban expedition 
Houses of Spanish resi- 
dents attacked. I'he 
Spanish consul is obliged 
to ask protection, and is 
placed in the city prison 
for safety, Aug. 21. 

Riot, with loss of life 
at Christiana, Pa., upon 
an attempt to arrest a 
fugitive slave, Sept. 11. 

U. S. brig Dolphin 
sails on an expedition to 
run a line of soundings 
for telegraphic purposes 
across the Atlantic, Oct, 

U. S. steam frigate 
Mississippi sent to TuT' 
key for Kossut h , receives 
him on board in the 
Dardanelles. The 
French government re^ 
fuses to allow Kossuth 
to pass through France 



ISSl.The Russell Ministry 
resign, Feb. 22 ; but after- 
wards resume office, the 
Earl of Derby not hav- 
ing succeeded in forming 
a Cabinet. 

Hostilities with the 
Burmese. 
1851. "The great aggregate 
meeting" of Roman 
Catholics, from all parts 
of the United Kingdom, 
for the inauguration or 
the Catholic defence as- 
sociation, is held at 
Dublin, Aug. 19. 

The American yacht 
"America," at the re- 
gatta at Cowes, wins 
"The cup of all nations," 
Aug. 22. 

Kossuth arrives by 
English steamer from 
Gibraltar, at Southamp- 
ton, Eng. Ovations are 
offered him in various 
parts of the country. 
He leaves for the United 
States, Nov. 

The submarine tele- 
graph between Dover 
and Calais completed 
Oct. 17. Opened for 
public use, Nov. 13. 



1851 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



201 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Revolution: Louis Napo- 
leon by a coup d'etat 
seizes the reins of gov- 
ernment; dissolves the 
National Assembly; de- 
clares a state of siege; 
arrests the leaders of the 
opposition; consti- 
tutes an entire new 
ministry. The president 
orders the restoration of 
universal sutTrage; an 
immediate election by 
people and army of a 
president to hold office 
for ten years, to be sup- 
ported by a Council of 
State and two houses of 
Legislature. The vote of 
the army shows a large 
majority for Napoleon. 
Resistance to the usur- 
pation is shown ir 
various parts of France 
but the overwhelnriing 
power of the army and 
a "state of siege" in 33 
departments crushes all 
opposition. The election 
under various controll 
ing influences, results in 
the confirmation of Na 
poleon as president for 
ten years, by a vote of 
about seven out of eight 
millions. — Dec. 2-21. 



185L The Germanic Diet 
in answer to Lord 
Palmerston's protest 
against annexing the 
non-Germanic provin- 
ces of Austria to the 
Germanic Federation, 
says, "That no foreign 
interference should be 
allowed in a purely 
German question." — 
July 17. 

Marshal Radetzky, 
by proclamation from 
Monza, 'declares the Lom- 
bardo-Venetian king- 
dom to be in a state of 
siege, July 19. 

The emperor of 
Austria urges the minis 
ter president to take 
"into ripe and serious 
consideration the possi 
bility of carrying out the 
Constitution of March 
4, 1349."— Aug. 20. 

Louis Kossuth and 35 
of his countrymen sen 
tenced to death in con 
tumaciatn, at Pesth, for 
not appearing after cita 
tion, Sept. 22. 



1851. Hawaii:— The diffi- 
culties between the Ha- 
waiian and French 
governments are ar- 
ranged according to the 
terms of a "mutual de- 
claration," published at 
Honolulu, March 25. 

New Granada: — Con- 
gress abolishes slavery 
in the republic, to take 
effect January 1, 1852. 
—May 29. 

Italy: — A n earth- 
quake destroys Melfi, a 
city of 10,000 inhabi- 
tants, about 100 miles 
S. E. of Naples, and 
other towns in its vi- 
cinity. Seven shocks 
occurred within 24 
hours. Melfi was sepa- 
rated by a ravine from 
Mount Vulture, upon 
which are many extinct 
craters. Not less than 
3000 persons supposed 
to have perished. — July 
14. 

Russia: — Her troops 
repeatedly defeated by 
the Circassians. — June. 

Nicaragua : — G e n . 
Munoz, ex-minister of 
war, deposes President 
Pineda, and sends him 
and most of his cabinet 
prisoners to Tigre Isl- 
ands and makes Albau- 
naz president. The 

Senate assembles at 
Grenada, and elects 
Montenegro, president 
Aug. 4. 

West Indies: — Volca- 
nic eruptions from eight 
craters in the mountains 
of Martinique, Aug. 5. 



202 



TABULAR VIEWS 



185 I A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc' 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1852 Immigration into Cal 
fornia, from Asia 
is so large as *o require 
special legislation.— April. 

Telegraphs across the Eng- 
lish Channel. 

First national agricultural 
convention assembles 
at Washington, D. C. 
consisting of 151 mem 
bars, representing 22 
States, and the District 
of Columbia; organized 
by the choice of Marshal 
P. Wilder, of Mass. 
president. June 24. 

At Stafford House in Lon 
don, some English ladies, 
headed by the Duchess of 
Sutherland, adopt an 
address to the women of 
America on the subject 
of negro slavery. It 
subsequently receiv 
576,000 signatures. Nov 
26. 

Punishment of death re 
stored in Tuscany. 



1851. Kossuth arrives at 
New York in December.' 
Ovations are offered him 
in the principal cities of 
the Union. He has an 
interview with the presi 
dent and addresses 
Congress. 

Principal room of 
the library of Congress 
destroyed by fire, to 
gether with paintings, 
statuary, models, and 
about 35,000 volumes of 
books, Dec. 24. 

Immigration, June 1 
1850, to Dec. 31, 1851 
558,000. 



1852. Deputations from 
the various States, 11 
behalf of the Irish exiles 
wait upon President 
Fillmore — Jan. 23. 

The Ohio State House 
entirely consumed by 
fire. 

Gold medal presented 
to Henry Clay by citi 
zens of New York, Feb, 
10. 

Memorial presented to 
House of Representa- 
tives of California, from 
1218 citizens of South 
Carolina and Florida 
asking permission "to 
colonize a rural district 
with a population of 
not less than 2000 
slaves." Feb. 10. 

Southern Rights con 
vention at Montgomery, 
Ala., passes resolutions 
against making resist 
ance to the compromise 
measures an issue of 
their party, and against 
intervention, March 5 



1852. Lord Granville, in 
relation to the firing on 
the American steamer 
Prometheus by the Brit- 
ish manof-war Express, 
states to Mr. Lawrence, 
for the information of 
his government, that 
her majesty's govern- 
ment entirely disavow 
the act. Jan. 10. 

Dr. Rae returns un- 
successful from his 
search for Sir John 
Franklin, down the 
Mackenzie River, and 
from its mouth eastward 
500 miles. He was sent 
out in the spring of 1851 
by the Hudson's Bay 
Company. Feb. 

British troops occupy 
Rangoon in Burmah, 
April 14. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



203 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. ; The World, elsewhere. 



1852 President Bonaparte or-! 1832. The emperor 

ders the confiscation of Russia visits the 

the Orleans property, peror of Austria 

Jan. 22. Vienna, May S 

President Bonaparte com 

mences his tour through 

Southern France, Sept 

16. Visits the Chateau 

D'Amboise, and releases 

Abd-el-Kader, who had 

been a prisoner for five 

years, Oct. 10. Returns 

to Paris, making a pom 

pous entry into the city, 

Oct. 16. 
A decree of the president 

convokes the Senate for 

Nov. 4, for the purpose 

of deliberating on the 

restoration of the em 

pire. Oct. 19, 



ofl 
em 
at 



1S51. Cuba: — Expedition 
against Cuba under Gen- 
eral Narcisso Lopez, 500 
strong, sails from New 
Orleans, Aug. 3, and 
Key West, 10th; effects 
a landing at Cubanos, 
11th; is routed on the 
20th. Lopez is taken, 
29th, and publicly gar- 
rotted, Sep. 1. His fol- 
lowers shot or condemn- 
ed to ten years' labor in 
Spain. The funeral 

obsequies of the Span- 
iards and Cubans who 
fell in the contest with 
Lopez are celebrated 
with great pomp at the 
Cathedral in Havana. 
170,000 are subscribed 
by the inhabitants of 
Havana, for the benefit 
of their widows and 
children, Sept. 9. 

Mexico: — General 
Mariana Arista inaugu- 
rated president, Jan. 15; 
Canales, Carvajal, and 
others issue pronuncia- 
mentos against the 
general government. 
Some fighting follows 
with varied success, 
Sept.-Oct.-Nov. 

1852. Argentine Confedera- 
tion: — General Urquiza 
completes the passage of 
the Parana and prepares 
to approach Buenos Ay- 
res, Jan. 8. Battle of 
Santos Lugares, (Mon- 
te Caseros.) between 
Urquiza and Rosas, re- 
sults in the total defeat 
of Rosas and his flight to 
England, Feb. 3. During 
the night the city is 
saved from pillage by 
detachments from the 
various ships of war of 
all nations in the harbor. 
The allied army enters 
Buenos Ayres, Feb. 18. 

— Urquiza, director 
of the Argentine Con- 
federation, deposed, 
Sept. 1 1 . — B u e n o s 
Ayres leaves the Argen- 
tine Confederation. 

— The Chamber of 
Representatives of 
Buenos Ayres declares 
the river Parana open to 
t'.e navigation of all 
nations, Oct. 13. 



204 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1852 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1852 



Deaths in 1852. 



U.S. 

H. Clay. 
D. Webster, 
S. Nott, 
M. Stuart, 
D. Drake, 
J. H. Paine, 
H.Greenough, 
Amos Law- 

P. Milledoler, 
J. Vanderlyn, 
J.L.Kingsley, 
J.P.Norton, 
HoseaBallou. 
Appearance of Uncle 
Tom' s Cabin. 



Europe. 
Thos. Moore, 
Schwart- 

zenberg, 
Pradier, 
Wellington, 
Dr.Mantell, 
D'Orsay, 
Lee, 
Gioberti. 



1852. Kossuth continues to 
be_ feted in different 
cities, and finally quits 
the country under the 
name of Alexander 
Smith, July 16. 

Henry Clay dies, June 
29. Obsequies ce.e 
brated at New York, 
July 20. 

Daniel Webster dies, 
Oct. 24. Funeral solem 
nities celebrated at Bos- 
ton, Nov. 15. 

The United States 
declines the tri -partite 
convention respecting 
Cuba proposed by Eng 
land and France, Dec. 1. 

Immigration, 375,000. 



1852. Submarine telegraph 
wires coated with gutta 
percha laid across St. 
George's Channel from 
Holyhead, a distance of 
eighty miles, completing 
the communication be- 
tween London and Dub- 
lin. June 1. 

Queen Victoria issues 
her proclamation against 
" Roman Catholic eccles- 
iastics, wearing the habit 
of their order, exercising 
the rites and ceremonies 
of the Roman Catholic 
religion in highways and 
places of public resort." 
June 15. 

Duke of Wellington 
dies, Sept. 14. His ob- 
sequies take place in 
London, Nov. 18. 

Fall of the Protection- 
ist ministry of Lord 
Derby and Mr. D' Israeli, 
after an existence of 
nine months, Dec. 17. 

By a decree of thegov- 
vernor general of British 
India, the province of 
Pegu (Burman) is an« 
nexed to the British 
dominions. Dec. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



205 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1852 



The Senate decrees the re- 
establishment of the em 
pire, subject to the rati 
fication of the people, 
Nov. 7. The vote is 
taken throughout France 
and Algeria., Nov. 21 
and 22; result — 7,824,- 
129 in favor of re-estab- 
lishing the empire 
against 253,149 negative 
and 63,126 void ballots 

At the Hotel da Ville, in 
Paris, Louis Napoleon is 
publicly proclaimed Em- 
peror of the French, un 
der the name of Napo 
leon III., Dec. 2. 



1852. Greece: — Signing of a convention in London by 
England, France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Greece in 
reference to the affairs of Greece. Nov. 18. 

Hawaii: — Eruption of Mauna Loa; lasts several 
weeks. Feb. 

India: — The British take Prome in Burmah, 
October 9. 

Italy: — The punishment of death is re-established 
in Tuscany, for treason, crimes against religion, 
murder, and robbery with violence, Nov. 10. 

— The pope addresses a letter to the king of 
Sardinia, strongly adverse to the bill under con- 
sideration in the Piedmontese parliament, per- 
mitting marriages without religious ceremonies; 
it is consequently withdrawn by the ministry, 
Dec. 20. 

— At Rome, Bishop Ives, of North Carolina, U.S., 
formerly an Episcopaliar, is received into the 
Catholic Church by the pope, Dec. 26. 

Liberia: — President Roberts attacks and gains 
possession of the native chief Boyer's principal 
town, Jan. 15. 

Me.xico: — Carvajal attacks Camargo and is 
defeated, Feb. 21. 

A French filibustering expedition under Raous- 
set de Boulbon in Sonora is defeated at Her- 
mosillo, Nov. 1. 

Spain: — Murderous assault on the queen by a 
priest, Feb. 2. 

Switzerland: — The Canton of Ticino suppresses 
the order of Capuchin monks, and expels all of that 
order under 65 years of age, Nov. 

Turkey: — War breaks out between the Turks 
and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 



206 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D. 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1853 Firmans accorded to all 
subjects of the Porte 
(not Mussulmans) con- 
firming their religious 
rights, June. 

The first Norwegian rail- 
way opened, July 4. 

The American expedition 
under Com. Matthew 
Galbraith Perry arrives 
in Japan, July 8. On the 
14 th he lands and deliv- 
ers to the imperial com- 
missioners the letterfrom 
the American president. 

The first Presbyterian 
Chinese church organ- 
ized at San Francisco, 
U. S., Nov. 

Cholera prevails in Europe. 

Several new asteroids dis- 
covered. 

Deaths in 1853: 
U. S. I Europe. 

C.B.Adams, ! Tieck, 

Junius Smith, ^Arago 



W. R. King, 
B. Bates, 
Sim. Green- 
leaf. 



Von Buch, 
Mrs. Opie, 
Ralph 
Wardlaw. 



1853. Adverse decision of 
Napoleonlll., arbiter be- 
tween the United States 
and Portugal, in case of 
the General Armstrong, 
read at Washington, Jan. 
17. 

Franklin Pierce and 
William R. King de- 
clared duly elected 
president and vice- 
president for four years 
from 4th, March next, 
Feb. 9. 

Departure of Kane's 
Expedition in search of 
Franklin, May 31. 

Important amend 
ments to the city charter 
of New York, restraining 
the power of municipal 
officers in money matters 
adopted, June 7. 

The Koszta affair, in- 
volving the United 
States and Austria, 
July-Sept. 

Crystal Palace at New 
York opened in the pres- 
ence of the president of 
the United States July 14. 

Remaining portion 
of "Table Rock," at the 
Falls of Niagara, breaks 
oflf, Sept. 9. 

Great Republic, clipper 
of 4,000 tons, largest 
merchantman in the 
world, launched at East 
Boston, Mass., Oct. 4. 

Captain Gunnison and 
party massacred by the 
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. 

Yellow fever epidemic 
in the States bordering 
on Gulf of Mexico, 
carries off from 12,000 to 
15,000 persons. 

Bedini, the papal 
nuncio, tries to influence 
the Roman Catholic 
laity to give up their 
church property to the 
bishops, but does not 
succeed. He quits the 
country. 

The Gadsden Pur- 
chase concluded with 
Mexico, Dec. 30. 

Immigration, 368,000. 



1853. Kaffir chiefs send 
in their submission to 
General Cathcart, there- 
by closing the war in 
South Africa, Feb. 10. 
Peace concluded, March 
9. 

Doncaster church, 
built in 1070, destroyed 
by fire, Feb. 28. 

Warlike stores, sup- 
posed to be for Kossuth, 
seized, April 14. 

Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 
authoress of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin received at 
Stafford House by many 
of the nobility and 
statesmen of England, 
May 7. 

JJublin Industrial Ex- 
hibition opened, May 12. 

The English and 
French fleet co-operate 
in the East. 

The " strike" at 
Stockport ceases, and 
20,000 men resume labor, 
h a V i n g accomplished 
their object, an advance 
of ten per cent, in their 
wages, August 8. Sim- 
ilar strikes occur at 
Leeds, Kidderminster, 
and other cities. 

Queen Victoria visits 
Ireland, Aug. 

Captain Inglefield, of 
the Phcenix, arrives 
from the Arctic regions 
with the news of the 
discovery of the North- 
west Passage, by Cap- 
tain McClure of the 
Investigator, Oct., 1850. 

The first stone of a 
Roman Catholic cathe- 
dral laid at Shrewsbury, 
by Bishop Brown, Dec. 
12. 

The Dublin Exhibi- 
tion building is formally 
opened as a winter gar- 
den, by the Lord Lieu- 
tenant and the Countess 
St. Germains, Dec. 15. 



1853 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



207 



JS5.S Russia, Austria, and Prus- 
sia at last acknowledge 
Napoleon III. emperor 
of the French, Jan. 

Marriage of the emperor 
and Eugenie de Montijo, 
countess de Teba, cele- 
brated at Cathedral of 
Notre Dame, Paris, 
Jan. 29. 

General St. Priest, and 
many other legitimists, 
secretly arrested in 
Paris, on the charge of 
political communication 
with the count of Cham- 
bord , and some of ha ving 
sent false intelligence 
to foreign journals, Feb. 

Application is made by the 
French government to 
the English for Napo- 
leon's will, Feb. Sub- 
sequently granted. 

Funeral of Mme. Raspail 
at Paris, the occasion 
of a formidable socialist 
demonstration. 40,000 
persons march in pro- 
cession to Pere la Chaise, 
March. 

Preparations to oppose 
Russia in her preten- 
sions in the East. 

Fleet sent to Turkish 
waters, March. 

A peace address, signed by 
4000 English merchants, 
bankers, and traders, is 
presented to Napoleon 
III., at the Tuileries. 
March. 

A bill restoring capital 
punishment forattempts 
on the life of the em- 
peror, or to subvert the 
imperial government, is 
passed. May. 

Plot to assassinate the 
emperor, while on his 
way to the Opera Com 
ique, discovered at 
Paris, July 7. 

The duke de Nemours, on 
benalf of the entire 
Orleans family, effects a 
reconciliation with the 
count de Chambord 
Nov. 

A plebiscite declares in 
favor of the empire by 
a large majority, Nov. 

Unveiling of the statue of 
Marshal Ney, oh the spot 
where he was shot, and 
the anniversary of his 
execution, Dec. 7. 



1853. Austria 
offers herself 
as a mediator 
between the 
Turks and 
Montene- 
grins, Feb. 1. 

Attempt 
on the life of 
emperor of 
Austria at 
the ramparts 
of Vienna, 
Feb. 18. 

Baden : — 
Prof. Gervi- 
nus tried for 
high treason 
in publishing 
his Introduc- 
tion to the 
History of 
10th Century . 
Sentence, ten 
months' im- 
prisonment, 
and book to 
be destroyed 
March 5. ' 

Prussia: — ■ 
Democratic 
conspiracy 
discovered at 
Berlin, Mar. 
29. 



1853 Belgium: — Marriage of the duke 
of Brabant, heir-apparent of the 
throne, and the Archduchess Maria, 
Aug. 22. 

Canada: — Gavazzi lectures at 
Quebec and Montreal; riots ensue; 
military called out; June 6-9. 

— The first sod of the European 
and North American Railroad 
turned at St. Johns, Sept. 14. 

China: — Nankin taken by the 
Taipings. March 21. Amoy cap- 
tured. May. 

Denmark: — Parliament pro- 
rogued and a "fundamental" law 
issued, by which the government 
becomes hereafter an absolute one, 
July. 

Holland : — The first chamber 
adopts the much-disputed law on 
religious liberty, Sept. 

India: — -Battle of Lonabew, in 
Burmah: Sir J. Cheape conquers 
Pegu, March. 

Italy: — An insurrection breaks 
out at Milan, but is vigorously sup- 
pressed by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The 
property of the Lombardo -Venetian 
refugees sequestered till they can 
prove they are not implicated in 
this outbreak, and 10,000 Ticinese 
expelled from Austrian Italy, Feb. 
26. Protracted diplomatic contro- 
versies between Austria and both 
Sardinia and Switzerland follow— 
Sardinia solemnly protesting, April 
16. 

— The pope prohibits the circula- 
tion of Uncle Tom's Cabin in his 
dominions. May 10. 

Guerazzi tried at Florence for 
high treason, and found guilty, 
June 11. 

— New church, built for the Wal- 
denses, opened and consecrated at 
Turin, Dec. 15. 

Mexico: — New revolution; Arista 
resigns the presidency, Jan. 

— Santa Anna, having been elect- 
ed president, is received in Mexico 
with great enthusiasm, April. 



208 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 [Deputation of "Friends" 
presents to the emperor 
of Russia a peace me- 
, moria], Feb. 
Complete equality before 
the law secured to all 
subjects of the Porte, 
without distinction of 
creed, by treaty, March. 

Commercial treaty con- 
cluded between the U. 
S. _ and Japan, March; 
this is the opening of the 
modem era in Japan. 

The first railway is opened 
in Brazil, the emperor 
and empress iDeing 
present at the inaugura- 
tion, April. 



1854. The steamer San 
Francisco founders at 
sea; 240 U. S. troops 
washed overboard; the 
rest of 700 rescued by 
the Three Bells, Kilby, 
and Antarctic, Jan. 5. 

Astor Library opened 
for use of the public, in 
New York City, Jan. 9. 

Massachusetts Emi- 
grant Society organized 
and incorporated by 
Eli Thayer, April 20. 

Mass meetings at 
Boston, Feb. 23; New- 
market, N. H., Feb. 27; 
New York, May 13, 
against the Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill, which, how- 
ever, becomes a law. 
May 30. 

Leavenworth, Kansas, 
founded, June 13. 



1854. Parliament openea 
by queen, who expresses 
a desire that exertions 
for an amicable settle- 
rnent of the Eastern 
diflSculties should be 
persevered in, Jan. 31. 

The queen reviews 
the fleet on its departure 
for the Baltic, March 11. 

Treaty of alliance be- 
tween England, France, 
and Turkey, March 12. 

War declared against 
Russia, March 28. 

A day of humiliation 
and prayer observed, 
April 26. 

Launch of the Royal 
Albert, the queen chris- 
tening the vessel. May 
13. 

Crystal Palace at Sy- 
denham opened by the 
queen, June 10, 



i 



i854 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



209 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1854 



Alliance, offensive and de- 
fensive, between Aus- 
tria and Prussia, signed 
April 20, for the exclu- 
sion of Russia from 
the permanent occupa- 
tion of the Danubean 
principalities. 

By agreement with 
Turkey, Austria occupies 
the Danubian princi- 
palities, June. 



1853. Spain: — New and stringent law against liberty 
of the press published, Jan. 2. 

Switzerland: — insurrection in Fribourg by the 
Jesuit party speedily suppressed, April. 

Persia: — Earthquakes at Shiraz (12,000 lives 
lost), May 9; and Teheran, July 11. 

Venezuela: — Earthquake at Cumana; 600 per- 
sons killed, July 15. 

Peru: — Difficulty at Chincha Islands between 
Peruvian commandant and American shipmasters, 
Aug. 17. 

China: — Shanghai taken by Taipings, Sept. 7. 

Portugal: — Maria II. (queen) dies, Nov. 10. 
Succeeded by Pedro V. 

Eastern Affairs: — War between Turkey and 
Russia. — Prince Menschikoff sent by the emperor 
of Russia with demands which are rejected by the 
Porte and he leaves Constantinople, May 21. The 
Russians cross the Pruth, July 2. The Porte ad- 
dresses a protest to the Russian cabinet against 
the occupation of the Principalities, July 14. The 
Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated 
"Vienna Note," for the joint acceptance of Russia 
and Turkey; July 26. Russia at once accepts; 
Turkey requires modifications, Aug. 19; which 
Russia will not accede to, Sept. 14. Military con- 
gress at Olmiitz, Sept. 20. The note is dropped, 
Sept. 30. Turkey declares war against Russia, 
Oct. 23. The allied French and English fleet 
enter the Bosporus, Oct. 25. Hostilities commenced 
on the Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. 
Nicholas in the Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat 
Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. Turkish fleet de- 
stroyed at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The 
Vienna Conference continues its efforts to effect 
an arrangement between the belligerents, Dec. 
Decided manifestation of the people of Constanti- 
nople in favor of war, Dec. 21. The religious 
fanaticism of both parties is aroused. 



1854. Brazil: — -San Salvador destroyed by an earth- 
quake, causing a loss of 200 lives, and $4,000,000 
of property, April 16. 

Canada: — Parliament House at Quebec burnt, 
including government library and philosophical 
apparatus, Feb. 1. 

India: — The Ganges Canal, a work of great 
magnitude, opened, April 8. 

iVIexico: — Battle of Guayamas, between a 
filibustering expedition under count de Boulbon 
and the Mexicans, July 13' The count is defeated, 
taken prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. 

Spain: — The insurrection of the people at Ma- 
drid against the Regent Maria Christina (July 17) 
triumphs, and the Rivas ministry resign, July 19. 
Espartero enters the city, and is received with 
great enthusiasm, July 29. 

— Maria Christina, the queen mother, leaves Ma- 
drid for Portugal. 

Venezuela: — Slaves emancipated, April 25. 

Saxony: — King Frederick Augustus II. killed 
in the Tyrol by a fall from his carriage, Aug. 9. 



2IO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1854 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 



Deaths in 1854: 

U. S.:— 

N. B. Blunt, Jacob Bur- 
nett, John Davis, Com. 
Downes, J. Harrington, 
last survivor of battle 
of Lexington, Mrs. E. 
Judson, Bishop Wain- 
wright. 

Europe: — 

Anglesey, Cockbum, E. 
Forbes, Jameson, Mait- 
land, Melloni, Mont- 
gomery, Paixhans, Pel- 
lico, Plunkett, Rubini, 
Schelling, Mme. Sontag, 
Mrs. C. Southey, Tal- 
fourd, Wilson, St. Ar- 
naud, Denman, Lock- 
hart. 

"Immaculate Conception 
of the Virgin " proclaimed 
as a dogma by the 
pope, Dec. 8. 



1854. San Juan, Nicaragua, 
bombarded and burnt 
by the U. S. sloop-of- 
war, Cyane, July 13. 

Lawrence, K a n f as, 
settled by anti-slavery 
men, July 30. 

Giulia Grisi and Giu- 
seppe Mario, the two 
most renowned lyric 
artists of Europe, arrive 
at New York, Aug. 19. 

Cholera prevails June- 
No v.; yellow fever pre- 
vails, Aug.- Nov. 

Immigration about 
500,000. 

Ostend Manifesto by 
the American ministers 
in Europe, Buchanan, 
Mason, and Soule, call- 
ing for the purchase of 
Cuba by the United 
States. 



1854. Treaty between Ja- 
pan and Great Britain. 

England consents to 
the establishment of the 
Orange River republic, 
Feb. 23. 

Law passed for the 
enlistment of foreigners 
in the British service, 
Dec. 22. 



1 854 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



211 



Eastern Affairs. 



The World, elsewhere. 



The Anglo-French fleet en- 
ters the Black Sea, Jan. 
5. Turks defeat Rus- 
sians at Citate, Jan. 6. 
Negotations for peace 
continue through the 
Vienna Conference, Jan. 
Russian ambassadors 
quit London, Paris, Feb. 
7. English and French 
ambassadors dismissed 
St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. 
England and France re- 
solve to summon Russia 
to evacuate the Princi- 
palities by the 30th 
ADril,Feb.28. Russians 
crossthe Danube, March. 
Treaty of alliance con- 
cluded between England, 
France, and the Porte, 
March 12. Anglo-French 
ultimatum forwarded to 
St. Petersburg. Russia 
refuses a reply. Eng- 
land and France declare 
war against Russia, 
March 28. Counter dec- 
laration of war by Rus- 
sia against England and 
France, April 12. Con- 
vention between Eng- 
land and France, April 
18. Odessa bombarded, 
April 22. Anglo-French 
fleet scours the Baltic, 
May, June. Austro- 
Turkish Convention, 
June 4. Russians raise 
the siege of Silistria, 
June 22, and re-cross the 
Danube, July 7. Rus- 
sians defeated by 
Turks at Rutschuk, July 
12 and 13. Are com- 
pelled to evacuate the 
Principalities and re- 
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. 
Bomarsund capitulates 
to the allied fleet and 
French army, Aug. 16. 
Austrian armies enter 
the Principalities, Aug. 
23. Allies land in the 
Crimea, Sept. 14. De- 
feat the Russians at the 
Alma, Sept. 20. Com- 
mence the siege of Se- 
bastopol, Sept. 28. Fire 
opened, Oct. 17. Battle 
of Balaklava, Russians 
repulsed, Oct. 25. Bat- 
tle of Inkei'mann, Rus- 
sians again repulsed, 
Nov. 5. 



212 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1855 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



Panama railroad complet- 
ed, first train on it Jan. 
28. 

Financial panic in Califor- 
nia, Feb. 

Suspension Bridge at 
Niagara first crossed, 
March 14. 

Difficulty in Phila. about 
slaves of J. H. Wheeler 
of N. Carolina, July 18. 

Bessemer's process for 
manufacturing steel, 
patented. 

Deaths in 1855: 



U. S.: 

S. H. Cone, 

Abbott Law- 
rence, 

John C. 
Spencer, 

T. R. Beck. 



Europe: 
Jos. Hume, 
MissMitford 
Nicholas I. 
Charlotte 
Bronte 
Lord Raglan 
Saml. Rog- 
ers, 
Ans. Roths- 
child, 
Mickiewicz. 



Submarine telegraph cab 
le laid from Cape Breton 
to Newfoundland, July 
12. 

Dudley Observatory inaug 
at Albany, Aug. 28. 

N. Y. and Newfoundland 
telegraph line, 17 15 
miles, opened to St 
John's, Nov. 10. 

Revival of the African 
slave trade recommend- 
ed by Gov. Adams in S. 
Carolina. 

Arctic discovery ship 
Resolute presented to 
Queen Victoria by 
Lieut. Hartstene for the 
U. S. Government, Dec. 
30. 



1855. Southern Com- 
mercial Convention at 
New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

U. S. S. Waterwitch 
fired on, on the Paraguay, 
Feb. 1. 

U. S. Dist. Court in 
Wisconsin pronounces 
the Fugitive Slave Law 
unconstitutional, Feb. 3. 

Missourians invade 
I^awrence and perpetrate 
frauds at the elections 
for a legislature in Kan- 
sas. 

Free-State convention 
at Lawrence, Kansas, 
Aug. 14. 

William Walker (fili- 
buster) takes possession 
of Granada, Nicaragua, 
Oct. 16. 

Kansas Free -State 
convention at Topeka. 
Oct. 23, draws up con- 
stitution. 

Proclamation against 
filibustering by Presi- 
dent Pierce, Dec. 8. 

British Arctic vessel 
Resolute found and 
brought to New London 
by an American whaler, 
Dec. 23. 



1856. N. P. Banks, Jr., of 
Mass., elected Speaker 
of House of Repre- 
sent, of U. S., after a 
contest of 9 weeks, by 
plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 
2. 

Free State Legisl. at 
Topeka, Kansas, elect 
Reeder and Lane as 
delegates to Congress, 
Feb. 8. 

Kansas Investigation 
Committee appointed. 
Mar. 19. 

Lawrence, Kansas, 
captured and plundered 
by the slavery men. 

Personal assault on 
Senator Sumner of Mass. 
in the U. S. Senate by 
Brooks of S. Carolina, 
May 22. 



,1855. Resignation of the 
Aberdeen ministry, Jan. 
29. 

Formation of the 
Palmerston ministry, 
Feb. 

Visit of the emperor 
and empress of France, 
April 16. 

Introduction of Civil 
Service Reform, May 21. 

Death of Lord Raglan, 
commander-in-chief at 
Sebastopol, June 28. 

The queen and Prince 
Albert visit the emperor 
Louis Napoleon at Paris, 
Aug. 18. 

Visit of the king of 
Sardinia to England, 
Nov. 30. 

Captain McClure re- 
ceives the reward of 
£5,000 for discovery of 
"the N. W. passage," 
and is knighted, Nov, 



1856. Annexation of the 
kingdom of Oudh in 
India, Feb. 

Seizure of a vessel 
under the British flag by 
Chinese authorities the 
cause of a 7/ar between 
the two countries Oct. 8. 

British fleet bombard 
and partially destroy 
Canton, China, Oct. 23. 

Occupation of Herat 
by Persians leads to 
declaration of war by 
the British, Nov. X. 



1856 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



213 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1835 



1856 



Industrial Exhibition 
opened at Paris, May 15. 



Peace conference at Paris 
opened Feb. 25. 

Birth of an heir to the 
throne, March 16. 

Treaty of peace marking 
the end of the Crimean 
War, signed at Paris, 
March 30. Black Sea 
neutralized; Kars re- 
stored to Turkey, Se- 
bastopol to Russia; 
Danubian Principalities 
freed from Russian 
protectorate; navigation 
of the Danube free. 

Destructive floods near 
Lyons, etc., whole vil- 
lages destroyed, June. 



1855. Russia: —Death of the 
Emperor Nicholas I., 
March 2. — Ale.\ander II. 
succeeds. 

— The Sardinian troops 
join the allied forces in 
the Crimea. 

— The allies take pos- 
session of K e r t c h , 
May 24. 

— The allies repulsed 
in an assault on the 
outposts of Sebastopol, 
June 18. 

— Kars invested by 
the Russians, June 23. 

Russians in the Cri- 
mea defeated in the bat- 
tle of the Tchernaya, 
Aug. 16. 

Fall of Sebastopo! — 
The MalakhofI carried 
by the French, Sept. 8. 

Terrific attack of the 
Russians on Kars re- 
pulsed, Sep. 29. Town 
capitulates to Russians, 
Nov. 28. 

Austria: — Death at 
Trieste of Don Carlos 
claimant of the Spanish 
throne, March 10. 



1856. Preliminaries of 
peace signed at Vienna, 
Feb. 1. 

Austria issues a de- 
cree of amnesty for the 
Hungarian revolution- 
ists of 1848-49 (July). 

The Crimea wholly 
evacuated by the allies, 
July 12. 

Gunpowder explosion 
at Salonica, Turkey, 700 
killed and wounded, 
July 17. 

Russia: — Alexander 
II. crowned emperor, 
Sept. 7. 

Spain: — Narvaez suc- 
ceeds O'Donnell in the 
government. 

Naples: — French and 
English ministers leave, 
Oct. 28. 



1855. Mexico; — Santa Anna 
abdicates, Aug. 9. 
Carrera chosen to suc- 
ceed him. 

Alvarez resigns the 
presidency and is suc- 
ceeded by Comonfort, 
Dec. 



1856. Costa Rica: — 

Walker's invasion de- 
feated at Guanacaste, 
March 20. 

— Walker defeats 3000 
Costa Ricans at Rivas, 
April 11. 

Panama : — Riot on the 
Panama R. R., 30 pas- 
sengers killed, April 15. 

Walker elected presi- 
dent of Nicaragua, June 
25. 

Earthquake in Egypt, 
Syria, and isles of Medi- 
terianean Sea. About 
1200 lives lost, and 
many thousand build- 
ings destroyed, Oct. 12. 



214 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1856 A.D - 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



Deaths in 1856: 

U. S.— 

J. M. Berrien, Ogden Hoff- 
man, Com. Morris, J. G. 
Perceval, Jno. C. Warren, 
J. M. Clayton. U. S. S., 
George Steers, naval 
architect, T. Crawford, 
sculptor, Louis M'Lane 

Europe: — 

Heinrich Heine, Jno. Bra- 
ham, Sir W. Hamilton, 
metaphysician. Von 

Biela, astronomer. Lord 
Hardinge, Father Mat- 
thew, Hugh Miller, Sir 
John Ross, Westmacott, 
Yarrell, Delaroche. 



Geo. Peabody gives $300,- 
OOU to establish a free 
Literary and Scientific 
Institute at Baltimore, 
Feb. 12. 

The Atlantic telegraph 
cable first joined at sea 
by the Niagara and 
Agamemnon, Aug. 5, 
but breaks, Aug. 11. 

Loss of the Central America 
and 450 lives, Sept. 8. 

Deaths in 1857. 



U. S. 

C. Colton, 
E.K.Kane, 
W. L. Marcy, 
Thos. J.Rusk, 
Eli Smith. 



Europe. 
De Musset, 
Beranger, 
J.W. Croker 
Marshall 

Hall, 
Douglas 

Jerrold, 
Eugene Sue, 
Cavaignac, 
Aug. Comte, 
Chris. 

Rauch. 



1856. Buchanan nominated 
for president by Dem. 
Convention at Cincinnati 
June 7. 

Fremont nominated 
for president by Repub. 
Convention at Philadel- 
phia, June 17. 

H. of Repres. pass a 
bill admitting Kansas 
under Topeka Constitu- 
tion, July 3. 

Topeka legislature dis- 
persed by U. S. troops 
under Col. Sumner, July 
4. 

John W. Geary con- 
firmed as Gov. of Kan- 
sas, July 31. 

Whitefield and Reeder 
both rejected by H. of 
Repres. as delegates 
from Kansas, Aug. 1. 

U. S. troops in Kansas 
arrest and disarm par- 
ties of emigrants from 
New England, Oct. 10. 

Buchanan elected 
pres. N0V.4. 

Barrier Forts, near 
Canton, China, destroy- 
ed by U. S. squadron 
for an attack on an 
American boat, Dec. 6. 

1857. Buchanan inaugu- 
rated president, March 
4. 

The Dred Scot De- 
cision delivered by Chief 
Justice Taney, March 6. 

R. J. Walker accepts 
appointment as Govern- 
or of Kansas, March 26. 

General financial pan- 
ic beginswith suspension 
of Ohio Life and Trust 
Co., Aug. 24. 

Lecompton Conven- 
tion, Kansas, meets Sept. 
7, and adopts pro-slavery 
constitution, Nov. 7. 

Suspension of Phila- 
delphia banks, Sept. 25 
and 26, followed by gen- 
eral suspension of banks 
in Pa., Md., D. C, R. I. 

Suspension of N. Y. 
city banks, Oct. 13-14, 
and Massachusetts bank 
same day. 

Payments resumed, 
Dec. 12. 



1857. Palmerston ministry 
outvoted on the Chinese 
question, March 3. 

Treaty of Peace with 
Persia signed March 4 
after a four months' 
war. 

New septennial Parlia- 
ment meets, April 30. 

The Manchester Art 
Exhibition opened. May 
5. 

Sepoy Rebellion in 
India, mutiny at Meerut 
May 10; King of Delhi 
proclaimed sovereign of 
India, May 12; Mutiny 
at Lucknow, May 30; at 
Cawnpore, June 5 ; 
Massacre at Cawnpore, 
July 15. 

Havelock defeats the 
rebels under Nana Sahib, 
and recapturesCawnpore 
July 17. 

Sir Colin Campbell 
the new com. -in-chief, 
arrives at Calcutta, Aug. 
14. 

Delhi taken after an 
assault of 6 days, Sept. 
20. 



i857 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



215 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1857 



Congress for the purpose of 
settling the controversy 
between Prussia and 
Switzerland over Neuf- 
chatel, meets at Paris, 
March. 

Commercial treaty be - 
tween France and Rus- 
sia, June. 



1856. Granada. Nicaragua^ 
destroyed by Walker, 
Nov. 20-25. 



1857. Austria: — ^Amnesty 
to political offenders in 
Lombardy, &c., Jan. 25. 

Denmark abolishes 
the Sound Dues, March 
14. 

Prussia renounces its 
claims to Neufchatel, 
May. 

Sweden and Norway: 
— Charles Louis, prince- 
royal, made Regent, 
Sept. 26. 



1857. Mexico: — New con- 
stitution promulgated, 
March 11. 

Costa Rica: — Walker 
surrenders Rivas, and 
agrees to leave Nicara- 
gua, May 1. 

Nicaragua: — Walker 
and his men surrender to 
U. S. ship Wabash, Com. 
Paulding, Dec. 8. 

China: — Canton bom- 
barded by the English 
and French and taken, 
Dec. 28-29. 



2l6 



TABULAR VILWS 



1857 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



Commercial failures in one 
year, ending Dec. 25, 
1S57, amount to 5123: 
liabilities, $291,750,000. 

Launch of the monster 
steamer Great Eastern at 
London, Jan. 31. 

Crawford's monument to 
Washington, at Rich- 
mond, inaugurated, Feb. 
22. 

Donati's comet seen in 
June and July. 

Burton and Speke discover 
Lakes Tanganyika and 
Victoria Nyanza. 

Atlantic telegraph laid 
successfully Aug. 5. 

National Teachers' Associ- 
ation — 1st Ann. Conven- 
tion at Cincinnati, Aug. 
11. 

Slaver Echo captured and carried 



1858. Mr. Buchanan's 
" Kansas Message" to H. 
Reps., with Lecompton 
Constitution Feb. 2. 

" Anti-Lecompton De- 
mocratic" meetings in 
Phila., N. Y., etc., Feb. 
and March. 

Bill to admit Kansas 
as a State, under Le- 
compton Const., passes 
the Senate, March 23. 

The House passes 
another bill. 

New Free State Con- 
vention of Kansas, at 
Leivenworth, March 25. 

The "English Kansas 
bill "passed both Houses 
of Congress, April 30. 



to Charleston, 



Minnesota admitted, 

Minnesota State GoV' 
ernment organized at St 
Paul, May 23. 

Atlantic telegraph 
England, June 10. 

The President sends a 
message announcing 

peaceable settlement of 
trouble in Utah, JunelO. 

Treaty of Peace and 
Amity with China, sign- 
ed, atTien-Tsin, June 13. 

Modified Lecompton 
Constitution rejected by 
people of Kansas, Aug. 2 



1857. Lucknow relieved by 
Havelock, Sept. 25. 

Havelock in Luck- 
now relieved by Camp- 
bell, Nov. 17; Campbell's 
victory at Cawnpore, 
Dec. 6. 

1858. The Princess-Royal 
of England married to 
the Prince of Prussia, 
Jan. 25. 

Steamer Great Eastern 
first floated, Jan. 31. 

Resignation of Pal- 
merston's ministry, Feb. 
22, and accession of 
Lord Derby, March 1. 

Lucknow taken by 
the British, March 21. 

Suppression of the 
Sepoy mutiny, July. 

Eng. steam. Cyclops 
bombards Jeddah, July 
25-26. 

Baron Rothschild 
takes his seat in H. 
of Commons, July 26, 
the first Jewish member 
of Parliament. 

The East India Com- 
pany ceases to exist, and 
its vast possessions pass 
into thehandsof the Brit- 
ish Government, Aug. 2. 
fleet sails from Plymouth, 



Queen Victoria and 
Prince Albert visit the 
French emperor at 
Cherbourg, Aug. 4. 



August 27. 

First overland mail . for 
California leaves St. 
Louis, Sept. 16. 

Boston Public (Free) Li- 
brary opened, costing 
$450,000, Sept. 17. 

Deaths in 1858. 

U. S.— 

T. H. Benton, Rob. Hare, 

H. W. Herbert, Freeman 

Hunt, Com. M.G. Perry, 

Gen. Quitman, Gen. P. 

F. Smith, N. W. Taylor, 

B. F. Butler, Parker 

Cleveland, Wm. Jay. 
Europe — 
R. Blown, botanist, Geo. 

Combe, Rachel, Reschid 

Pacha, Radeisky, Ary 

Scheffer, Root. Owen, News of the completion of Atlantic telegraph re- 
Sir W. Reid, Foresti. ceived with joyful demonstrations , Aug. 5. 
Queen Victoria's message to President Buchanan sent and received, August 16. 
Magnificent celebra- 
tion at New York, Sept. 
1. 



Appearance of Buckle's 
Introduction to the His- 
tory of Civilizatioti. 

U. S. Agricultural Conven- 
tion at Washington, D.C. 
Jan. 3 



1859. New hall of the U. 
S. Senate first occupied, 
Jan. 4. 



Slidell's bill, giving S30,000,000 to facilitate the ac- 
quisition of Cuba, introduced, Jan. 10. 

Oregon admitted. 
_ Mr. McLane recog- 
nizes the Juarez govern- 
ment in Mexico, April 4. 
Southern Convention at Vicksburgh discusses the 
opening of the slave trade, May 11. 



1859. Disraeli introduces 
a new Reform Bill, Feb. 
28. 

England protests 
against Austrian men- 
aces of Sardinia, April 
21. 



i859 A-D- 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



217 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhers. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1858 


Attempt by Orsini and 


1858. Russia: — Process of 


1858. Mexico: — Revolu- 




others to assassinate the 


emancipation begun. 


tion, Comonfort gives up 




emperor with a hand 


Jan. 


the government to Ju- 




grenade: 8 persons k. 


Outbreak of war be- 


arez; Zuloaga proclaim- 




and 166 wounded, Jan. 


tween Turkey and the 


ed president by a H. of 




14. 


Montenegrins, Feb. 


Representatives ; war be- 




Meeting between Napoleon 


Spain : — ■ O'Donnell 


tween the liberals under 




III. and Cavour at 


again at the head of the 


Juarez and the reaction- 




Plombieres where an 


government, June. 


aries under Miramon. 




alliance is determined on 




China : — The Pei-ho 




against Austria on con- 




forts captured by the 




dition of the cession of 




English and the French, 




Savoy and Nice to 




May 19; treaty of Tien 




France, July. 




Tsin (June 26) between 
China and Great Britain, 
France, Russia, and the 
United States. Russia 
obtains the Amur prov- 
ince. 

Turkey: — Massacre of 
Christians at Jeddah — 
45 killed, June 16. 

Japan concludes treat- 
ies with the United 
States, Great Britain, 
France, and Russia. 

Egypt: — First train 
on the Suez railroad 
crosses the isthmus in 
eleven hours from Suez 
to Alexandria, Dec. 6. 

Hayti: — Revolution; 
Faustin banished; Gen- 
eral Geffrard proclaimed 
president, Dec. 21. 


1859 


The emperor's New Year's 


1859. Austria demands 


1859. Peru:— Earthquake 




speech to Hubner, Aus- 


that Sardinia shall dis- 


destroys part of Quito, 




trian minister, causes a 


arm, April 23. England 


March 29. 




war sensation, Jan. 1. 


protests against this 


Mexico: — M i r a m n 




Prince Napoleon, cousin of 


menace. 


fails in his attempt on 




the emperor, marries 


Sardinian army on a 


Cuba but shares in the 




the PrinceFs Clothilde, 


war footing. 


victory of Tacubaya, 




daughter of the king of 




April 11. 




Sardinia, Jan. 30. 








French troops reach Turin 


and Genoa April 26-30. 





2l8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1859 A.D.- 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1859 



Great fire at Key West, 
110 houses; loss $2,750,- 
000, May 16. 

Several slavers captured 
by U. S. vessels. 

Remarkable religious re- 
vival in Ireland, June, 
July, etc. 

Excessive heat in Califor- 
nia and in Europe, 
June-July. 

Wise travels 1200 miles in 
a balloon from St. Louis 
to New York state, 
July 11. 

Celebration of 100th birth- 
day of Schiller, Nov. 10. 

Darwin's Origin of Species. 

Discovery of oil in Penn- 
sylvania. 

Deaths in 1859 
U.S. 



1859. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island 
of San Juan, July 9. 



J. W. Alex- 
ander, 
Rufus 

Choate, 
Bp. Doane, 
Hor. Mann, 
Den. Olms- 
ted, 
W. H. Pres- 

cott, 
Rich. Rush, 
Geo. Bush, 
J. Y. Mason, 
\Vashington 
Irving. 



Europe. 
H. Hallam, 
Dr. Abbott, 
r. K.Hervey, 
Humboldt, 
Leigh Hunt, 
Lady Morgan 
De Tocque- 

ville, 
Metternich, 
De Quincey, 
L K. Brunei, 

arl Ritter, 
Louis Spolir, 
Sir J.Stephen, 
Macaulay, 
Robert Ste- 
phenson. 



1860 1 Law passed in Arkansas, 
Jan. 1, to banish free 
negroes from the state. 
Decree by the Emperor of 
Austria in favor of 
rights of the Jews, Jan. 
10. 



Kansas Const. Con- 
vention meets at Wyan- 
dotte, July 5. Constitu- 
tion ratified by the peo- 
ple, Oct. 4. 

Gen. Harney proclaims 
possession of the island 
of San Juan for the U. 
States, July 27. 

Mr. Ward, U. S. min- 
ister, reaches Pekin, July 
30. 

Treaty with China 
ratified, Aug. 16. 

J.^ Y. Mason, U. S. 
minister to France, dies 
at Paris, Oct. 3. 

John Brown seizes the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, 
Va.,Oct. 16-17. Captur- 
ed, Oct. 18; executed 
December 2. 

Congress assembles 
Dec. 5. 



1859. The Derby ministry 
defeated on the second 
reading of the Reform 
Bill, March, and suc- 
ceeded by a Palmerston 
ministry, June. 

Captain Mc Clintock 
i"eturns, bringing relics 
of Franklin's expedition, 
Sept. 21. 

Steamer Royal Charter 
wrecked in British Chan- 
nel; 445 persons lost. 

Separation of Queens- 
land from New South 
Wales, Dec. 4. 

Death of Lord Ma- 
caulay, Dec. 28. 



1860. Pennington of N. 
Jersey elected speaker of 
the House of Repre- 
sentatives, after a bal- 
loting for nearly two 
naonths, Feb. 1. 



1860. Lord Clyde pro- 
claims the rebellion in 
India subdued, Jan. 7. 

French commercial 
treaty ratified in the 
Commons, Feb. 



i86o A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



219 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



War declared, in alliance 1859. Tuscany: — Grand 



with Sardinia, against 
Austria, May 3. 
Subscriptions for loan of 
500 million francs ex- 
ceed four times that sum 
from 525,000 persons. 



Duke flees; his troops 
fraternize with revolu- 
tionists, April 27. 

Austria declares war 
against Sardinia, and 
her troops cross the Ti- 
cino, April 29. 
The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa May 12. 
Empress made regent. 
Battle of Montebello: Austrians defeated May 20. 

GaribaldientersComo, 
May 27. 
Battle of Palestro: Austrians defeated, May 30. 
Battle of Magenta: Allies victorious June 4, and 

enter Milan June 8. 
Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20. 
Battle of Solferino, June 24. Austrians under the 
emperor in person defeated by the allies: 
great loss on both sides. 
Preliminaries of Peace signed by the emperors of 
France and Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. 
Confirmed by conference at Zurich, Nov. 10 



The emperor returns to 
St. Cloud, July 27. 

Entrance of the "Army of 
Italy" into Paris, Aug. 
14. 

Political amnesty, Aug. 17. 

Treaty with Japan, rati- 
fied at Jeddo, Sept. 22. 

The emperor urges on 
Victor Emanuel a pro- 
gramme for the Regener- 
ation of Italy, October. 

Exchange of ratifications 
of the Treaty of Zurich, 
Nov. 21. 



Treaty with Nicaragua 

ratified, Jan. 11. 
Commercial treaty with 

Great Britain signed 

Jan. 23. 



Tuscan y: — Council 
of State votes in favor of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
July 12. 
_ Sardinia: — Cavour re- 
signs from the ministry. 
July 13. 

Tuscany: — The Na- 
tion. Assem. decrees the 
permanent exclusion of 
the Austrian dynasty, 
Aug. 16. 

Modena: — Farini dic- 
tator, opens the Nat. 
Assembly, Aug. 16, and 
assumes government of 
Parma, Aug. 18. 

Rome: — Co n c o r d a t 
between the pope and 
Spain, Aug. 26. 

Russia: — S c h a m y 1 
gives himself up prib- 
oner in Caucasia, Sept. C. 

Bologna; — A s s e m . 
Nat. under pres. of 
Minghetti decree in- 
dependence from the 
pope, Sept. 7. 

Romagna: — Decree of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
Oct. 7. 

Spain declares war 
against Morocco, Oct. 
'A'J.. O'Donnell named 
com. -in-chief of Spanish 
army. 
18G0. Spain: — ^The Moors 
defeated at Castellejor 
Jan. 1. 

Sardinia: — Cavour re 
called to the premier 
ship, Jan. 15. 



1859. Naples: — Death of 
Ferdinand 11., and ac- 
cession of Francis II., 
May 22. 

Swede n: — Oscar 1., 
died July 8; succeeded 
by his son Charles XV. 

Mexico: — Juarez de- 
crees the confiscation of 
church property, July 
12. 

Venezuela : — (^i vil war; 
downfall of Castro, the 
president, July. 

Costa Rica: — Revo- 
lution — fall of Mora, 
Aug. 14. 

Japan: — The ports of 
Yokohama, Nagasaki, 
and Hakodate, opened 
to trade. 

Buenos Ayres: — Bat- 
tle with troops of Argen- 
tine Confederation, Oct 
28. — Buenos Avre"? com- 
pelled to ioin the Con- 
federation. 



1860. Argentine Confed. 
Derqui president Feb. 5. 

Mexico: — .vliramon at- 
tacks Vera Cruz, March. 

— Zuloaga proclaims 
himself president. May 1. 



220 



TABULAR VIEWS 



i860 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



Papal bull against agita- 
tors and reformers. 

Fight of Heenan and Sav- 
ers for the champion- 
ship of England, April 
17. 



1860 First "Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight 
and a half days from Missouri; and news thence 
by telegraph reaches San Francisco in nine days 
from New York. 

1860. U.S. corvette Saratoga 

captures Miramon's 

vessels at Vera Cruz, 

March 7. 

Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco. March 28; 

at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at 

Philadelphia, June 9; at New York, June 16. Sails 

for Japan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. 

Democratic Conven- 
tion at Charleston, 
April 23. 

Mr. McLane's treaty 
with Mexico (Juarez) 
rejected by the Senate, 
May 31. 

National Republican 
Convention at Chicago 
meets May 16, and nom- 
inates Abraham Lin- 
coln for president, and 
Hannibal Hamlin for 
vice-president of U. S. 
Law of Maryland prohibiting the manumission of 
slaves takes effect, June 1. 

Nat. Democratic Con- 
vention (adjourned) at 
Baltimore, June 18, 
nominates Douglas and 
Fitzpatrick: a seceding 
Convention nominates 
Breckenridge and Lane. 
The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from 
Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails 

July 7. 
Remarkable meteor in various northern states, July 20. 
Visit of the Prince of 
America and the United 
John's, July 24; arrives 
Montreal, 24th; Ottawa, 
tember 14; Detroit. 
September 20; Washing- 
ton, Oct. 3; Philadelphia, 
Oct. 9; New York, Oct. 
11; Boston, 17th; Port- 
land, 20th; Plymouth, 
England, Nov. 15. 

Lincoln and Hamlin 
elected pres. and v.- 
pres. of the U. S. by the 
votes of all the Northern 
States except New Jersey, 
which chose 3 electors 
for Douglas and 4 for 
Lincoln, Nov. 6. 

This election is made 
the cause for the seces- 
sion of the Southern 
States — S. Carolina lead- 
ing, and adopting in Con- 
vention an ordinance of 
secession from the U. S., 
Dec. 20. 



Deaths in 1860: — 

U. S. I Europe. 

J. A. Alex- Sir. C. Barry, 



ander, 
W.E. Burton 
C. A. Good- 
rich, 
S. G. Good- 
rich, 
Theo. Parker 
J.K.Pauld 

W.C.Preston 



Lady Noel 
Byron. 

G.P.R. 
James, 

Anna Jame- 
son, 

SirW. Napier, 

Baden Pow- 
ell, 

H. H. Wilson 



1860. Lord J. Russell pro 
poses a new Reform 
Bill, March, but aban- 
dons it, June. 

Great Britain in al- 
liance with France 
makes war in China for 
the enforcement of the 
treaty of Tien Tsin, 
Aug. Nov. 



Southampton, June 28. 



Wales to British North 
States. He lands at St. 
at Quebec, August 18; 
August 31; Niagara, Sep- 



i86o A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



221 



1860 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Negotiations respecting 
annexation of Nice and 
Savoy. Treaty for ces- 
sion to France signed at 
Turin, March 24; but 
Switzerland protests. 

Nice votes for annexation 
to France 24,448 for, 
and 160 against. 

Savoy gives 131,744 for 
and 233 against. 



French troops sent to 
Syria to punish the 
Druses, Aug. 5. 

Napoleon III. concedes 
greater freedom of 
speech in the Legislative 
Chambers. 



1860. Spain: — Decisive 

victory over the Moors at 
Tetuan, Feb. 6 

Tuscany: — Result of 
voting on annexation to 
Sardinia: For, 366,571; 
against, 14,925 (for 
separate kingdom.) 

Spain: — Peace with 
Morocco ratified, March 
29. 

Rome: — Papal bull 
against revolutionists, 
March 29. 

Revolution in Sicily 
begins at Palermo, Mes- 
sina, and Catania, April 
4. 

Rome: — Antonelli pro- 
tests against Sardinian 
annexation of Romagna. 

Sicily: — Garibaldi 
lands at Marsala, with 
2000 men from Genoa, 
May 10. Proclaims him- 
self dictator on behalf of 
Victor Emanuel, 14th. 

Naples : — Concessions 
proclaimed to the people 
May 19. 

Garibaldi takes Paler- 
mo, June 6. 

A liberal ministry 
formed at Naples, June 
28. The king grants 
new constitution and 
amnesty, June 25. 

Garibaldi's victory at 
Melazzo, July 20-21. 

Sicily (excepting the 
citadel of Messina) 
evacuated by the Nea- 
politans, July 30. 

Garibaldi's troops 

land in Calabria, Aug. 8. 
— Enters Naples, Sept. 
7. 

The King of Naples re- 
tires to Gaeta, Sept. 6, 
and is besieged there by 
the troops of Garibaldi 
and Victor Emanuel. 

Sardinians defeat pa- 
pal forces under Laro- 
miciere at Castelfidardo 
Sept. 18; Ancona surren- 
ders Sept. 29. 

Garibaldi resigns his 
power to Victor Eman- 
uel, and retires to Ca- 
prera. 



1860. Syria: — Massacre of 
the Christians of Da- 
mascus and the Maro- 
nites of Lebanon by the 
Druses, May- July. 3000 
killed at Damascus, 
July 9. 

War between the al- 
lied English and French 
against China, Aug. 12; 
Taku forts taken by the 
allies, Aug. 21; allies ad- 
vance on Pekin which 
surrenders, Oct. 12; 
Treaty of "Tien Tsin rati- 
fied, Oct. 24; allies leave 
Pekin, Nov. 5. 

Honduras: — W. Wal- 
ker the "filibuster," 
taken prisoner and shot, 
Sept. 12. 

Syria: — Fuad Pasha 
sent against the Druses, 
Aug. 5. 167 Moslems 
implicated in the mas- 
sacres are executed at 
Damascus, Aug. 20. 



•22 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1861 A.D.- 



A.D. ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1861 



Deaths in 1861: 
Prince Albert, 
Mrs. Browning, 
Count Cavour, 
Czartorvski, 
Dr. J. W. Francis, 
Geof. St. Hilaire, 
Pr. Gortchakoff, 
Nathaniel Lyon, 
Eugene Scribe. 

Emancipation of the 
serfs in Russia, 
March .3. 



July— F i r s t War 
Loan of the United 
States Govern- 
ment, $250,000,- 
000. 

Oct. 1. Commercial 
treaty between 
France, England, 
and Belgium in 
force. 

Nov. 1. Telegraph 
between Malta and 
Alexandria opened. 



1861. Example of secession set by 
South Carolina followed by Missis- 
sippi, Jan. 9, Florida, Jan. 10, Ala- 
bama, Jan. 11, Georgia, Jan. 19, 
Louisiana, Jan. 26, Texas, Feb. 1. 
Kansas admitted. 

Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, N. Carolina. Missouri, and 
Arkansas for secession defeated, Jan.- 
March, 186L Confederate Congress 
at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4; Peace 
Conference meets at Washington, 
Feb. 4. 

Jefferson Davis chosen president, 
Feb. 9. Gen. Twiggs surrenders the 
U. S. forces in Texas, and the mil- 
tary stores, to the State, Feb. 18. 

Inauguration of Lincoln (Repub.) presi- 
dent U. S., March 4. 

April 12. bombardment of Fort Sumter 
begins. 

April 14, Fort Sumter surrenders. 

April 15, 75,000 men called for by proc- 
lamation. 

April 17. Virginia secedes. 

April 18. Harper's Ferry arsenal burned 
by its garrison. 

Great meeting in New York to sup- 
port the Government. 

April 19. Attack on Massachusetts troops 
in Baltimore. — Blockade of Southern 
ports declared. 

May 6. Arkansas secedes. 

May 21. North Carolina secedes. 

June 8. Tennessee secedes. 

June 10. Big Bethel defeat. 

July 4. Congress meets. 

July 11. Rich Mountain victory (Mc- 
Clellan). 

July 21. Bull Run defeat. 

Aug. 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., 
and death of Gen. Lyon. 

Aug. 29. Fort Hatteras taken by 
Butler. 

Oct. 21. Ball's Bluff disaster. 

Nov. 1. McClellan commander-in-chief. 

Nov. 7. Port Royal forts taken. — Bat- 
tle of Belmont, Mo. 

Nov. 8. Wilkes seizes Slidell and Mason. 

1862. 

Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell released. 

Jan. 19. Mill Spring victory. 

Feb. 6. Fort Henry taken. 

Feb. 8. Roanoke Island taken by 
Burnside. 

Feb. 16. Fort Donelson taken. 

Feb. 23. Nashville taken. 

March 7-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 

March 8. The Cumberland and Con- 
gress destroyed by the Virginia 
(Merrimac). 

March 9. Battle between Monitor and 
Merrimac. 

March 11. McClellan takes command 
of Army of Potomac. 

March 14. Newbem taken by Burnside. 

April 5. McClellan besieges Yorktown. 

April 6-7. Battle of Shiloh.— A. S. 
Johnston killed. 



1861. 

May 13. Queen's 
proclamation of 
"neutrality" in 
the American 
conflict. 



Nov. — Excitement 
about seizure of 
Mason and 
Slidell in British 
steamer Trent. 

Dec. 14. Death of 
Prince Albert. 



1862, 

April 7. Treaty 
with U. S. to sup- 
press slave trade. 



l862 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



223 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1861 



Speech of Prince Napoleon 
in favor of Italian unity 
and against the popes' 
temporal government. 



Treaty of commerce con- 
cluded with Turkey 
(April). 



June 10. "Neutrality" in 
American conflict pro- 
claimed by the emperor 



Oct. 31. Convention with 
England and Spain, tor 
intervention in Mexico. 



1862 



1861. Frederick William 
IV., of Prussia, dies; 
succeeded by William I. 

Gaeta surrenders to 
Victor Emanuel's troops, 
Feb. 13.— The king of 
Naples escapes on board 
a French frigate. 

End of Bourbon rule 
in Italy. 

The Italian parlia- 
ment declares Victor 
Emanuel king of Italy, 
Feb. 26. 

Austria: — February 
patent of the emperor 
outlining a consti- 
tutional scheme for the 
monarchy. 



Jan. 7. French army lands 
at Vera Cruz. 



-Vlarch 28. French vic- 
tories in Cochin China — 
six provinces ceded to 
France by Annam (June) , 



April 16. War against 
Mexico declared, Eng- 
land and Spain retiring 
from Mexico. 



1861. 

Mexico: — Juarez en- 
ters Mexico and is elec- 
ted president, Jan.; 
Juarez made dictator, 
June; susoends pay- 
ments on foreign debt, 
July. 

Santo Domingo de- 
clared annexed to Spain 
by Santana, March. 



Death of Cavour, 
June 6. 

Turkey: — June 25. 
Sultan Abdul Medjid 
dies; succeeded by Ab- 
dul Aziz. 

Portugal: — Pedro V. 
dies; succeeded by 
Luis I. 

Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia united as Rou- 
mania under Alexander 
I. 



1862. 

Feb. 13. Military revolt in 
Greece. 



China: — Oct. 21. Canton 

restored to the Chinese 
by the French and 
English. 



224 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1862 A.D.- 



Progressof Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1862 



1863 



May 1. Interna- 

tional Exhibition 
at London. 



Deaths in 1862: Bro- 
die (surgeon), M. 
Van Buren, T. 
Hartwell Home, 
Sam Houston, T 
J. Jackson, A. Sid 
Johnston, Phil. 
Kearny, Duchess 
of Kent, J. Sher. 
Knowles, Sir James 
Ross, Joseph Wolff. 

Herbert Spencer's 
First Principles. 



Jan. 1. Abolition of 

slavery in the 
subjugated States 
by proclamation 
of Lincoln. 



April 7. Island No. 10 taken by 

Unionists. 
April 11. Fort Pulaski taken. 
April 16. Congress abolishes slavery 

in the District of Columbia. 
April 25. New Orleans taken. 
May 5. Yorktown occupied by Mc- 

Clellan — Battle of WilHamsburg. 
May 10. Norfolk taken — the Merrimac 

burnt — Farragut ascends the MiS' 

sissippi — Little Rock taken. 
May 27. Battle of Hanover C. H., Va 
May 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by 

the Union forces. 
May 31-June 1. Battle of Fair Oaks 

or Seven Pines. 
June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. 
June 26-July 1. "Seven Days' Battle": 

Mechanicsville, June 26; Gaines's 

Mill, June 27; Savage Station, June 

29; Frazier's Farm, June 30; Malvern 

Hill, July 1. 
July 2. 300,000 more volunteers called 

for. 
July 11. Halleck, commander-in-chief. 
July 17. Confiscation Act signed by 

the president. 
Aug. 9. Banks defeated at Cedar 

Mountain. 
Aug. 16. McClellan retreats from 

Harrison's Landing. 
Aug. 29-30. Second defeat at Bull 

Run. 

Union defeat at Richmond, 



1862 

May 1. Internation- 
al Exhibition 
opened at Lon- 
don, 



Aug. 30. 

Sept. 1. 
Sept. 2. 



Battle of Chantillv 
McClellan restored to com- 
mand the Army of the Potomac. 

Sept. 4-5. Confederates begin invasion 
of Maryland. 

Sept. 14. Union victory at South 
Mountain, Md. 

Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry taken by 
the Confederates. 

Sept. 17-18. Antietam, Union victory. 
Lee recrosses the Potomac. 

Sept. 19. Battle of luka. Miss. 

Sept. 22. Lincoln's preliminary 
Emancipation Proclamation issued. 

Sept. 24. Habeas Corpus suspended. 

Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Miss. 

Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. 

Nov. 4. Democratic victory in New 
York elections. 

Nov. 7. Burnside supersedes McClellan. 

Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg. 

Dec. 31-Jan. 2. Battleof Murfreesboro, 
Tenn. 

1863 

Jan. 1 Proclamation of Emancipation 
issued. 

Jan. 26. Hooker supersedes Burnside. 

April 7. Monitors repulsed at Charles- 
ton. 

April 20. President's proclamation 
admitting West Virginia into the 
Union. 



Great distress in 
the cotton manu- 
facturing dis- 
tricts. Famine 
at its height in 
December. 

1863 

Mar. 10. Marriage 
of Prince of 
Wales to Alex- 
andra of Den- 
mark. 



IS63 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



225. 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 



1S62 



June 31. Peace concluded 
with Annam. 



1863 



Oct. 30. Mediation pro- 
posed in American con- 
flict declined by Russia 
and Gt. Britain. 



Jan. 9. Mediation of 
France again offered to 
U.S. 



1862 

Bloody conflict be- 
tween Servians and 
Turks in Belgrade, June 
19. 



Aug. 19. Garibaldi in 
Sicily, proclaims a pro- 
visional government. 

Aug. 29. He is wounded 
and taken prisoner by 
the king's troops at As- 
promonte. 



Sept. 30. Bismarck, premier 
of Prussia. 

Oct. 5. Garibaldi and his 
followers released under 
general amnesty, and 
the state of siege in 
Sicily abolished. 

Oct. 17-23. Insurrection in 
Greece: King Otho de- 
posed. 



1S63. 

Jan. 18. Egypt: Ismail, 

viceroy; succeeds Said 

Pasha. 

Unsuccessful uprising 

against Russia in Poland. 



1862 

Oct. 7. China: — Death of 
Gen. Ward. American 
commander of Chinese 
imperial troops against 
Taipings. 



226 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1863 A.D.- 



Progress OF SociETy. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1863 



1864 



Feh.Q.TheGeo.Gris- 
wold, with food 
given by New 
Yorkers for Lan- 
cashire operatives, 
arrives at Liverpool 

Mar. 4. Nat. Academy 
of Arts and Scien- 
ces founded by 
Congress. 

June — Grant and 
Speke arrive in 
England from the 
sources of the Nile. 



Deaths in 1863: R. 
Hildreth, Mar. 
Lansdowne, Mul- 
ready, Mrs. Trol- 
lope, Archbishop 
Whately, Thack- 
eray, Jakob 
Grimm, H. Vernet. 



Feb. 29. Peabody 
fund — D wel 1 i ngs 
for the poor in 
London — First 
block opened. 

April 3. Garibaldi's 
visit to England. 

May 16. Conven- 
tion between 
France, Brazil, 
Italy, Portugal, 
and Spain, for 
telegraph to 
America. 



Deaths in 1864: 
Frank. B a c h e, 
Josh'a Bates, W. 
J. Fox, T. C. Grat- 
tan, Nathaniel 
Hawthorne, Edw. 
Hitchcock, Leon- 
ard Homer, Arch- 
bishop Hughes, 
Jasmin (poet), C. 
M. Kirkland, W. 
Savage Landor, 
John Leech, J. R. 
Macculloch, Mey- 
erbeer, W. Curtis 
Noyes, Pellisier, 
Josiah Q u i n c y , 
Edw. Robinson, H. 
R. Schoolcraft, R. 
B. Taney, J. G. 
Totten. 



1863 May 2-4. Chancellorsville defeat. — 
Jackson killed. 

May 18. Vicksburg invested by Grant. 

June 13-15. Battle of Winchester. 
Maryland and Pennsylvania in- 
vaded by Lee. 

West Virginia admitted. 

June 27. Meade supersedes Hooker. 

July 1-3. Gettysburg victory. 

July 4. Vicksburg surrendered by 
Pemberton. 

July 8. Port Hudson taken. 

July 13-16. Draft riots at New York. 

Sept. 7. Fort Wagner, S. C, taken 

Sept. 19-20. Battle of Chickamauga. 

Oct. 17. President calls for 300,000 
more volunteers. 

Nov. 23-25. Battles of Chattanooga 
Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24; Mission- 
ary Ridge, Nov. 25. 



1864. 

Feb. 1. Draft for 500,000 men ordered. 
Feb. 20. Olustee (Fla.) defeat. 
March 2. Grant succeeds Halleck as 

commander-in-chief. 
April 8. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads 

(Red River Expedition). 
April 12. Massacre at Fort Pillow. 
May 5-6. Battle of the Wilderness. 
May 6. Sherman begins his march to 

the sea. 
May 9. Battle of Dalton, Ga. 
May 10. Battle of Spottsylvania. 
May 13—16. Engagemenis at Resaca, 

Ga. 
June 2-3. Battle of Cold Harbor. 
June 15. Grant before Petersburg. 
June 19. K ear sa /ge sinks the Alabama. 
June 27. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 
Johnston replaced by Hook. 
July — Early raids Maryland and 

Pennsylvania. 
July 9. Battle of Monocacy. 
July 22-28. Sherman's victories at 

Atlanta, Ga. 
July 30. Chambersburg, Pa., burnt by 

Early. 
July 30. Grant's mine at Petersburg, 

Va., exploded. 
Aug. 5. Farragut's victory in Mobile 

Bay. 
Aug. 31. McClellan nominated for 

president by Democratic Convention 

at Chicago. 
Sept. 2. Atlanta captured by Sherman. 
Sept. 19. Sheridan's victory at Win- 
chester. 



1864 



April 24. European 
conference at 
London on 
Schleswig-Hol- 
stein question. 



July — Palmer- 
ston sustained 
in the general 
election. 



Aug. 15. English 
fleet visits Cher- 
bourg. 

Aug. 30. French 
fleet visits Ports 
mouth. 



1864 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



227 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1863 



Thiers, Ollivier, Faure, 
and other opposition 
candidates are elected, 
May 31. 

French overrun Mexico 
and occupy the capital, 
June 10. 



Nov. — Thiers and his 
friends form a new op- 
position. 



1864 



May 20. Convention be- 
tween France and Japan 
signed. 

May 22. Death of Marshal 
Pellisier. 



1863 

March 30. Greece: George 
I. , of Schleswig-Holstein, 
proclaimed king — 
England agreeing to 
give up Ionian Isles to 
Greece. 



Aug. 16. Congress of Ger- 
man sovereigns at 
Frankfort. — "One Fed- 
eral State" proposed. 



Nov. 15. Denmark: Chris- 
tian IX. succeeds 
Frederick VII. 



1864 

Jan. — War of Austria and 
Prussia against Den- 
mark about Schleswig- 
Holstein — German 
troops enter Holstein 
and Schleswig. 

March 10. Louis II., king 
of Bavaria. 

April 18. Lines of Duppel 
taken by Prussians. 



June 1. Ionian Isles made 
over to Greece. 



July 8. Prussians take Al- 
sen. 



Sept. 15. Franco -Italian 
Convention signed — 
French troops to quit 
Rome in two years. 

Florence made the capital 
of Italy, May; riots at 
Turin in consequence, 
Sept 21-22. 



1863 

Mexico: — A National 
Assembly offers the 
imperial crown to Max- 
imilian of Austria, July 
10. — Resistance by the 
Nationalists under 

Juarez. 

June 10. French enter 
Me^cico. 



1864 

Peru: — Chincha Isl- 
ands seized by Spain as 
pledge for the satisfac- 
tion of pecuniary claims. 



Mexico: — J u n e 12. 
Emperor Maximilian 
enters the capital. 

Final conquest of the 
Circassians by Russia. 

July 18. China: — Nankin 
takenC'a heap of ruins"; 
by Gordon for the Im- 
perialists; end of the 
Taiping Rebellion. 



Japan: — In retaliation 
for firing upon foreign 
ships, Americans, Eng- 
lish, French, and Dutch 
bombard Shimonoseki 
Sept. 4. 



228 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1864 A.D.- 



A.D. ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1865 



Slavery abolished in 
the United States. 

Deaths in 1865: 
Richard Cobden, 
Bishop Brownell, 
Adm. Dupont, 
Val. Mott, Edw. 
Everett, Mrs. Gas- 
kell. Sir W. J. 
Hooker, Kiss 
(sculpt.), Leopold 
I. Ab. Lincoln, Dr. 
Lindley. 



Aug. — Treaty of com- 
merce between 
Italy and Japan. 

Sept. -Several South- 
em States pass 
ordinances annul- 
ling secession, and 
abolishing slavery. 

Rinder-pest or cattle 
plague in England, 
July, 1865, to Feb., 
1866. 



1864- 

Oct. 19. Cedar Creek defeat made a 

victory by Sheridan. 
Oct. 21. Rebel raid at St. Albans, Vt. 
Oct. 31. Nevada becomes a State, 
Nov. 8. Lincoln re-elected president. 
Nov. 30. Schofield repulses Hood at 

Franklin, Tenn. 
Dec. 13. Port McAllister stormed. 
Dec. 15-16. Hood crushed by Thomas 

at Nashville. 
Dec. 21. Sherman enters Savannah. 
Dec. 24-5. Butler and Porter repulsed 

at Fort Fisher, N. C. 
1865. 

Jan. 15. Fort Fisher taken by Terry. 
Feb. 2-3. Peace conference between 

President Lincoln and Southern 

representatives in Hampton Roads. 
Feb. 18. Charleston occupied by Union 

forces. 
Feb. 22. Wilmington captured by 

Schofield. 
March 19. Battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
March 31-April 1 . Battle of Five Forks. 
April 2. Selina, Ala., taken. 
April 3. Richmond and Petersburg 

occupied by U. S. forces. 
April 9. Surrender of Lee with his 

whole army. 
April 12. Mobile taken. 
April 14. Fort Sumter occupied. 

Assassination of President Lincoln 

and attack on Seward; death of 

Lincoln on following day. 
April 15. Andrew Johnson sworn in as 

president. 
April 26. Johnston's surrender to 

Sherman at Durham Station, N. C. 
April 26. Booth, the assassin, shot. 
May 4. Gen. Richard Taylor surren- 
ders. 
May 10. Jefferson Davis captured. 
May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders in 

Texas. 

End of the Rebellion. 

May 22. Proclamation opening South- 
ern ports and exceptional amnesty. 

June 1. National fast. 

June 29. Trial of assassins of Lincoln 
ended. 

July 7. They are (hung) /i ■ ■• *■ ■ 

July 29. Prisoners of war released on 
oath of allegiance. 

August — Rebel privateer Shenandoah 
destroyed about thirty vessels. 

Nov. 2. National thanksgiving. 

Nov. 9. Shenandoah at Liverpool — 
crew released. 

Nov. 10. Capt. Wirz executed for 
cruelty to U. S. prisoners in Ander- 
son ville. 

Dec. 18. Thirteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 



1865 



March — F e n i a n 
outbreaks in Ire- 
land. 



May 6. Reform 
League meeting 
in Hyde Park in 
defiance of Gov- 
ernment. 



Oct. -Movements of 
Fenians at New 
York,Phila., etc. 

Oct. 7. Riots in 
Jamaica ;Gordon, 
a Baptist minis- 
ter, hanged by 
Governor Eyre 
as a rioter. 

Oct. 18. Death ot 
Lord Palmer- 
ston. — Lord John 
Russell, premier. 

Nov. 27. Trial of 
Fenians at Dub- 
lin. 



1865 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



229 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


World, elsewhere. 






1864 

Oct. 30. Peace between Den- 
mark and the allies, to whom 
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauen- 
burg are surrendered. 


1864 

Paraguay: — u t - 
break of war 
with Brazil, Nov. 

Mexico: — Dec. 27. 
Imperialists de- 
feated by Repub- 
licans at San 
Pedro. 

Famine in Bengal 
and Madras. 


1865 




1865 


1865 

Apr.— Paraguayans 
under Lopez in- 
vade Argentina, 
which concludes 
alliance with 
Brazil and Uru- 
guay. 




May, — Napoleon III. begins 
his visit to Algeria. 




May 7. Hayti: — 
Military insur- 
rection against 
Geffrard. 




Sept. — Napoleonlll , meets 
Bismarck at Biarritz; 
consents to the Italo- 
Prussian alliance against 
Austria. 

Sept. 11. Death of Lamori- 


Aug. 14. Convention of Gastein 
between Prussia and Austria 
with regard to the admin-stra- 
tion of Schleswig and Holstein; 
Lauenburg sold to Prussia. 


Sept. IS. Paraguay- 
ans defeated by 
allies at Santa- 
yuna. 

Japan: — Rat i fi e s 
treaties with 




cicre. 


Dec. 10. Leopold II. succeeds his 
father Leopold I. in Belgium. 


foreign powers, 
Nov. 25. 



230 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1866 A.D.- 



ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire, 



July 28. Atlantic 
Telegraph suc- 

cessfully complet- 
ed ; cable landed at 
Newf oundla n d 
and reports peace 
between Prussia 
and Austria. 

Deaths in 1866: 
Marquis D ' Azeglio , 
Tared Sparks. Wm. 
Whewell, Gibson. 



April 1. Opening of 
the Great Exposi- 
tion of Industry of 
all nations " at 
Paris. 



July 1. Awards of 
the juries in the 
Great Exposition. 

July.— 1800th anni- 
versary of St. Pe- 
ter's martyrdom 
celebrated at 
Rome. 

July. —England visit- 
ed by the sultan. 

Reform in England. 

Deaths in 1867: 
Victor Cousin , 
Charles A n t h on, 
Faraday. 



1866. 

April 9. Civil Rights Bill passed. 

May 3. Colorado bill vetoed. 

May 29. Death of Winfield Scott. 

June 13. Fourteenth Amendment 
adopted by Congress. 

July 28. Congress adjourns, having 
passed Freedmen's Bureau (continua- 
tion) Bill; Civil Rights Bill; Pacific 
Railway (supp.) Bill; Army Bill, and 
other important measures. 

July — Grant appointed general-in-chief 
Sherman, lieut. -general ; Farragut 
admiral; Porter, vice-admiral. 

Aug. 14. "National Union Conven^ 
tion" at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 3. Southern Loyalist Convention 

. at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 6. Corner-stone of Douglas monu- 
ment laid at Chicago by President 
Johnson. 

Oct. 6. Elections in Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa result in 
increased Republican majorities. 

Nov. — Republicans also victorious in 
Mass., N. H., N. Y., N. J., Mich., 
Minn., Nevada, and Mo. In Delaw. 
and Md. the Democrats are success- 
ful. 

Dec. 8. Suffrage given to colored men 
in Dist. of Columbia, by act of 
Congress. 

'1867 

Feb. 9. Nebraska admitted into the 
Union. 

March 2. "Tenure of Office" Bill 
passed. 

Military government for the South: 
"Reconstruction Act" passed over 
the president's veto. 

March 23. Supplementary Bill on 
Military Government of the South, 
passed over President's veto. 

Southern States divided into five mili- 
tary districts, under 

Gen. Schofield, at Richmond; Sickles, at 
Columbia, etc. ; Pope, at Montgomery; 
Ord, at Vicksburg; Sheridan, at New 
Orleans. 

March 30. Treaty for purchase of 
Alaska signed. 

May 13. Jefferson Davis released on 
bail. 

July 3. Congress meets in extra special 
session, and enacts, over president's 
veto, a bill to confirm and strengthen 
the Military Government, passed 
in March (July 19). 

Aug. 10. Jury in trial of Surratt (as- 
sassination of Lincoln) disagree. 
Surratt discharged, Nov. 6, 1868. 

Aug. 12. Sec'y of War Stanton sus- 
pended after refusing to resign. 

Sept. 7. Pres. Johnson proclaims gen- 
eral amnesty. 

Sept. 17. Antietam cemetery dedicated. 



1866 

Jan. 6. Gov. Eyre 
in Jamaica super- 
seded by Storks; 
hot discussions 
in England as to 
his conduct in 
the riots. 

June 26. Fall of 
Lord John Rus- 
sell. Lord Derby 
enters on his 
third ministry. 



1867. 



May 11. Conference 
at London on 
the question of 
Luxemburg. 
Treaty signed 
making the 
duchy neutral 
territory — fort- 
ress to be razed. 

May 21. Proclama- 
tion of the newly 
established Do- 
minion of 
Canada. 

July. — 1 he viceroy 
of Egypt and the 
sultan of Turkey 
visit London. 

July 15. Passage of 
New Reform 

3ill in the House 
of Commons. 

Sept. 24-27. Pan- 
Anglican synod 
at Lambeth. 

Sept. — Hostilities 
against Abys- 
sinia begun. 



I867A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



231 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere^ 



July 5. Venetia ceded to 
France by Austria. 



1866 

Jan. 15. Death of D'Azeglio, 

Italian statesman. 

June 18. Prussia and Italy declare 
war against Austria. 

June 24. Italians defeated at 
Custozza. 

July 3. Battle of Sadowa or 

Koniggratz, Austrians totally de- 
feated by the Prussians. 

July 4. Austria cedes Venetia to 
France. 

July 11. Prussians defeat Bavar- 
ians at Kissingen. 

July 14. Prussians occupy Frank- 
fort. 

July 20. Italian fleet defeated off 
Lissa. 

Aug. 23. Treaty of Prague be- 
tween Prussia and Austria. 

Oct. 3. Treaty of peace between 
Austria and Italy, signed at 
Vienna. 

Nov. 5. Venetia proclaimed to be 
part of kingdom of Italy. 

Nov. 7. Victor Emanuel's pub- 
lic entry into Venice. 



Dec-France withdraws its 
forces from Rome. 



1867 

Feb. 18. Hungarian constitution 
restored by Austrian emperor. 

Feb. 24. First parliament of the 
North German Confederation 
opened by king of Prussia. 



Jan. — Railway between 
Boulogne and Calais 
opened. 

Jan. 19. Emperor decrees 
greater freedom of dis- 
cussion in Legislature 
and the Press. 

April 1. Great Exposition 
opened by the emperor. 

May 11. France adopts 
treaty providing for the 
neutralization of Lux- 
emburg. 

June 6. Attempt on life of the Czar, while ridmg with the 
emperor, in Paris. 

The sultan, viceroy of Egypt, king of Prussia, prince of 
Wales and other notables, also visit the Great E.Kposition 
in Paris in June and July. 



July 1. The emperor dis 
tributes medals of honor 
at the Great Exposition. 

Oct. 30. French troops 
enter Rome. 

Nov. 18. Pacific speech of 
emperor on opening 
Chambers. 

Dec. 5. Rouher declares 
(for government) that 
Italy shall never seize 
upon Rome. 



June. — Promulgation of the con- 
stitution of the North German 
Confederation. 

July. — Great excitement in Europe 
respecting the death of Maxi- 
milian in Mexico. 

Russian America sold to the 
United States. 

Aug. 6. Violent outbreak of chol- 
era at Albano, Italy. 

Sept. 24. Garibaldi arrested while 
preparing to invade Papal States 
and sent to Caprera. 



1866 

Chile: — Valparaiso- 
bombarded by 
the Spanish, Mar. 
31. 

Peru: — Callao bom- 
barded by the 
Spanish, May 2. 



Sept. 18. Brazil: 
Uruguayano sur- 
renders to the 
allies. 

Sept. — Greeks in 
Crete rise in re- 
volt against the 
Turks. 

Oct. 7. Jamaica 
riots. 



1867 

Feb. 5. Mexico : — r 
The city of Mex- 
ico evacuated by 
the French 
troops. 

May 15. Mexico: — 
Maximilian and 
his generals cap- 
tured at Quere- 
taro. 

June 19. Execution 
of Maximilian in 
Mexico. 

Ruler of Egypt re- 
ceives from sul- 
tan the title of 
khedive, with 
the succession 
in direct line. 

July 1. Cuba: De- 
cree of the queen 
of Spain free- 
ing all children 
of slave parents 
born after this 
date. 

Oct. 29. Destruc- 
tive hurricane in 
West Indies. 

Japan: — Nov. 19. 
Keiki, the last 
shogun, resigns. 



232 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1867 A.D.- 



A.D. 


ProgressofSociety. 


United St.^.tes. 


British Empire. 






1867 








Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish 








islands. St. Thomas and St. John, 








for $7,500,000, signed. 




1868 




1868. 


1868 




Jan. 15. Education 


Feb. 24. House votes to impeach Pres. 


Jan. 28. More than 




conference opens 


Johnson. 


one hundred 




at Manchester, 


March 5. Senate constitutes itself a 


thousand special 




England. 


court of impeachment. 


constables sworn 




June 25. Luther 


May 21. Republican Convention nomi- 


in in the United 




monument in- 


nates Grant and Colfax. 


Kingdom from 




augurated at 


May 26. Senate adjourns, after ac- 


apprehension of 




Worms. 


quitting President Johnson. 


Fenians. 




Oct. 5. Papal emis- 


June 5. Chinese embassy received at 


Feb. 25. Derby 




saries and Greek 


Washington. 


ministry resigns 


1 


patriarch of Con- 


July 9. Democratic Convention nomi- 


— D'Israeli pre- 


1 


stantinople dis- 


nates Seymour and Blair. 


mier, 29th. 




agree as to general 


July 20. Fourteenth Amendment rati- 


Dec. 2. D'Israeli 


1 


council. 


fied. 


ministry out; 




Deaths in 1868: 


Nov. 3. Grant and Colfax elected. 


Gladstone's suc- 




Ex-Pres. Buchan 




ceeds, '9th. 


i 


an, Thad. Stevens, 








Ex-Sec'y Bates. 








Lord Broughan, 








Rossini. 






1869 




1869 


1869 




Jan. 24. First Pro- 


Feb. 11. Nolle prosequi ends prosecu- 


July 26. Irish 




testant meeting 


tion against Jefferson Davis. 


Church dises- 




for public worship 


Feb. 26. Fifteenth Amendment (negro 


tablishment bill 




in Madrid. 


suffrage) passed by Congress. 


passed. 




Apr. 3. Bibles in 


April 15. Naturalization treaty with 


Nov. — Expiration 




foreign languages 


Great Britain ratified. 


of the Charter of 




admitted into 


May 10. Union Pacific Railway thrown 


Hudson's Bay 




Spain. 


open to traffic. 


company and in- 




May 10. Railway 


June 15. Peace Jubilee at Boston. 


corporation of 




connection com- 


Sept. 24. "Black Friday," in New 


its territory in 




pleted in LJ. S. be- 


York. 


the Dominion of 




tween Atlanticand 


Nov. Wyoming grants complete suf- 


Canada. 




Pacific. 


frage to women. 






July 14. French At- 








lantic telegraphic 








cable completed. 








Deaths, 1869: W. P. 








Fessenden; Ad- 








miral Stewart 








('•Old Ironside") 








G. Peabody, Ex- 








Pres. Pierce Gen. 








Wool, Ex-Sec'y. 








Stanton, Lamar- 








tine, Sainte-Beuve. 







1869 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



^33 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


World, elsewhere. 






1867 








Oct. 13. Garibaldi escapes from 








Caprera; 26. defeats pope's troops 








at Monte Rotondo; 30, French 








troops enter Rome. 








Nov. 3. Garibaldi beaten and 








taken prisoner at Mentana. 




1868 




186S 


1868 




June 1. New press law, 


Austria-Hungary: — the Ausgleich 


Japan: The mikado 




less stringent. 


of Dec. 21 reorganizes the mon- 


assumes sole 




Aug. 1. Rochefort's Lan- 


archy on a dualistic basis. 


power; civil war 




terne suppressed; he 


Mar. 21. Defeat of papal party at 


between ad- 




escapes to Belgium. 


Vienna on civil marriage bill. 


herents of mika- 






Serrano and Prim head revolution 


do and shogun. 






in Spain; royal forces defeated 


Feb. 19. Brazilians 






by Serrano, Sept. 28; queen of 


force the pass of 






Spain flees into France Sept. 30; 


Humaita against 






provisional government set up. 


Paraguayan bat- 






Dec. 30. Final surrender of revo- 


teries. 






lutionary Cretan government 


Apr. 13. Capture of 






announced at Constantinople. 


Magdala, Abys- 
sinia, by British; 
death of King 
Theodore. 

May 22. Russians 
occupy Samar- 
cand. 

June 25. Paraguay- 
ans evacuate 
Humaita, after 
over 2 years, 
siege. 

Sept. — Outbreak of 
insurrection in 
Cuba. 


1869 




1869 


1869 




June 9. Violent election 


May 20. Spanish Cortes votes for 


Japan: Mikado tri- 




riots at Paris. 


monarchical government. 


umphs; Tokio 




June 26. Great increase of 


June 16. Serrano chosen regent of 


(Yedo) made the 




opposition in Assembly. 


Spain. 


capital. 




July 13. Ministerial re- 


Dec. 8. Vatican Council opened at 


Nov. 17. Suez 




sponsibility introduced 


Rome. 


canal formally 




by the emperor. 




opened. 




Aug. 15. Centenarv of 








birth of Napoleon I.; 








pensions, amnesty, etc. 








Sept. 10. New constitution 








promulgated. 








Sept. 30. Pere Hyacinthe 








protests against papal 








infallibility and en- 








croachments. 







234 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1870 A.D. 



A.D. Progress OF Society 



United States. 



British Empirb. 



1870 



Apr. 2. Railway from 
Calcutta to Bom 
bay opened. 

May 25. Organization 
of English com- 
mittee to revise 
authorized version 
of Bible. 

Dec. 25. Mount Cenis 
tunnel completed 

Deaths, 1870: Ad 
mirals Dahlgren 
and Farragut, 
Gen. Lee, Chas 
Dickens, Alexan 
dre Dumas. 



1870 

Jan. 26. Darien canal scheme ap- 
proved by Congress. 

Feb. 25. Mr. Revels, first colored mem- 
ber of United States Senate (from 
Mississippi), takes his seat; his first 
speech for universal amnesty and 
suffrage. 

March 30. Fifteenth Amendment rati 
fied. 

July. — New tariff adopted, to take effect 
Jan. 1, 1871. 

Oct. 1. Internal taxation begins to be 
reduced. 

Nov. 5. J. L. Motley, minister to Eng- 
land, recalled. 

Republican majority in Congress 
greatly reduced by the fall elections, 

Dec. 5. President Grant's message 
regrets failure of proposal to annex St 
Domingo. 

Dec. 22. General Schenck minister to 
London. 



!1870 

July 19. Neutrality 
in Franco -Prus- 
sian war pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. 1. Irish Land 
Act passed. 

Aug. 9. Elementary 
Education Act 
passed. 



1 8/0 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



235 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



vVoRLD, elsewhere. 



18 ro 



1870 1870 

Jan. 2. Liberal (Ollivier) Jan. 12. Pope's decree condemn- Jan. 15. Salnave 

ministry formed. ing the Fenians. 1 shot in Hayti; 

Jan. 10. Victor Noir mur- June 25. Queen Isabella of Spain' Saget president. 

dered by Prince Pierre 1 abdicates in favor of her son Mar. 1. Defeat and 



Bonaparte. I Alfonso. 

Jan. 22. Rochefort fined July 18. Vatican Council votes 

and imprisoned for libel, j the pope's infallibility. 
May 8. Plebiscite on gov- July 30. Austrian government 



dissolves 
Rome. 



the concordat with 



Sept. 20. Italian troops occupy 
Rome. 

Oct. — Vote of people of Papal 
States for annexation to Italy, 
133,681 yeas to 1,507 nays. 

Oct. 31. Russia refuses to be 
bound by the provisions of the 
Treaty of Paris, of 1856, neutral- 
izing the Black Sea. 

Nov. 16. Prince Amadeus, of 
Italy, elected king of Spain by 
the Cortes; accepts, Dec. 4. 

Nov. 23. Pope excommunicates 
all concerned in annexing Rome 
to Italy. 

Dec. 28. Marshal Prim assassinat- 
ed at Madrid. 

Dec. 31. King Victor Emanuel 
arrives at Rome. 



death of the 
Paraguayan 
president Lopez, 
near the Aquida- 
ban. 

May 25. Fenian 
raid into Canada 
repulsed by vol- 
unteers. 

June 21. Mob at 
T i e n-T sin in 
China; French 
consul and resi- 
dents murdered. 



emment amendments to 
constitution, adopted by 
5 to 1. 

May 14. Riots and barri- 
cades in Paris. 

May 15. Duke of Gramont 
becomes foreign minis- 
ter. 

July 2. Orleans family de- 
mand permission to re- 
turn to France; refused 
by Assembly. 

July.^ — Prince Leopold de- 
clines candidacy for 
Spanish throne; Prussia 
refuses guaranties; 13, 
Benedetti's interview 
with King William of 
Prussia at Ems; 19, 
France declares war. 

July 23. Empress regent; 
emperor joins army, 
26, first skirmish at 
Niederbronn. 

Aug. 2. Action at Saar- 
bruck; 4, Germans de- 
feat French at Weissen- 
burg; 6, severe defeat of 
French at Woerth; and 
at Forbach or Spic- 
heren; Bazaine in command at Metz; 10, new ministry under Palikao; 
12, Germans pass the Vosges; 14, Germans gain battle of Courcelles; 16, of 
Vionville or Mars-la-Tour; 18, of Gravelotte and Rezonville; Trochu governor 
of Paris; 22, Bazaine isolated at Metz; 25, Germans occupy Chalons; 30, 
several engagements lost by parts of MacMahon's army retreating north; 31, 
they retreat to Sedan; Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, Bazaine repulsed and driven into 
Metz. Sept. 1, Battle of Sedan; 2, surrender of MacMahon's army and 
Napoleon III.; Sept. 4. revolution at Pans; republic declared, and gov- 
ernment of defence, Trochu president; 19, siege of Paris formed; 19, 
Paris completely invested; 23, Durnouf gets out of Paris with mails by bal- 
loon; kz^ee ew maise in French departments ordered; 28, Strasburg capitu- 
lates; red republican rising put down at Lyons. 

Oct. 7, Gambetta escapes from Paris by balloon; 9, organizes a government at 
Tours; 7, great sortie from Metz repulsed; 10, 11, red republican attempt 
to establish the commune at Paris defeated: 11, Germans take Orleans; 16, 
take Soissons; 21, French sortie from Mont Valerien (Paris) repulsed; 27, 
Metz and army surrendered by Bazaine; 31, uprising in Paris; Nov. 9, battle 
of Covdmiers; 28, battle of Beaune-la-Rolande; Nov. 30, Dec. 2, unsuccessful at- 
tacks on the German lines of investment. 

Dec.2-4.Freach defeated at Orleans; 9-10, removal of seat of government tc 
Bordeaux; 23, battle of Pont-Noyelles. 



236 



TABULAR VIEWS 



187I A.D.- 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1871 



Sept. 22. Old Catho- 
lic meeting at Bonn 
againstnew dogma 
of infallibility. 

Sept. 28. Gradual 
Slav e-emancipa- 
tion law passed in 
Brazil. 

Deaths, 1871: G. 
Ticknor, Alice and 
Phrebe Gary, Gen. 
R. Anderson, R. 
Chambers, Scha- 
myl, the Circas- 
sian chief, Omer 
Pasha, Thalberg, 
Herschel, Auber, 
G. Grote, Princess 
Belgiojoso,Paul de 
Kock, R. Bentley, 
C. Babbage, Sir R. 
Murchison, Mar- 
shal Benedek, G 
Hudson ("railway 
king"). 



1871 

A pril 5. Report of commissioners to St. 

Domingo, in Senate. 
May 8. Treaty of Washington, laying 

down basis for arbitration oi Alabama 

claims. 
June 10. Statue of S. F. B. Morse un- 
veiled in N. Y. 
June 29. Polaris expedition sails for 

North Pole. 
July 12. Riot in New York, Catholics 

against Orangemen: 62 killed, 117 

wounded. 
July. — Exposure of Tweed ring by N. 

Y. Times. 
Oct. — Great fires in Minn., Wis., and 

Mich, forests. 
Oct. 8-9. Great fire at Chicago; 18,000 

buildings destroyed; $200,000,000 

lost. 
Dec. 19. First attempts at civil service 

reform made by President Grant. 



Aug. 6. Spain pre- 
pares to free slaves 
in Porto Rico and 
Cuba. 

Sept. 8. Australia 
connected by sub- 
marine telegraph 
with the Indo- 
European tele- 
graph system. 

Deaths in 1872: J. 
Mazzini; Rev. F. 
D. Maurice, S. F. 
B. Morse, C. 

Lever, L. Feuer- 
bach, Charles XV., 
of Sweden, Mrs. 
Parton ("Fanny 
Fern"), T. Gau- 
tier. Sir J. Bow- 
ring, Merle d'Au- 
bign^, Gen. Hal- 
leck, W. H. Sew- 
ard, H. Greeley. 



1872 

Jan. 16. General amnesty bill passed. 

June 17. Boston Peace Jubilee opens. 

July 10. Democrats and Liberal Re- 
publicans join to nominate Greeley 
for president. 

Sept. 14. Geneva award (.Alabama 
claims) announced. 

Oct. 23. Island of San Juan awarded to 
United States. 

Nov. 5. Grant re-elected president. 

Nov. — Modoc war begins. 

Nov. 9-10. Great fire in Boston re- 
sulting in loss of $80,000,000. 



1871 

Mar. London Con- 
ference nullifies 
provisions of 

Treaty of Paris 
regarding neu- 
trality of Black 
Sea. 

Apr. 3. 8th census 
taken. 

July 20. Purchase 
of army com- 
missions stopped 
by royal warrant. 

Sept. 30. South 
Kensington Ex- 
hibition closed 
(open since May 
1). 



1872 

Feb. 29. Arthur 
O'Connor pre- 
sents an empty 
pistol at the 
queen. 

March. — Agricultu- 
ral laborers' 
strike in War- 
wickshire. , 

June. — Strikes in 
various trades. 

Sept. 14. Final 
Alabama award. 

Nov. 5. New com- 
mercial treaty 
signed with 

France. 

Nov. 24. Serious 
illness of prince 
of Wales; begins 
to recover l3ec. 
14. 



18/2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



237 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1871 

Feb. 8. Complete amnesty for 
political offences in Austria. 

Mar. 21 Meeting of the first Ger- 
man Reichstag. 

June 16. 25th anniversary of 
accession of Pius IX. celebrated 
at Rome. 

July 1. Rome becomes the capital 
of Italy. 

Nov. 18. Uniform coinage law 
enacted in Germany. 



1871 

June 11. Americans 
and French storm 
Corean strong- 
holds and punish 
Coreans for in- 
sults. 

Oct. 1. Military re- 
volt in city of 
Mexico; sup- 
i pressed with 

much bloodshed. 

Japan: Abolition of 
feudalism; begin- 
ning of the era of 
western civiliza- 
tion. 

.Jan. 3. Battle of Bapaume 10-12, battle of Le Mans; 15-17, Bourbaki defeated 
near Belfort;18, William I. proclaimed emperor at Versailles; 19, battle of St. 
Quentin; 19, great sortie of 100,000 men from Paris repulsed ; 23, Trochu resigns; 
28, Paris capitulates; 30, Bourbaki's army of 80,000 driven into Switzerland 
and"interned"; treaty of peace, ceding Alsace and part of Lorraine, and to pay 
Germany $1,000,000,000, preliminaries signed Feb. 26. 

Feb. 17. Thiers becomes executive. 

March 1-3, German troops enter Paris, and remain 48 hours. Treaty concluded 
May 10, ratified by French Assembly, May 18. 

March 18. Insurrection at Paris, and commune established there; 20, regular 
government at Versailles; 28, government of the commune proclaimed 
at Paris. ' 

April 2. Military operations begin between government and commune; 
4, communist insurrection suppressed at Marseilles; 6, Versailles army under 
MacMahon begins attack on Paris. 

May 21. Government troops enter Paris and occupy part; 23-24, Tuileries, 
Hotel de Ville, etc., burned by communists; 28, fighting ends and communists sup- 
pressed; about one-fifth of Paris burned, and loss of property through com- 
mune, $160,000,000; 29, decree disarming Paris; 31, Thiers made president 
for 3 years. 

1872 1872 



Apr. 23. Law against the 
' ' International "society. 

Sept — Government is es- 
tablished at Paris. 

Oct. 6. Pilgrimages of 
some 20,000 persons to 
Lourdes. 

Nov. 5. New commercial 
treaty signed with Great 
Britain. 



Jan.— Insurrectionary Carlistmove- 

ments begin in north of Spain. 
Apr. 1. Tercentenary of Dutch 

independence observed. 
April 24. — May 1. Eruption of 

Vesuvius. 
May 1. University of Strasburg 

reopened (closed by French, 

1792). 
May 2. Don Carlos enters Spain; 

6, flees back to France. The 

Carlist war begins. 
June 12. Jesuits expelled from 

Germany. 
July 18. 1000th anniversary of 

kingdom of Norway celebrated 
July 31. Extradition treaty jign 

ed, Belgium and Great Britain. 
Sept. 18. Death of Charles XV. 

of Sweden; succeeded by Oscar 

II. 
Sept. 30. Revolt in Montenegro. 
Dec. 18. Coinage made uniform in 

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
Dec. 31. Diplomatic relations 

broken off between the pope and 

Germany. 



Mar. 1. War be- 
tween Honduras 
and San Salva- 
dor. 

Mar. 26. Attemptto 
assassinate the 
mikado of Japan. 

July 18. Death of 
Juarez; succeed- 
ed in the presi- 
dency of Mexico 
by Lerdo de 
Tejada (Oct.) 

July22. Military re- 
volt at Lima; 
President Balta 
killed. 

Aug. 17. Japanese 
embassy in Eng- 
land. 



238 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1873 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1873 



1874 



1875 



Jan. 1. European | 

calendar introduc-l 
ed into Japan. 

Mar. 22. Slavery 
abolished in Porto 
Rico. 

May 1. International 
Exposition at 
Vienna. 

May 5. Treaty of 
Great Britain with 
Zanzibar to sup- 
press slave trade. 

Deaths, 1873: Na- 
poleon III., M. F. 
Maury, Rev. T. 
Guthrie, C. Knight, 
Baron Liebig, W. 
C. Macready, Dr. 
Livingstone, John 
Stuart Mill, A. 
Manzoni, F. von 
Raumer, M. Odil- 
lon-Barrot, Sir. E. 
Landseer, U. 
Ratazzi, S. P. 
Chase, Agassiz. 

June 22. Telegraph 
opened between 
Great Britain and 
Brazil. 

Aug. — International 
congress at Brus- 
sels on laws of war. 

Sept. 15. Interna- 
tional postal con- 
gress at Berne ; 
adopts a system 
Oct. 7. 

Deaths 1874: Ex- 
Pres. Fillmore, C. 
Sumner, F. Guizot, 
A. von Rothschild, 
Chang and Eng 
(Siamese twins), 
Dr. D. F. Strauss, 
J. Michelet. 

Jan. — Civil registra- 
tion and civil mar- 
riage adopted by 
law in Germany. 

May 23. People of 
Switzerland adopt 
civil marriage by 
vote. 

Nov. 28. Italian gov- 
ernment buys the 
Northern Italian 
railroads. 

Publication of Mrs. 
Eddy's Science and 
Henllh and Key to 
the Scriptures. 



1873 

Jan. 6. House of Rep. appoints com- 
mittee to investigate Credit Mobilier 
scandals. 

Feb. — Fighting and disturbances in New 
Orleans. 

Apr. 11. Gen. Canby and others mur- 
dered by Modocs. 

June. — Modocs surrender. 

Sept. — Financial panic in New York City 

Nov. — Excitement over execution by 
Spaniards of Americans from steamer 
Virginius. 



1873 

Jan. — Strikes of 

colliers; coal 

very scarce. 
June- July. — Shah 

of Persia visits 

England. 
June. — Outbreak of 

war with Ashan- 

tis. 



1874 

Feb. — ^Women's whiskey-war; women try 
to stop liquor-selling, by prayer, etc., 
in Ohio and N. Y. 

Apr. 22. President Grant vetoes bill 
for inconvertible paper money. 

July. — Beecher scandal breaks out. 

Aug. 17. RiotsatAustin.Miss., negroes 
and whites; so-called negro insurrec- 
tion also in Aug. at Trenton, Tenn. 

Sept. — Centennial of meeting of colonial 
delegates at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 18. Gov. Kellogg of La., deposed 
by a rising of whites; restored by U. 
S. forces. 

Oct. 27. Triennial Episcopalian con- 
vention: canon against ritualism. 

Dec. — Senate passes bill to resume 
specie payment Jan. 1, 1879. 



1875. 

Feb. 4. Senate rejects new reciprocity 
treaty with Canada. 

Feb. — Civil Rights Bill (for negroes) 
passed. 

Apr. 19. Centenary of Lexington. 

June 17. Centenary of Bunker Hill. 

July 2. Beecher trial ends. Jury dis- 
agrees (9 to 3 for Beecher). 

Sept. 30. First American cardinal 
(McCloskey) received at Rome. 

Oct. — Inflationist defeats in Ohio 
and Iowa. 



1874 

Jan. 23. Duke of 
Edinburgh 
marries Grand 
Duchess Marie of 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Gladstone 
ministry out; 
D 'Israeli suc- 
ceeds him, Feb. 
21. 

Feb. 28. Close of 
the celebrated 
Tichborne trial. 

May 13-21. Visit 
of czar of Russia. 



1875 

March 9. Moody 
and Sankey, the 
revivalists, ar- 
rive in London; 
sail (on return) 
Aug. 4. 

Sept. 27. Railway 
jubilee at Darl- 
ington. 

Nov. 25. Govern-- 
ment purchaseof 
Suez canal shares 
announced. 



i875 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



239 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



Feb. — Letter of Comte de 
Chambord, destroying 
all hope of Bourbonist 
fusion. 

Mar. 1.5. Convention for 
complete evacuation by 
Germans on payment of 
whole indemnity. 

May 24. Thiers and his 
ministry resign; Mc- 
Mahon chosen president 
by the Assembly. 

Aug. 2. Germans have left 
France, except Verdun; 
5, the Orleanists recog- 
nize Comte de Chambord 
as chief. 

Sept. 5. Last instalment of 
German indemnity paid; 
13, Germans leave Ver- 
dun; 16, last Germans 
leave France. 

Nov. 20. MacMahon's term 
made 7 years. 

Dec. 10. Bazaine condemn- 
ed to death for surrender 
of Metz; commuted to 
20 years, imprisonment. 

Mar. 16. Imperialist de- 
monstration at Chisel - 
hurst, at majority (18 
years) of prince im- 
perial. 

July 2. Royalist proclama- 
tion by the Count de 
Chambord. 

Aug. 9. Escape of Marshal 
Bazaine. 

Aug. 31. Vendome column 
restored. 

Dec. 3. Public thanks to 
Britain for friendship 
during war with Ger- 
many. 



Feb. -Mar.— Constitutional 
changes in a republican 
direction. 

June 23. Destructive floods 
at Toulouse. 

Nov. — The National As- 
sembly adopts the sys- 
tem of voting by arron- 
dissement. 

Dec. — Reports on trial of 
communists show 
9,596 convictions and 
110 death sentences. 



1873 

Feb. 9. Extradition treaty signed, 
Italy and Great Britain. 

Feb. 11. King Amadeus of Spain 
abdicates. 

May. — The Falk Laws in Prussia 
mark the height of the struggle 
with the Roman Catholic 
Church known as the Kultur- 
kampf. 

June 8. Spain declared a republic 
by the Cortes; communist and 
Carlist risings in the south ; 
Sept. 7. Castelar chosen presi- 
dent of the executive. 

Oct. 21. Jesuits expelled from 
their convents and colleges at 
Rome. 



1874 

Jan. 4. Serrano head of ministry 
in Spain. 

Jan. 12. Cartagena last commu- 
nist stronghold taken. 

Apr. 19. Revised constitution 
adopted in Switzerland. 

July 23. Extradition treaty rati- 
fied, Netherlands and Great 
Britain. 

Dec. 31. Alfonso, son of Queen 
Isabella, proclaimed king of 
Spain and Canovas del Castillo 
head of ministry. Throughout 
the year the Carlist war rages. 



1875 

Jan. — Alfonso XII. arrives in 
Spain and takes possession of 
the government. 

July. — Insurrection against the 
Turks in Herzegovina. 

Aug. — Insurrection in Bosnia. 

Oct. 6. Turkey announces sus- 
pension of payment on half the 
interest of her public debt. 



1873 

Feb. 23. Emperor 
Toung-Chi of 

China assumes 
government. 

Mar. 25. Nether- 
lands declare 
war against 

Atchinese. 

June 5. Sultan of 
Zanzibar signs 
treaty with 
Great Britain 
agreeing to the 
suppression of 
the slave trade. 

June 10. Khiva ta- 
ken by the Rus- 
sians under Gen- 
eral Kaufmann, 



1874 

Feb. 5. British 
force under Sir 
G. Wolseley oc- 
cupies Coomas- 
sie, the capital 
of Ashanti. 

Feb. 13. King of 
Ashanti makes 
peace. 

Feb. 26. Insurrec- 
tion at Nagasaki, 
Japan. 

Sept. 30. Annexa- 
tion of Fiji Isl- 
ands by Great 
Britain. 



1875 

Apr. 5. Island of 
Saghalien ceded 
byjapan to Rus- 
sia. 

May 18. Seven 
Chilian towns of 
30,000 popula- 
tion destroyed 
by an earth- 
quake. 

Oct. 16. Egyptian 
expedition in 
Abyssinia de- 
feated. 



240 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1875 A.D.- 



A.D. Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1875 



1876 



1877 



Deaths, 1875: C. 
Lyell, Ex-Pres 
Johnson, A. 
Helpi, E. Qui- 
net, Toung-Chi, 
emperor of 
China. H. C. 
Andersen. 

Feb. 1. International 
courts in Egypt be- 
gin to sit. 

Oct. 27. Capt. Nares's 
Arctic expedition 
returns; a sledging 
party had reached 
83° 20' north. 

Dec. 21. New penal 
code adopted for 
German Empire. 

Deaths, 1876: Vice- 
Pres. H. Wilson, 
F. Deak, Reverdy 
Johnson, Abdul- 
Aziz, ex-sultan of 
Turkey, George 
Sand, Gen. Santa 
Anna, C. Perier, 
Cardinal Anto- 
nelli. 

Invention of tele- 
phone. 



Invention of phono- 
graph. 

Stanley's explora- 
tions in Africa 
show identity of 
Lualaba and Con- 
go Rivers. 

Deaths: Tayler Lew- 
is, J. L. Ivlotley, 
Gen. Changarnier, 
Dr. Muhlenberg, 
E. L. Davenport, 
Gen. Forrest, Geo. 
L. Fox, Henry 
Peters Gray, 

Thiers, Brigham 
Young. 



1876 

Jan. 1. Centennial year, great demon- 
strations in Philadelphia. 

Mar. — Minister Schencl< resigns in 
consequence of Emma Mine scandal. 

April. — Senate rejects R. H. Dana's 
nomination as minister to England. 

Apr. 14. Lincoln monument, erected 
by negroes, unveiled at Washington. 

May 10. Centennial Exhib. opened at 
Philadelphia. 

June 16. Hayes and Wheeler nominat- 
ed at Cincinnati. 

June 25. Custer and his command 
ambushed and destroyed by Sioux 
on the Little Big Horn, Montana. 

June 29. Tilden and Hendricks nomi- 
nated at St. Louis. 

July 9. Hamburg (S. C.) massacre of 
negro militiamen by Butler and others. 

Aug. 1." Gen. Belknap, ex-secretary ot 
war, impeached for corruption, but 
acquitted by 35 to 25 in Senate (two- 
thirds must convict). 

Aug. 1. Colorado admittedintotheUnion. 

Oct. 17. President Grant's proclama- 
tion against unlawful combinations to 
affect elections in South. 

Nov. 7. Presidential election ; Hayes and 
Wheeler chosen by 185, to 184 for 
Tilden and Hendricks. 

1877 

Jan. — U. S. Government commission 
report Darien canal practicable. 

Jan. — Extradition treaty signed with 
Spam. 

Jan. 8. Two governors (Nicholls and 
Kellogg) inaugurated in Louisiana; 
Kellogg maintained by U. S. troops. 

Jan. — Fourteen fishing schooners, over- 
due at Gloucester, Mass., given up for 
lost with all on board. 

Jan. — Moody and Sankey opened meet- 
ing in Boston. 

Jan. '25-26. Electoral Commission 
created to decide on election of Hayes 
or Tilden. 

March 2. Hayes declared elected. 

Apr. 10. U. S. troops evacuate South 
Carolina state-house; Gov. Chamber- 
lain has to yield to Hampton. 

Apr. 24. U. S. troops evacuate 
State-house at New Orleans; Kellogg 
government yields to Nicholls. 

June 29. Pres. Hayes's letter prescrib- 
ing that national office-holders must 
not be managing party officials, nor 
be assessed for party expenses. 



1876 



May 1. Queen pro- ■ 
claimed Empress 
of India. 

Sept. 6. Gladstone 
publishes his de- 
nunciation of the 
Turkish atrociti- 
ties in Bulgaria. 



The 



1877 

Apr. 12. 

Transvaal an- 
nexed to the 
British Emoire. 

Apr. 30. Neutrality 
proclaimed in 
Russo -Turkish 
war. 

July 2-9. Pan -Pres- 
byterian con- 
ference at Edin- 
burgh. 

Cleopatra's needle 
brought from 
Egypt and erect- 
ed in London. 



i877 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



241 



1876 



an. — French revenue for 
1875 $500,000,000, said 
to be the largest ever 
received by any govern- 
ment. 

Feb. -Mar. — Republican 
majority elected to 
Chambers. 

Nov. 3. France announces 
her neutrality in the 
Russo -Turkish war. 

Dec. 12. New ministry 
under Jules Simon. 



1877 



May 16. Resignation of 
ministry of Jules Simon ; 
succeeded by De 
Broglie. 

July 29. Gambetta's cel- 
ebrated speech against 
Mac Mahon, "submit 
or resign." 

Sept. 3. Death of Thiers. 

Oct. 14. Elections favor- 
able to Republicans. 

Nov. 20. Resignation of 
the De Broglie ministry. 

Dec. 14. Formation of the 
Dufatire ministry. 



1876 

Jan. 31. Andrassy note presented 
to Turkey, suggesting reforms. 

Mar. 20. Triumphal entry of Al- 
fonso into Madrid, the Carlist 
insurrection being suppressed. 

May 6. Assassination of French 
and German consuls at Salonica 
in Turkey. 

May. — Risings in Bulgaria, cruelly 
put down by Turks. 

May 30. Sultan Abdul-Aziz de- 
posed; Murad V. succeeds. 

July 2. Servia and Montenegro de- 
clare war against Turkey. 

July 9. Turkey repudiates pay- 
ments on public debt until 
better times. 

Aug. 31. Sultan Murad deposed; 
Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. 

Nov. 1. Six weeks' armistice be-^ 
tween Turkey and Servia. 

Dec. 23. Constitution for Turkey 
announced. 



1876 

Feb. 20. Khokand 
annexed to Rus- 
sia, as Ferghana. 

July 17. Gen. 

Canal president 
of Hayti. 

Oct. 31. Cyclone in 
Bengal ; immense 
loss of property 
and life. 

Porfirio Diaz enters 
Mexico and de- 
clares himself 
provisional pres- 
ident. 

Dec. 10. Baez, 
president of St. 
Domingo. 



1877 

Jan. 18. Turkey rejects proposals 

of the European Powers. 
Apr. 24. Russia declares war 

against Turkey, and enters 

Roumania. 
May 21. Jubilee at Rome, 50th 

anniversary of pope's episcopate 
Roumania declares itself inde- 
pendent. 
June. — Russians cross the Danube 

at Galatz; 25, at Hirsova; 27, 

at Simnitza. 
July 6. Over 120,000 Russians 

have crossed at Sistova. 
July. The German quarrel with 

Rome has caused the deposition 

of 4 bishops and 6 archbishops; 

expulsion of 600 persons (120 

priests) from Cologne alone; 

vacancy of 476 parishes in 

7 bishoprics alone. 
July 14. Russians under Gurko 

cross Balkans. 
July 16. Nicopolis taken. 
July 20, 30. Russian defeats at 

Plevna. 



1877 

Feb. -Diaz is in pos- 
session of power 
in Mexico; E.x- 
President Lerdo 
escapes to San 
Francisco. 

April 12. British 
rule established 
in Transvaal. 

May 9. Great 
earthquake and 
tidal wave, coast 
of Peru; loss, 
$20,000,000 and 
600 lives. 



242 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1877 A.D.^ 



A.D. Progress OF Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1878 



Dec. 17. Gold sells at 
par in New York 
City for the first 
time since Jan. 13, 
1862. 

Deaths: Pius IX., 
W. C. Bryant, 
Bayard Taylor, 
Geo. H. Lewes, 
Wm. M. Tweed, 
GeorgeCruikshank 
Bp. Dupanloup, 
Joseph Henry. 



1877 

July.— An Indian war under Chief 
Joseph breaks out in Idaho. 

July 16. Beginning of great railway 
strikes. 

Oct. 5. Nez Perces Indians under 
Chief Joseph surrender. 

Oct. 15. Forty -fifth Congress meets in 
extra session. 

Nov. 23. Halifax Fisheries Commission 
decrees that the United States is to pay 
Great Britain $5,500,000. 

1878 

Jan. 30. Senate ratifies Samoan 
treaty which gives U. S. naval vessels 
use of harbor of Pagopago. 

Feb. 28. Passage of the Bland Silver 
Bill. 

May 17. House of Representatives ap- 
points a (Potter) committee to in- 
vestigate alleged frauds in presiden- 
tial election of 1876. 

Nov. 5. Elections favorable to the 
Democrats. 

Southern States visited with yellow 
fever, causing 20,000 cases of sickness 
and 7000 deaths. 



1878 

June 4. Defensive 
treaty with Tur- 
key signed, by 
which Cyprus is 
ceded to Great 
Britain. 

Sept. 3. Princess 
Alice sunk near 
London ; 600 

lives lost. 

Oct. 2. City of 
Glasgow Bank 
Scotland, closed 
with liabilities of 
$50,000,000. 



1878 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



243 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1878 



May 1. International Ex- 
position opens at Paris. 



1877 

Aug. 21. Suleiman Pasha begins 

assaults on Shipka Pass. 
Sept. 3. Russians storm Lovatz; 

8, Montenegrins capture Nicsic. 
Oct. 15. Mukhtar Pasha defeated 

at Aladja Dagh. 
Nov. 17. Insurrection along Greek 

frontier. 
Nov. 18. Russians capture Kars. 
Dec. 10. Russians capture Plevna. 

1.878 

Jan. 4. Russians capture Sophia; 

9, and a Turkish army of 25,000 
men in Shipka Pass; 20, and 
enter Adrianople. 

Jan. 9. King Victor Emmanuel of 
Italy dies, and is succeeded by 
his son, King Humbert. 

Jan. 23. King Alfonso of Spain 
marries Princess Mercedes. 

Feb. 7. Pius IX. dies; 20, Leo 
XIII. is elected pope. 

Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano 
between Russia and Turkey. 

May 4. Attempt to assassinate 
Emperor William of Germany. 

June 2. Another attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Germany. 

June 13. Meeting of European 
Powers at Berlin. 

June 26. Death of Queen Mer- 
cedes of Spain. 

July 13. Treaty of Berlin signed by 
European Powers. 

Aug. — Opposition in Bosnia to 
Austrian occupation. 

Oct. 19. Anti -Socialist Bill passed 
by Germany. 

Oct. 25. Attempt to assassinate 
King Alfonso of Spain. 

Nov. 17. Attempt to assassinate 
King Humbert of Italy. 



1878 

Jan.-Feb.— Famine 
in Northern 
China, in which 
several millions 
of persons starve 
to death. 

Feb. 4. An asylum 
for women and 
children in Tien- 
Tsin, China, is 
burned, and 
nearly 3000 

lives lost. 

Apr.l 1. Tornado at 
Canton, China, 
in which 10,000 
persons are esti- 
mated to be kill- 
ed. 

Aug. — Marqiiis of 
Lome is appoint- 
ed governor- 
general of Cana- 
da. 

Sept. — Protection- 
ists are success- 
ful at Canadian 
elections; Sir 
John A. Macdon- 
ald becomes pre- 
mier; and tariff 
laws are passed. 

Nov. 21. British 
troops invade 
Afghanistan. 



244 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1879 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress ofSociety 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1879 




1879 


1879 






Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments 
Mar. 18. Extra session of Forty-sixth 


Jan. 12. British 




April 30. Treaty be 


troops enter Zu- 




tween Great 


Congress. 


luland; 22, valu- 




Britain and Ger- 


March-April. — Large numbers of ne- 


able stores and 




many for sup- 


groes remove from the Black Belt to 


force of 800 men 




pressing slave 


Kansas. 


lost at Isandula. 




trade. 




Mar. 13. Marriage 




May 18. Switzerland 




of Duke of Con- 




permits each can- 




'naught to Prin- 




ton to restore cap- 




cess Louise of 




ital punishment. 




Prussia. 




July 9. Jeannette 




Apr. 2. Zulus de- 




sails from San 




feated at Ging- 




Francisco for 




holova. 




Arctic regions. 




June 24. Zulus in- 




Oct. 25. Flogging in 


Oct. 16. The Apaches kill forty settlers 


vade Natal; 28, 




the navy abolished 


in New Mexico. 


General Wolseley 




in the Nether- 




lands at Durban. 




lands. 




July 1. Zulus de- 




Nov. 15. Seventh ca- 


Nov. 15. Cable communication with 


feated at Ulundi. 




ble laid under the 


France established. 


Aug. 28. The Zulu 




Atlantic (Cape 




king, Cetewayo, 




Cod to Brest). 




captured. 




The Northeast (Po- 








lar) Passage made 








by Nordenskjold. 








Invention of a uni- 








versal language 








(Volapiik) by J. 








M. Schleyer, a 








German. 








Construction of the 








first electric rail- 








road (at Berlin). 








Deaths: Mme. Je- 








rome Bonaparte, 








Von Billow, R. H. 








Dana, Gen. Dix, 








W. L. Garrison, 








Gen . Hood, 








Gen. Hooker, 








Baron Roths- 








child. Gen. Rich- 








ard Taylor, H. C. 








Carey. 


1 





i879 A-D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



245 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. I The World, elsewhere. 



1879 



Jan. 30. Marshal Mac- 
Mahoa resigns the presi- 
dency and Jules Grevy 
is elected in his place. 

Feb. 2. Resignation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 

Feb. 5. Appointment of 
the Waddington min- 
istry. 

June 1. Prince Louis 
Napoleon killed by the 
Zulus. 



Dec. 20. Resignation of the 
Waddington ministry. 

Dec. 28. Appointment of 
the Freycinet ministry, 



1879 



Mar. 12. River Theiss in 
Hungary breaks its 
dykes and destroys 300 
lives. 

Mar. 20. Russian troops 
evacuate Adrianople. 

Apr. 14. Attempt on the 
life of Alexander II. of 
Russia. 

Apr. 29. Prince Alexander 
of Battenberg elected 
prince of Bulgaria. 



Nov. 29. King Alfonso of 
Spain marries the Arch- 
duchess Marie Christina. 

Dec. 30. Attempt to as- 
sassinate King Alfonso 
of Spain. 



1879 

Jan. 8. British troops enter 
Candahar (Afghanistan). 

Feb. 12. Chilians take pos- 
session of disputed 
Bolivian territory. 

Feb. 16. King of Burmah 
assassinates princes of 
royal house atMandalay. 

Feb. 21. Death of Shere 
AH, ameer of Afghanis- 
tan; succeeded by Ya- 
koob Khan. 

Mar. 23. Chilians capture 
Calama. 

Apr. 6. Chili formally de- 
clares war against Peru; 
11, Peruvians defeated 
in naval battle off Loa. 

May 26. Afghans sign trea- 
ty of peace. 

June25. Ismail, khediveof 
Egypt, abdicate: and is 
succeeded by his son, 
Tewfik Pasha. 

July 16. Chilians bombard 
Iquique; 21, Peruvians 
bombard Caldera. 

Aug. 8. Second bombard- 
ment of Iquique by 
Chilians; 16, battle at 
San Pedro de Acatama; 
and 28, at Antofagasta. 

Sept. 1. Bolivians and Per- 
uvians capture Calama; 
16, naval battle off 
Iquique; 19, Chilians 
victorious at San Fran- 
cisco. 

Sept 3. Maj. Cavagnari and 
British Embassy as- 
sassinated in Cabul. 

Oct. 2. Afghans repulsed 
with great loss at Shu- 
targardan by Lord Rob- 
erts; 21, abdication of 
Yakoob Khan. 

Oct, 8. Chilians capture the 
Huascar. 

Nov. 2. Chilians capture 
Pisagua; and, 17, Con- 
chas Blancas; and, 22, 
the Pilcomayo; 13, 
are defeated at Quint- 
lagoa; but are victorious 
at JJolores (19), Iquique 
(23) , and Tarapaca 
(27). 

Dec. 14. Afghans defeated 
near Cabul; and 23, at 
Shirpur. 

Dec. — President Prado flees 
from Peru and Pierola 
becomes dictator. 



246 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1880 A.D.- 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1880 



Feb. 18. Slavery 
abolished in Ctiba. 

Feb. 29. Tunnel 
through St. Got- 
ard Mt. complet- 
ed. 

June 10. Celebration 
at Lisbon of ter- 
centenary of Ca- 
moens. 

Aug. 14. Completion 
of Cologne Cath- 
edral, begun in 
1248. 

Nov. 4. Kansas 
adopts prohibitory 
amendment to 
constitution. 

Dec. 8. Flogging 
abolished in Brit- 
ish navy. 

Deaths: Ole Bull, 
Lydia Maria Child, 
Geo. Eliot, Em- 
press of Russia, 
Lucretia Mott, 

OiTenbach, Tom 
Taylor. 



1880 

Jan. 2. C. S. Pamell arrives in New- 
York to plead for the Irish cause. 

Mar. 30. Relief ship leaves New York 
for Ireland. 



June 7. Garfield and Arthur nominated 
by Republicans at Chicago. 

June 11. Weaver and Chambers nomi- 
nated by Greenback-Labor Conven- 
tion at Chicago. 

June 24. Hancock and English nomi- 
nated by Democrats at Cincinnati. 

Sept. 23. The Schwatka Arctic ex- 
pedition returns to New York. 

Nov. 4. Garfield and Arthur elected 
president and vice-president. 

Nov. 17. Treaty with China relative to 
the restriction of immigration of 
Chinese laborers. 



1881 



1882 



Feb. 7. Work begun 
on Panama Canal. 

May 17, 19. Revised 
New Testament 
published m Eng- 
land and America. 

June 11. Jeannette 
destroyed by ice in 
Siberian seas. 

Aug. — Electrical Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Paris. 

Deaths: Beaconsfield 
Gen. Burnside 
Carlyle,Dean Stan- 
ley, J. G. Holland 
J. T. Fields, Emile 
L i 1 1 r e , J. K 
Bluntschli. 



F. Slater gives 
$1,000,000 for edu 
cation of the col 
ored people of the 
South. 
Great increase in use 
of electric light 



1881. 

Mar. 4. Garfield inangurated as presi 
dent. 

May 5. New treaty with China con 
firmed (regulating immigration). 

June 2. Great Britain pays $75,000 for 
Fortune Bay fisheries damages. 

July 2. Garfield shot by Guiteau in 
Washington. 

July 20. Indian Chief Sitting Bull sur- 
renders at Fort Buford. 

Sept. 19. Garfield dies at Elberon, N. J. 

Sept. 20, 22. Arthur takes oath of 
office as president. 

Oct. 5. International Cotton Exhibi 
tion opened at Atlanta, Ga. 

Oct. 19. Centennial celeDration of 
battle of Yorktown; British f 
saluted by order of the president. 

Nov. 14. Beginning of trial of Guiteau 

. .for murder of Garfield. 

1882. 

Jan. 25. Guiteau trial ended in his 
conviction of murder in the first 
degree. 

Feb. 28. Congress passes apportion- 
ment bill giving House of Representa- 
tives 325 members. 



1880 

Jan. 3. Riots in 
Connemara, Ire- 
land. 

Feb. 17. Parlia- 
ment defeats bill 
to make fran- 
schise in Ireland 
the same as in 
England and 
Scotland. 

Mar. 24. Parlia- 
ment dissolved. 

Apr. 21. Resigna- 
tion of Beacons- 
field. 

Apr. 23. Appoint- 
ment of Glad- 
stone govern- 
ment. 

May — I n s u r r e c- 
tions in Western 
Ireland. 

June. — House of 
Commons re- 
fuses to allow 
Bradlaugh to 
take his seat. 

Oct.-Nov. — Riots 
in various parts 
of Ireland. 

Dec. 28. State trial 
against Parnell, 
etc., begins in 
Dublin. 



1881 

Jan. 25. Irish 
State trial ends 
in disagreement 
of the jury. 

Mar. 2. Passage of 
Coercion Bill. 

Apr.-June. — In 
Ireland evictions 
for not paying 
rents. 

Aug. 22. Enact- 
ment of Irish 
Land Bill. 



1882 

Mar. 2. Attempt to 
assassinate 
Queen Victoria. 

Apr. 27. Marriage 
of Prince Leo- 
pold to Prin- 
cess Helena of 
Waldeck. 



l882 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



247 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1880 



Jan. 29. Bill passed to 
suppress political clubs. 

March, — Passage of the 
Ferry Educational Bill 
aimed at the control 
of education by the 
Jesuits. 

June. — Army chaplains 
abolished. 

June 29. Island of Tahiti 
annexed to France. 

June 30. Jesuits expelled 
from their religious 
houses. 

July 11. Communists am- 
nestied. 

Sept. 19. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Sept. 23. Appointment of 
Ferry ministry. 

Oct. 30. Religious houses 
of Jesuits forciblyclosed. 

Nov. 9. Ferry ministry re- 
sign; but; 11, withdraw 
their resignations. 

Dec. 9. Bill for taxing re- 
ligious property passed. 



1881 



1882 



May 12. Tunis surrenders 

to French. 
July 16. French army takes 

Sfax. 
Oct; 26. French occupy 

Kairwan. 
Nov. 10. Resignation of 

the Ferry ministry; 15, 

formation of the Gam- 

betta ministry. 



Jan. — Failure of the Union 
Generale. 

Jan. 26. Resignation of the 
Gambetta ministry and 
formation of the Frey- 
cinet ministry (30). 



1880 

Feb. 17. Explosion in the 
Winter Palace, the work 
of Nihilist conspirators 
against the life of Alex- 
ander II. Gen. Melikoff 
appointed head of extra 
ordinary commission 
with vast powers. 

Apr. 7. Bismarck offers his 
resignation to the em- 
peror of Germany, but 
it is not accepted. 

May 4. German Anti- 
Socialist laws extended 
to 1884. 

June 1. International Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Brussels. 

June 16. Supplementary 
Conference meets at Ber- 
lin to settle Gieek and 
Montenegrin questions. 

July 3. Prussia passes bill 
to subordinate all clergy 
to the State. 

Sept. 17. Naval demon- 
stration against sultan 
to enforce Montenegrin 
settlement. 

Oct. 19. Czar marries 
Princess Dolgorouki. 

Nov. 27. Turks evacuate 
Dulcigno. 

Nov.-Dec. — Anti-Semitic 
meetings at Berlin. 

1881 

Jan. 24. The Russians cap- 
ture Geok-Tepe in Tur- 
kestan. 

Mar. 13. Assassination of 
czar of Russia; succeed- 
ed by his son, Alexander 
III. 

Mar. 26. Roumania de- 
clared a kingdom. 

Apr. Beginning of outrages 
against the Jews in 
Russia. 

Dec. 8. Ring Theatre in 
Vienna burned, and 
hundreds of lives lost. 

Hamburg joins the Zoll- 
verein. 



1882. 

Apr. Prince Gortchakoff 
resigns ministry of 
foreign affairs in Rus- 
sia. 



1880 

Jan. 7. Chil eans occupy Ilo. 

Feb. 27. Chileans bombard 
Arica; Mar. 20, 21, 
occupy Moquega and 
Islay. 

Apr. 10. Chileans blockade 
Callao. 

May 26. Chileans take 
Tacna. 

June 7. Chileans capture 
Arica. 

July 3. Chilean Loa 
destroyed by torpedo. 

July 22. Abdul Rahman 
recognized by British 
as ameer of Cabul; 27, 
British defeated at 
Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Aug. 31. Lord Roberts en- 
ters Kandahar after a 
notable march for its 
relief. 

Sept. 1. Afghans defeated 
at Candahar. 

Nov. ■ — Rising of the Boers 
in the Transvaal against 
the British govern- 
ment. 

Dec. — General rising of the 
Boers in the Transvaal; 
they declare their inde- 
pendence; and occupy 
Potchefstroom. 



1881 

Jan. 13. Chilean victory at 
Chorillos; Jan. 15, at 
Miraflores; 17, Lima sur- 
renders. 

Jan. 28. British repulsed by 
Boers at Laings Nek; 
Feb 8, at Ingogo River; 
Feb. 27, crushed at 
Majuba Hill. 

Mar. 24. Boer war in S. 
Africa ended. 

The Mahdi appears in the 
Sudan. 



1882 

May. — Renewal of political 
massacres in Mandalay. 

June 11. Riots in Alexan- 
dria; 340 Europeans 
killed under the inspira- 
tion of Arabi Pasha, 
secretary of war, and 
leader of the national 
party. 



248 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1882 A.D.- 



A.D. Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1882 



1883 



May. — Lieutenant 
Lockwood of the 
Greel y expedi- 
tion reaches 83° 
24' north. 

Deaths: Longfellow, 
Darwin, Emerson, 
Gambetta, Gari- 
baldi, Pusey, Abp. 
Tait, Anthony 

TroUope, Thurlow 
Weed, G. P. Marsh, 
R. H. Dana, Jr., 
Auerbac h. Dr. 
Draper, Dr. Bel- 
lows, Louis Blanc. 



July. First use of 
storage electricity 
in propelling boat 
(Thames River, 
London). 

Nov. 18. Standard 
time substituted 
for local time in 
U. S. and Canada. 

Deaths: Dore, Flo- 
tow, Wagner, A. 
H. Stephens, J. R. 
Green, Gortcha- 
ko£f, Peter Cooper, 
Jules Sandeau, 
Laboulaye, Abd- 
el-Kader, Bp. 
Colenso, Abp. 
Purcell, Montgom- 
ery Blair, J. S. 
Black, Comte de 
ChamlDord, T u r- 
geniff, Hendrik 
Conscience, Mayne 
Reid, Karl Marx, 
H. Martin, Sir E. 
Sabine. 



1854 



1882 

March 4. Indictments in the District of 

Columbia in connection with the 

Star Route frauds. 
March 22. The Edmunds Law against 

polygamy in Utah passed. 
May. Outbreak of Apache Indians in 

Arizona. 
May 6. Congress passes bill suspending 

Chinese immigration for ten years. 
June 30. Guiteau hanged in Washing- 
ton. 
July-Sept. — Great strike of iron workers 

in Pennsylvania. 
Aug. 2. Congress passes over the 

president's veto the largest River and 

Harbor Bill ever passed— $18,743,875. 
Nov. — Elections throughout the country 

generally favorable to the Democrats. 



1883 

Mar. 3. Tariff bill signed by the presi- 
dent. 

July 16. Civil Service Reform Act 
(passed by Congress in Jan.) goes into 
operation. 

July 19. Strike of telegraph operators. 
(Collapsed Aug. 17.) 

July 23. Proteus, sent to rescue the 
Cjreely Arctic expedition, crushed by 
the ice in Smith's Sound. 

Sept. 9. Northern Pacific Railroad com- 
pleted. 

Oct. 1. Letter postage reduced from 
3c. to 2c. per half ounce. 

Oct. 15. Civil -Rights Act (giving 
colored people equal privileges in 
hotels, theatres, etc., with whites) 
pronounced unconstitutional by the 
Supreme Court. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Sherman succeeded by 
Gen. Sheridan in the command of 
army. 



1882 

May 6. Assassina- 
tion of Lord F. 
C. Cavendish 

and Mr. Burke 
in I Phoenix Park, 
Dublin. 

July 12. Queen 
signs new coer- 
cion bill. 

Aug. — Passage of 
Irish arrears of 
rent bill. 

Dec. — Parliament 
adopts new rules 
of procedure. 

Dec. 20. Archbish- 
opric of Canter- 
bury accepted 
by Bishop Ben- 
son, i 



1883 

Feb. 10. Identifica- 
tion of murderers 
of Burke and 
Cavendish. (Apr, 
13, 18. Condem. 
nation to death 
of two of them.) 

June 16. Suffoca 
tion of 186 child- 
ren at Victoria 
Hall, Sunderland 

July. — Shooting at 
Cape Town of 
James Carey, the 
identifier of the 
Burke and Cav- 
endish murder- 
ers. 



Miy 19. Discovery 
of inoculative rem- 
edy for rabies an- 
nounced by Pas- 
teur. 



1884 

Jan. 21. Iron-clad oath (enacted during 

Civil War) repealed by Congress. 
Feb. 10-21. Great floods in Ohio valley. 

$500,000 appropriated by Congress 

for relief. 



1884 

Feb. 8. Imprison- 
ment of Irish 
members of 
Parliament for 
tre asonable 
actions. 



1 884 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



249 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



April 2. French capture 
Ha-Noi in Annam. 

Aug. 7. Formation of the 
Duclerc ministry. 

Oct. — Compulsory Educa- 
tion Act comes into 
force. 

Dec. 31. Death of Gam- 
betta. 



Jan. 28. Resignation of the 
Duclerc ministry and 
formation of the Fal- 
lieres ministry. 

Feb. 9. Release of Prince 
Napoleon after three 
weeks' imprisonment. 

Feb. 18. Resignation of the 
Fallieres ministry and 
formation of the Ferry 
ministry. 

Feb. 24. Royal princes dis- 
missed from the army. 

Mar. -June — Louise Michel 
carries on Anarchist 
agitation in Paris. 

Sept. 29. King of Spain 
insulted in Paris; 30, 
apologies offered by 
President Grevy. 



1882 

Sept. — Turkey cedes 5,000 
square miles to Greece, 
in rectification of the 
boundary as provided by 
the Congress of Berlin. 

Oct. 2. Attempt to assas- 
sinate King Milan of 
Servia. 



June 19. Annexation of 
Cambodia (part of 
China) to French terri- 
tories. 



1883 

Jan. — Great floods in 
Europe. 

Mar. 29. Murder at Pesth 
of the lord chief justice 
of Hungary. 

April. — Resumption of 
specie payments in Italy. 
(Suspended since 1866.) 

May 27. Coronation of 
Alexander III., czar of 
Russia, at Moscow. 

May-Aug. Persecutions of 
Jews in Russia. 

July 28. Earthquake on 
island of Ischia (near 
Naples), destroying 5000 
lives. 

Aug. — Military revolt in 
Spain. 

Sept. 27. Unveiling of the 
great statue "Germania" 
on the Niederwald, Ru- 
desheim. 

Oct. — Resignation of Span- 
ish ministry of Sagasta, 
and formation of new 
ministry under Posada- 
H err era. 

Nov. 10. Celebration in 
Germany of fourth 
centennial of Luther's 
birth. 

Dec. 4. Insurrection in 
Crete. 

Italy joins the alliance be- 
tween Germany and 
Austria, thus forming 
the Triple Alliance. 

1884 

Jan. 15. Formation of a 
new Spanish ministry 
under Canovas del Cas- 
tillo. 



1882 

July 11. British fleet bom- 
bards Alexandria; 12, 
Egyptians evacuate and 
fire Alexandria. 

Aug. 15. Gen. Wolseley ar- 
rives at Alexandria; 20, 
seizes the Suez Canal, 
and, 24, defeats Egyp- 
tians at Magfar and, 25, 
at Kassasin Lock. 

Sept. 13. British defeat 
the Egyptians under 
Arabi Pasha at Tel-el- 
Kebir; 14, Arabi is cap- 
tured; 23, Damietta sur- 
renders; and, 25, khe- 
dive returns to Cairo. 

Dec. 3. Arabi sentenced to 
death; commuted by 
khedive to perpetual 
exile. 

1883 

Jan. 16. Return of Cete- 
wayo to Zululand. 

June. — French aggressions 
in Madagascar. 

July 14. Discovery of Lake 
Mantumba in Africa by 
Stanley. 

Aug. — Volcanic eruptions 
in Java and neight)oring 
islands: neariy 100,000 
deaths. 

Aug. 25. French protecto- 
rate established over 
Annam. 

Oct. 16. Surrender of Cete- 
wayo to the British. 

Oct. 20. Treaty of peace 
signed betweenChile and 
Peru. 

Nov. 3-5. Egyptian army 
under Hicks Pasha 
crushed by the Mahdi at 
El-Obeid in the Sudan. 



1884 

Jan. 25 "Chinese" Gordon 

appointed governor of 

ttie Sudan. 
Feb. Massacre of Christians 

in Tonquin. 



250 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1884 A.D.- 



ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



May 24. Opening of 
N. Y. and Brook- 
lyn Suspension 
Bridge. 

June 20. Introduc- 
tion of railroads 
into China sanc- 
tioned by the 
government. 

Aug. 4. Opening of 
international edu- 
cational conference 
at London. 

Oct 13. Interna- 
tional conference 
at Washington 
adopts meridian of 
Greenwich as the 
universal prime 
meridian. 

Deaths: Dr. Lasker, 
Wendell Phillips, 
Guyot, Mignet, 
Prince Leopold, 
Chas. Reade, Tag- 
lioni, J. P. Benja- 
min, Chas. O'Conor, 
Count Todleben, 
Lepsius, Sir E. Wil- 
son, H. G. Bohn, 
Hans Makart, Paul 
Lacroix, Fanny 
Elssler, Channing. 



Jan. 1. Time of reck- 
oning the begin- 
ning of the day 
changed from noon 
to midnight at 
Greenwich ob- 
servatory. 

May 4. Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition of inven- 
tions at London. 

May. Publication at 
London and New 
York of revised 
version of Old 
Test ment. 

Aug. 10. Opening of 
international tele- 
graphic congress at 
Berlin. 

Invention of in- 
ternal combustion 
engine in 1885 by 
Gustav Daimler. 



1884 

May 29. People's (Labor and Greenback) 
party nominate B. F. Butler and A. 
M. West for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

June 6. Republican party nominate J. 
G. Blaine and J. A. Logan for the presi- 
idency and vice-presidency. 

June 22. Rescue off Cape Sabine of 
Lieut. Greely and six survivors of his 
Arctic expedition — 17 of the party 
having perished. 

July 11. Democratic party nominate 
Grover Cleveland and T. A. Hen- 
dricks for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

July 24. Prohibition party nominate J. 
P. St. John and Wm. Daniel for the 
presidency and vice-presidency. 

Nov. 4. Election of Cleveland and 
Hendricks. 

Dec. 8. Collection of immigrant head 
money declared unconstitutional by 
Supreme Court. 

Dec. 16. Opening of Cotton Exposition 
at New Orleans. 



1885 

Jan. 20. Passage of bill submitting 
French spoliation claims to Court of 
Claims. 

Feb. 21. Dedication of the Washington 
Monument (555 feet high) at the city 
of Washington. 

Mar. 2. Importation of foreign contract 
laborers prohibited by Congress. 

Mar. 3. U. S. Grant retired with the rank 
of General. 

Mar. 4. Letter postage reduced from 
two cents per half ounce to two cents 
per ounce. 

Mar. 4. Inauguration of President 
Cleveland. 

Apr. 16. Passage of bill by N. Y. Legis- 
lature creating a public park at Nia- 
gara Falls. (Opened to the public, 
July 15.) 

May 5. Conclusion of treaty with Co- 
lombian government establishing joint 
protectorate over Isthmus of 
Panama. 

June 21. Ratification of extradition 
treaty with Japan. 

July 23. Death of General U. S Grant. 

Aug. 8. Public funeral of Gen. Grant in 
New Yo.trk. 



1884 

Mar. 15. Dyna- 
miters attempt 
to blow up Times 
office. 

Apr.- 16. Celebra- 
tion of tercen- 
tennial of Edin- 
burgh Univer- 
sity. 

May 11. The pope 
condemns the 
Ir i s h Land 
League. 

June 28. Opening 
of Egyptian 
conference in 
London. 

Nov. Passage of 
new franchise 
bill by Parlia- 
ment. 

Dec. 13. Attempt 
to wreck London 
Bridge with dy- 
namite. 



1885 

Jan. 24. Dynamite 
explosion in 

Houses of Parlia- 
ment and in the 
Tower, London; 
twenty persons 
injured. 

Mar. 26. Difficulty 
with Russia re- 
garding advances 
of latter in Af- 
ghanistan: raili- 
tary reserves 
called out by the 
queen. 

Mar. — Outbreak of 
Riel's Insurrec- 
tion in Canada. 

May 3. Riel de- 
feated. 

May 15. Riel sur- 
renders. 

June 8. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
the Liberal (Glad - 
stone) ministry. 

June 23. Formation 
of Conservative 
ministry under 
the Marquis of 
Salisbury. 



i885 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



2SI 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



18S4 



June 25. Appearance of 
Asiatic cholera; 6000 
deaths within three 
months. 

July 29. Adoption of a 
divorce law. 

Aug. 15. Declaration of 
war by China. 

Aug. — Revision of consti- 
tution. 
French attack Formosa. 
War in Madagascar. 



1884 

Feb. 14. Annexation of 
Merv (Central Asia) by 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Attempt to assas- 
sinate king of Italy. 

June 12. Regulation of 
succession to Dutch 
throne. 

June 21. Death of prince of 
Orange, crown prince of 
Holland. 

June — Aug. — Persecution 
of Jews in Russia. 

July 13. Attempt to as- 
sassinate emperor of 
Austria. 

July 17. Discovery of plot 
to assassinate czar of 
Russia. 

Oct. 5. German annexa- 
tions on African slave 
coast; Dec. 19, in Pacific 
Ocean, beginnings of 
German colonial policy. 
Germany: Enactment 
cf an accident insurance 
law for workingmen. 

Nov. 17. Opening of the 
Congo conference 
Berlin. 



1884 

Feb. 4. Defeat of Baker 
Pacha by Egyptian 
rebels under Osman Dig- 
na, near Tokar. 

Feb. 9 Death of Cetewayo. 

Feb. 29. Osman Digna de- 
feated by Gen. Graham 
near Tokar. 

Mar. 13. Osman Digna 
defeated at Tamanieb. 

Mar. 30. Epidemic of 
smallpox at Madras. 

May 23. Berber captured 
by Egyptian rebels. 

Sept. 10. Earl of Dufferin 
appointed to the vice- 
royalty of India. (He 
assumes office Nov. 13.) 

Nov. 25. Earthquake in 
Peru. 

Dec. 1. Gen. Diaz becomes 
prest. of Mexico. 



Mar. 30. Resignation of the 
Ferry ministry caused by 
riots over Chinese vic- 
tories in Tonqum. 

Apr. 6. Formation of new 
ministry under Brisson. 

June 2. Public funeral of 
Victor Hugo in Paris. 

June 9. Treaty of peace 
with China signed. 

Aug. 25. Reappearance of 
cholera at Toulon; its 
rapid spread through 
France: 10,000 deaths. 



1885 

Jan. 1. Earthquake in 
Spain: many lives and 
buildings destroyed. 

Jan. 12. Extradition treaty 
between Russia and 
Prussia. 

May 4. Opening of univer- 
sal exiiibition at Ant- 
werp. 

June 24 .Cholera appears in 
Spain; 82,000 deaths by 
end of August. 

July 12. Attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Ger- 
many. 

Sept. 18. Rebellion in 
Eastern Roumelia: an- 
nexed to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 1. Outbreak of war 
between Serviaand Bul- 
garia. 

Nov. 1. Renewal for five 
years of Latin monetary 
union between France, 
Belgium, Italy, Switzer- 
land, and Greece, on 
basis of silver coin re- 
deemable in gold. 



1885 

Jan. 19. The Mahdi defeat- 
ed by the British under 
Gen. Stewart near Me- 
tammeh in the Sudan. 

Jan. 26. Khartoum captur- 
ed by the Mahdi; Gordon 
killed; relief expedition 
under Lord Wolseley ar- 
rives too late; British 
forces withdrawn from 
Sudan. 

Feb. — Formation of Congo 
Free State. 

Feb. 21. Protectorate over 
Samoan Islands granted 
Germany by treaty. 

Mar. 30. Russians defeat 
Afghans at Penjdeh. 

Mar. 30. Pres, Barrios, of 
Guatemala, killed while 
advancing against San 
Salvador. 

Mar. 31. Colon burned by 
Panama insurgents. 

Apr. 16. Peace concluded 
between L entral Ameri- 
can republics. 



252 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1885 A.D. 



Progressof Society 



British Empire. 



1885 



1886 



1887 



Deaths: Colfax, B. 
S i 1 Hm a n, Jr., 
About, R.G.White, 
Frelinghuysen. 
Hugo, Baron v. 
Manteuffel, S. I. 
Prime, Gen. Grant, 
Montefiore, Lord 
Houghton, "H. 
H. " Jackson, Abp. 
McCloskey, H. W. 
Shaw ("Josh Bill- 
ings"), Gen. Mc- 
Clellan. John Mc- 
Cullough, Vice- 
President Hen- 
d r i c k s. King 
Alfonso, W. H. 
Vanderbilt, 
Toombs. 

First electric street 
railway in U. S. 
in Baltimore. 



Jan. 4. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Toronto. 

May 4. Opening of 
colonial exhibition 
at London. 

May IL Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition at Liver- 
pool. 

Aug. 2. Celebration 
by Che Univ. of 
Heidelberg of its 
SODth anniversary. 

Oct. 27. Final abo- 
lition of slavery in 
Cuba. 

Deaths: Gen. Han- 
cock, Gov. Sey- 
mour, Gough, 
Abp. French, Sir 
H. Taylor, Dio 
Lewis, Von 
Ranke, J. R. Bart- 
lett, King Ludwig 
of Bavaria, E. P. 
Whipple, P. H. 
Havne, Liszt 
Tilden, J. E. 
Cooke, Von Beust. 
C. A. Arthur, C, 
F. Adams, Gen. 
Logan. 



Feb. 16. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Kansas. 



1885 

Aug. 25. Cyclones at Savannah and 

Charleston: $2,000,000 worth of 

property destroyed. 
Sept. 2. Five hundred Chinese miners 

in Wyoming Ter. attacked by whites 

and fifty of them killed. 
Oct. 10. With the destruction of Flood 

Rock by blasting, the work ot 

clearing Hell Gate in the East River 

is practically completed. 



of 



1886 

Jan. 19. Passage of bill regulating sue 
cession to the presidency in case of 
death of both president and vice- 
president. 

Feb. 9. Chinese in Seattle (Washington) 
driven from their homes by mob. 

May 1-4. Labor riots in Chicago and 
Milwaukee incited by Anarchists. 

June 2. Marriage at the White House, 
Washington, of President Cleveland 
and Miss Folsom. 

Aug. 20. Seven Anarchists convicted of 
murder for Chicago riots in May. 

Aug. 30-31. Charleston, S. C, severelv 
damaged by an earthquake; over 50 
persons killed and many buildings 
wrecked. 

Sept. 4. Geronimo and his band of 
Apache Indians surrender to Gen. 
Miles. 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty 
Enlightening the World" (a gift from 
France) unveiled in N. Y. harbor. 

Dec. 6. Reduction in tariff duties re- 
commended to Congress by Prest. 
Cleveland. 

Numerous labor strikes throughout the 
year. 



1887 

Jan. 21. Passage of Inter-State Com- 
merce bill. 

March 3. Repeal of tenure-of-ofiice act 
(restoring to the president the power 
of removing officials withou*' consent 
of the Senate). 



1885 

June 29. Earl 
Carnarvon suc- 
ceeds Earl Spen- 
cer as lord lieu- 
tenanfeof Ireland. 

July 23. Marriage 
of Princess Bea- 
trice to Prince 
Henry of Batten- 
berg. 

Sept. 5. Comple- 
tion of tunnel 
under Severn 
River. 

Nov. — Outbreak of 
war with Bur- 
mah; British 

troops enter 

Mandalay; sur- 
render of King 
Thebaw (Nov. 
28). 



1886 

Jan. 1. Annexation 
of Burmah to 
British Empire. 

Jan 20. Opening 
of tunnel under 
Mersey River. 

Jan. 26. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
Conservat i v e 
ministry (on 

question of gov- 
erning Ireland). 

Feb. 3. Formation 
of Liberal minis- 
try under Glad- 
stone. 

June 8. Defeat of 
Liberal ministry 
in Parliament on 
question of Irish 
home rule. 

July. Parliamen- 
tary elections 
favorable to 

Conservatives 
and Liberal -Un- 
ionists (t. e., to 
those opposed to 
Irish home rule ) 

July 21. Formation 
of new Conserva- 
tive ministry un- 
der Lord Salis- 
bury. 

1887 

May 12. Annexa- 
tion of Zululand 
to the British 
Empire. 



1887 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



253 



France. 



World, elsewhere. 



1885 



1886 



Dec. 12. Establishment of 
protectorate over Mada- 
gascar. 

Dec. 28. Re-election of 
Grevy as president. 

Brisson ministry resigns. 



Jan. 7. Formation of a 
new ministry under 
Freycinet. 

Jan. 15. Amnesty granted 
political offenders. 



1887 



June 22. Passage of law 

expelling royal princes 
from French territory. 



Dec. 3. Resignation of 

Freycinet ministry. 
Dec. 10. Formation of a 
newministry under Gob- 
let. 



May 17. Fall of Goblet min« 

istry. 
May 29. Formation of new 

ministry under Rouvier. 



1885 



Nov. 25. Accession of Mer- 
cedes to Spanish throne 
(on death of her father 
Alfonso XII.) under re- 
gency of her mother, 
Queen Christina: new 
ministry under Sagasta. 

Nov. 14-28. Servians in- 
vade Bulgaria and are 
defeated. 

Nov. 28-Dec. 21. Trial 
and conviction of 2b 
Nihilists at Warsaw: 4 
hanged and 22 sent to 
Siberia. 

Nov. 30. Germany takes 
possession of Marshall 
Islands. 

Dec. 5. Italian annexation 
of Massowah. 



1886 

Jan. — Servia, Bulgaria, 
and Greece compelled by 
the powers to disarm. 

Mar. 2. Treaty of peace 
signed between Servia 
and Bulgaria. 

Mar. 20. Anarchist riots in 
Belgium, originating in 
strike of miners. 

May 11. Destructive hur- 
ricane in Spain. 

May 17. Posthumous birth 
of the king of Spain, 
Alfonso XIII. 

June 13. Death by drown- 
ing of Louis II., king of 
Bavaria: accession of 
his brother. Otto I., 
under regency of Prince 
Luitpold. 

Aug. 21. Prince Alexander 
of Bulgaria kidnapped 
by Russian emissaries. 

Aug. 27. Earthquake in 
Greece destroyed 600 
lives and many towns. 

Aug. — Counter revolution 
in Bulgaria followed by 
restoration of Alexander. 

Sept. 4. He abdicates and a 
regency is established. 

Nov. 10. Prince Waldemar 
of Denmark declines 
offer of Bulgarian throne. 

1887 

Feb. 23. Earthquakes in 
Southern .Europe: 1000 
lives lost. 



1885 

Apr. 21. King of Belgium 
assumes sovereignity 
over Congo State. 

Apr. 24. Panama taken 
possession of by U. S. 
troops for protection of 
property. (Restored later 
to Colombian gov't.) 

May 7. Death of the Mahdi. 



1886 

Jan. 25. Barillas elected 

prest. of Guatemala. 
Apr. 7. Soto elected prest. 

of Costa Rica. 
May. Santos becomes prest, 

of Uruguay. 
June 3. Caceres becomes 

prest. of Peru. 
June. Selman elected prest. 

of Argentine Republic. 



Sept. 23. French kill 50O 
Chinese pirates near 
Tonquin. 

Dec. 31. Four hundred 
persons crushed to death 
at a fair at Madras, 
India. 

1887 

Jan. 25. Italians defeated 

by Abyssinians near 

Massowah. 



254 



TABULAR VIEWS 



18S7 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1887 



1888 



Deaths: Bp. Potter, 
E. L. Yournans, 
Sir S. Northcote 
(Earl of Iddes- 
leigh), Mrs. Henry- 
Wood, Beecher, 
F^val, Eads, Saxe, 
J.T.Raymond, ex- 
Vice-Pres. Wheel- 
er, Mark Hopkins, 
S. F. Baird, Jenny 
Lind, F. V. Hay- 
den. 

Oct. 24. Anglo- 
French convention 
neutralizing the 
Suez Canal — Baltic 
ship canal begun. 



Mar. 26. Meeting of 
first international 
convention of wo- 
men at Washing- 
ton. 

July 27. Celebration 
at Kieff of 900th 
anniversary of in- 
troduction of 
Christianity into 
Russia. 

Oct. 20. Gift of $1,- 
000,000 by Dan. 
Hand for educa- 
tion of Southern 
negroes. 

Nov. 10. Suppression 
of African slave 
trade resolved 

upon by European 
powers. 

Deaths: Bonamy 

Price, Asa Gray, 
Sir H. S. Maine, 
Bronson Alcott, 
LouisaAlcott, Em- 
peror William I., 
C hief-Justice 
Waite, Matthew 
Arnold, Emperor 
Frederick HI., E. 
P. Roe, Gen. 
Sheridan, Lester 
Wallack, R. A. 
Proctor. 



1887 

June 29. Jacob Sharp sentenced to 4 

years' imprisonment and fined $5000 

for bribery of N. Y. aldermen. 
July 8. Excommunication of Dr. Mc- 

Glynn in N. Y. for advocacy of land 

theories of Henry George. 



Nov. 11. Hanging of four of the Anar- 
chists convicted of the Chicago riots 
of May, 1886 (one of the others had 
committed suicide; sentence of the 
other two commuted to life imprison- 
ment). 



1888 

Jan. 12. Blizzard in Northwest: 235 

persons frozen to death. 
Jan. 19. Ratification of extradition 

treaty with the Netherlands. 
Mar. 12. Blizzard in Eastern States: N. 

Y. city blockaded with snowdrifts for 

several days: a number of lives lost. 
June 1. Sheridan made General of the 

army by special act of Congress. 
June 6-7. Democratic party nominate 

Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thur- 

man for presidency and v. -presidency. 
June 25. Republican party nominate 

Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. 

Morton for presidency and vice- 
presidency. 
Sept. 13. Chinese Exclusion Act passed. 
Oct. 20. Adjournment of Congress after 

the longest session (321 days) in its 

history. 
Oct. 30. Dismissal of British minister. 

Lord Sackville-West, by U. S. govt. 

on account of indiscreet letter on 

American politics. 
Nov. 6. Election of Harrison and 

Morton. 



1887 

May 14. Opening 
of the People's 
Palace in Lon- 
don. 

June 21. Jubilee 
celebration in 
London of the 
50th anniversary 
of Queen Victo- 
ria's accession to 
the throne. 

July 8. Passage of 
Irish Crimes Bill 
by Parliament 
(abolishing trial 
by jury in Ire- 
land). 

Nov. 13. Riots in 
London caused 
by police attemp- 
ting to prevent 
meeting of work- 
ingmen in Tra- 
falgar Square. 



1888 



Sept. 17. First 
meeting of com- 
mission to in- 
vestigate Lon- 
don Times's 
charges against 
Parnell and other 
Irish leaders; 
closed Nov. 22, 
1889, alter 129 
sittings, exam- 
ining 493 wit- 
neeses, and re- 
ceiving answers 
to 98,000 ques- 
tions. 



1888 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



255 



France. 



1S87 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



June 1. Ratification of 
commerical treaty with 
Mexico. 

Dec. 3. Election of Carnot 
as president on resig- 
nationofGrevy (Dec.2). 

Dec. 11. Formation of new- 
ministry under Tirard. 



1887 



1888 



Mar. 1. M.Wilson, son-in- 
law of ex-Prest. Grevy, 
sentenced to two years' 
imprisonment for traf- 
ficking in decorations, 
(the sentence quashed 
by Court of Appeals 
Mar. 28). 

Mar. 15. Removal of Gen. 
Boulanger from his com- 
mand in the army 

Mar._ 30. Fall of Tirard 
ministry; formation of 
new ministry under 
Floquet (April 3). 

Dec. — Bankruptcy of the 
PanamaCanal Company. 



July 7. Election of Prince 
Ferdmand of Saxe-Co- 
burg-Gotha to Bulgarian 
throne. 

Renewal of the Triple 
Alliance. 

Termination of the 
Kulturkampf in Ger 
many. 



1887 

Feb. 3. Expedition under 
Stanley leaves Cairo 
for relief of Emin Pasha 
in Central Africa. (Re- 
turns with Emin, Dec. 
1889.) 

Apr. 22. Destruction of 40 
pearl -fishing vessels off 
Australian coast; 550 
lives lost. 

May 3. Earthquake in 
Mexico: 1,50 lives lost 

July 3. King Kalakaua 
grants Hawaiian island- 
ers more liberal constitu- 
tion. 



Feb. 3. OfBcial announce- 
ment of treaty of alliance 
between Germany and 
Austria. 

Mar. 9. Accession of Fred- 
erick III. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, William I. 

Mar. 31. Adoption of trial 
by jury in Spain. 

June 15. Accession of Wil- 
liam II. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, Frederick III. 

Dec. — Suez Canal Conven- 
tion ratified by the 
powers. 



1888 

Mar. 31. Gen. Floras 
elected pres. of Ecuador 

June 18. Great floods in 
Mexico: 700 people 
drowned. 

July 9. Gen. Diaz re-elect- 
ed prest. of Mexico. 

July 27. Volcanic eruptions 
m Japan: 1000 lives lost. 

July 30. Dr. Paul becomes 
prest. of Venezuela. 

Aug. 1. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Melbourne in celebra- 
tion of centennial of 
foundation of New South 
Wales. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Legitime 
elected prest. of Hayti. 



256 



TABUL-\R VIEWS 



Ib^O A.D.- 



Progress OF Society 



UxiTED States. 



British Empire. 



1SS9 



Jan. 1. Total ecH^^se 
of sun <.\-isible in 
western North 
America'). 

Jan. 1. Electricity 
substituted for 
hansin^ as death 
pettaity in N. Y, 
(.for crimes com- 
mitted after tliis 
date), 

Oct. !«.>. Opemng of 
internatio na 1 
maritime consress 
at Washinssou. 

Nov. G. Completion 
of the Forth 
Bridge (.ScotJandV 
the greatest work 
of its kind in tlie- 
world, 

FiniU abolition of 
sla\"ery in Brasil. 

Deaths: S. A. AUi- 
bone, i'rince Ru- 
dolph of Av.stria, 
Laura Bridgnian. 
John Bright, 
Elisa Cook, John 
Ericsson, S. C. 
Hail. HaJliweJl- 
Phillipps, King 
Luis of Portugal, 
M. F. Tupperni- 
bach, T. G. Wood, 
F_. A. P. Barnard. 
Simon Cameron, 
Miiria Mitchell. 
T. D. Woolsey. 
Wilkie Collins, 
Tenerson Da\-is, 
Rob. BrowTaing. 



1SS9 

Jan. 9. Cyclone in Penna, ^•ery destrvic- 

tive of life and property. 
Feb. "J. Fire in Buffalo destro\-s nearly 
I So.tXXl.lXXI worth of property. 
:Feb, 11. Creation of the department of 
I Agriculture in national government, 
jMar. 4. Inaviguration of Prest. Harrison. 
Apr. 22. Oklalioma opened to white 
I settlenjent, 

Apr. 2^May 1. Celebration at N. Y. of 
j centeimial of Wasliington's inaugura- 
' tiou. 

May 31. Breaking of dam in Cone- 
j maugh \-allev destro>-s 2235 lives at 
I Johnstown, l^a. 
lOct. 2. Opening of the Pan-American 

conference atxVashington. 
Nov. 2. Admission as btates of North 

and South Dakota; T, of Montana; 

11. of SVashiTigton. 
Nov. 13. Opening at Washin§:ton of the 

Ronxan Catholic Univ. ot America. 
Ballot reform laws adopted by 11 

States during 1SS7-S5). 



1SS9 

July 1-29. Visit of 
Shah of Pcma. 

July 27. Mamiige 
of Princess 
Louise of Wales 
to the Duke of 
Fife. 

Oct. 5, Ear! of 2:et- 
land succeeds t he 
marviuis of l.otv- 
donderry ;\s lord 
lieutenant of 
Ireland. 

Numerous pro- 
longed strikes 
dunng 1SS9 kept 
thousands of 
\\xirkmen out ot 
work and caused 
much sutYering 
in Ev.^lauvi. 

Oct. 15. The Brit- 
ish South African 
Company char- 
tered. 



1889 A.D. 



OK UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



257 



Pi'ANCi;. 



liui/oi'K, elficwhere. 



WoKLij, elsewhere. 



1880 



Feb. 21. Formation of new 

ministry under Tirard. 

Mar, 0. i<<;[)cal ofthcrlecrcc 
of bani:;liment of iJuc 
d'Aumale. 

May 4. Centennial cele- 
bration of the opening 
of the States-General at 
Versailles. 

May (1. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Paris. 

July 9. Passage of army 
bill making service uni- 
versal. 

July 14. Centennial cele- 
bration of the fall of the 
liastile. 

July 15. Passage of bill 
forbidding candidates to 
appear in more than one 
constituency. 

Aug. 12. Condemnation of 
Gen. Boulanger to per- 
petual imprisonment, 
(lie takes refuge in 
Great Britain.) 

Sept. 22. General election 
favorable to the Repub- 
licans. 



18H9 

Jan. .'10. Suicide of Crown 
Prince Rudolph of Aus- 
tria. 

Mar. 0. Abdication of King 
Milan of Scrvia in favor 
of his son Alexander, l.'l 
years old. 

Apr. 2. King William of 
Holland pronounced 

mentally unable to 
govern. (He suhisequcnt- 
ly recovers.) 

Apr. 2r). Prince Frederick 
of Hoheniwllem pro- 
claimed heir to Rou- 
manian throne. 

Apr. 20. Meeting at Berlin 
of delegates from United 
States, Germany, and 
lingiand to arrange 
Samoan affairs. 

May — ^I'ormidablc strike of 
miners in Germany. 

July 2. King Alexander of 
Servia anointed at 
Zitcha. 

July 27. Discovery of plot 
to blow up the Vatican. 

Aug. '.i. Insurrection in 
Crete. 

Aug. 17. Destructive hur- 
ricane at Granada. 

Sept. 0. Explosion in car- 
tridge factory at Ant- 
werp: 12.5 persons killed, 
200 others wounded. 

Oct. 19. Accession of Car- 
los I. to Portuguese 
throne on death of his 
father, Luis I. 

Dec. — (jeneral epidemic of 
influenza in liuropc. 



1889 

Feb. 11. New constitution 
for Japan proclaimed 
with two legislative 
i chambers. 

Mar. l!j-U'). Violent hur- 
ricane at Samoa; three 
German and three AmcT- 
ican men-of-war driven 
on shore. 

Apr. '.i. King John of Abys- 
sinia defeated and slain 
by the dervishes. 

Apr. 10. Death at Molokai, 
Hawaii, of Father Dam- 
ien, the leper priest. 

Aug. 11. Insurrection in 
liawaii. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Hyppolite 
chosen prest. of Hayti 
(after a year's war with 
Legitime), 

Sept. 4. Egyptians de- 
feated by dervishes near 
Suakim. 

Nov. J.j. Expulsion of 
Brazilian emperor and 
establishment of a re- 
public. 



258 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1890 A.D.- 



1890 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



1891 



Jan. 25. A New York news 
paper reporter completes 
a journey around the 
world in 72 days. 



Mar. 4. Railway bridge 
over the Forth put into 
operation. 

Apr. 20. Henry M. Stanley 
arrives in London on his 
return from the greatest 
of his African expedi- 
tions, having crossed the 
continent from west to 
east. 



Jtily 15. New Croton aqui 
duct in New York put 
into operation. 



Aug. 6. First execution by 
electricity in the State of 
New York. 

Aug. 26. Equatorial rail 
way inaugurated at 
Mombassa, British East 
Africa. 

Oct. — The Mormon church 
declares against the 
practice of polygamy. 

Deaths in 1890: Amadeus 
I., ex -king of Spain; J. J. 
Astor; G. H. Boker: A. 
Chatrian; C. W. Cope; 
E. Dodge; I. Dollinger, 
D. B. Fayerweather; J. 
C. Fremont; O. Feuillet; 
J. Hergenrother; Cardi 
nal Newman; C. H. F 
Peters; J. E. T. Rogers. 
H. Schliemann; William 
III., of the Netherlands 



Jan. — Discovery in the Brit 
ish Museum of the MS 
of Aristotle's Athenian 
Constitution. 



1890 

Jan. 23. Organization of 
the Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union, at 
Cleveland, O. 

Feb. 24. Chicago selected 
by the House of Repre- 
sentatives as site for the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 

Mar. — Boomers invade 
Cherokee territories; 

warned out by president. 

April 28. Supreme Court 
decides that liquors in 
" original packages " 
may be brought into 
and sold in any State. 

May 19. Supreme Court de- 
clares confiscation of 
Mormon property under 
Edmunds Law constitu- 
tional. 

June 2. The eleventh cen- 
sus begins. 

July 2. Sherman Act for 
the protection of trade 
and commerce against 
unlawful restraints and 
monopolies. 

July 3. Idaho becomes a 
State. 

July 11. Wyoming be- 
comes a State. 

July 14. Sherman Act for 
the monthly purchase of 
4,500,000 ounces of sil- 
ver by the government 
and the issue of silver 
treasury notes. 

Aug 8. Act empowering 
States to regulate sale 

j of liquors in " original 
packages." 

Oct. 1. The McKinley 
Tariff Bill becomes law. 

Oct. — Ghost dance excite- 
ment among the Sioux 
Indians. 



Dec. 15. Sitting Bull 
chief of the Sioux 
killed. 



British Empire. 



1891 

Jan. 14. Conference of 
Indian chiefs and U. S 
authorities at Pine Ri dge 
S. D.; end of Indian 
outbreak. 



1890 

Feb. 3. The suit of Pamell 
against the London 
Times settled by the 
payment of £5,000 to 
plaintiff. 



Mar. 28. New education 
code, abolishing pay- 
ment by results goes 
into effect. 



May 4. Great labor demon- 
stration in Hyde Park 
in favor of an eight-hour 
day. 



July 1. Treaty of terri- 
torial delimitation with 
Germany in Africa; 
Great Britain receives 
protectorate over Zanzi- 
bar and cedes Heligo- 
land to Germany. 



Sept. 18. John Dillon and 
William O'Brien, Irish 
leaders, arrested for con- 
spiracy. 



Nov. 15. Beginning of the 
O'Shea divorce trial, 
implicating Pamell. 

Dec. 6. Irish party in 
Parliaraent splitj Par- 
nell repudiated by a 
majority of his followers 
under Justin McCarthy. 

1891 

Jan. 27. House of Com- 
mons expunges resolu- 
tion of June 22, 
1880, preventing Charles 
Bradlaugh from taking 
his seat. 



I89I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



259 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1890 



Jan. 25. A new Anti- 
Socialist law is rejected 
by the German Reich- 
stag. 

Mar. 14. Tirard ministry 
in France resigns; suc- 
ceeded by Freycinet 
cabinet. 

Mar. 15. Opening of the 
international labor con- 
ference at Berlin, called 
under the auspices of the 
emperor. 

Mar. 18. Bismarck resigns 
the chancellorship; he is 
succeeded by von Ca- 
privi (20). 

May 6. German Reichstag 
opened by emperor, wno 
announces programme 
of labor legislation. 



1890 

Jan. 12. Portugal com- 
pelled by Great Britain 
to yield disputed claims 
in East Africa. 

Mar. 7. Tisza, Hungarian 
premier, resigns after 14 
years in office. 



May. — Labor disturbances 
in Spanish cities, princi- 
pally in Barcelona. 

July 5. Spain; Canovas del 
Castillo, premier. 

July — Russia : Revival of 
edicts against the Jews, 
aiming at their concen- 
tration in the towns and 
restricting their educa- 
tional opportunities. 



Sept. 16. International 
commercial congress 

meets at Paris. 



Oct. 12. Expiration of 
Anti -Socialist law in 
Germany celebrated by a 
great Socialist congress 
at Halle. 



Jan. 22. Supreme Council 
of Labor established in 
France. 



Sept. 11. Liberal uprising 
in the Swiss Canton 
Ticino against the re 
actionary government 
the electoral laws re 
vised. 

Oct. 28. _ Ministry of 
Trikoupis in Greece re 
signs and is succeeded 
by one under Delyannis 



Nov. 23. William III. of 
the Netherlands dies, 
and is succeeded by his 
daughter Wilhelmina 
under the regency of her 
mother. 



1891 

Jan. 31. Military revolt at 
Oporto in Portugal. 



1890 

Jan. 8. Brazil. Proclama- 
tion of religious equality" 
and separation of church, 
and state. 

Feb. — Outbreak of war be- 
tween the French and 
the king of Dahomey. 



Apr. 21. Japan. New 
civil code proclaimed. 



May. — Conflicts between, 
the Maronites and the 
Druses in Syria. 

July 17. Outbreak of war 
between Guatemala and 
Salvador; Honduras in^ 
volved; peace con- 
cluded Aug. 27. 

July 26. Sanguinary in- 
surrection in Buenos 
Ayres against President 
Celman; he resigns Aug. 
6. 



Oct. 5. Dahomey concludes 
peace with France. 

Oct. 17. Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar surrenders suzer- 
ainty to coastland of 
German East Africa. 

Nov. 29. First Japanese 
parliament opened. 



1891 

Jan. 1. Chile. Congress de- 
clares President Ral- 
maceda deposed; 8, the 
fleet supports the Con- 
gress. 



26o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



189I A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Feb. 22. First meeting of 
the Women's National 
Council at Washington. 



April 1. Telephone between 
London and Paris 
opened. 



May 23. International Pos- 
tal Congress meets at 
Vienna. 



June 19. Opening of 
first section of Man- 
chester Ship Canal in 
England. 

July. — Experiments with 
smokeless powder at 
Sandy Hook, N. J. 

Aug. — Artificial rain pro 
duction experiments in 
Texas, 



Oct. 1. Opening of the 
Leland Stanford, Jr., 
University at Palo Alto, 
Cal. 

Oct. 22. Announcement of 
Dr. Robert Koch's 
remedy for tuberculosis. 

Deaths in 1891: G. Ban- 
croft; C. Bradlaugh; J. 
Grevy; G. E. Hauss- 
mann; J. E. Johnston; 
A. W. Kinglake; J. R. 
Lowell ; Lord Ly tton ; 
J.A.Macdonald; J.L.E. 
Meissonier; von Moltke; 
C.S. Pamell; Pedro II.; 
D. D. Porter; W. T. 
Shennan. 



1891 

Feb. 26. Enactment of a 

maximum freight bill in 

Nebraska. 



Mar. 3. International 
copyright law enacted. 

Mar. 14. Eleven Italians 
supposed members of 
the "Mafia" secret so- 
ciety, lynched by a mob 
at New Orleans; compli- 
cations with Italy fol- 
low; 31, Italian minister 
recalled. 

Apr. 14. President Harri 
son begins an extensive! 
trip through the Southj 
and the West. 

Apr. 28. China refuses to 
accept H. W. Blair as 
U. S. minister. 

May 19. People's Party 
organized at Cincinnati, 
O. 



June 4. The transport 
Itata, which had escaped 
from San Diego with 
arms for the Chilean in- 
surgents, surrenders to 
the American vessels at 
Iquique. 

Aug. 13. Presidential 

order excludes white 
men from the Cherokee 
strip. 



Sept. 22. New lands in 
Oklahoma thrown open 
to settlement. 



Oct. 16. Sailors from the 
U. S. cruiser Baltimore 
assaulted in the streets 
of Valparaiso and two 
killed. 

Nov. 29. The Cherokee 
council agrees to sell 
the Cherokee strip to 
the United States. 



1891 

Feb. 20. Resolution in 
favor of disestablishing 
Welsh Church defeated. 



Mar. — Insurrection of 
Manipuns in Assam. 



Apr. 27. British troops oc- 
cupy Manipur, which is 
deserted by rebels. 



Junel6. Regent of Manipur 
sentenced to death for 
treachery. 

July — Visit of German 

emperor and empress in 

England. 
Aug. 22. Native tributary 

ruler established over 

Manipur. 



Sept. 13. British force 
lands on island of Mity- 
lene as retort to sultan's 
act in permitting Rus- 
sian vessels to pass 
through the Dardanelles. 

Oct. 27. Riots between 
Pamellites and anti- 
Pamellites at Cork. 



189I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



261 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Mar. 11. France agrees to 
arbitrate Newfoundland 
fisheries question with 
England. 



May 1. Prince Bismarck is 
elected to the Reichstag 
from Geestemunde. 



July-Aug. — A French fleet 
visits Cronstadt and the 
attendant festivities are 
taken to mark a close 
understanding with Rus- 
sia. 



Sept. 30. Gen. Boulanger 
commits suicide near 
Brussels. 



Oct. 6. William II. of Wiirt 
temberg succeeds Char- 
les I. 



Nov. 6. Mission from Siam 
arrives at Berlin. 



1891 



Mar. — The Spainards suc- 
ceed in subduing a 
native uprising in the 
Caroline Islands. 



Apr. 22. Russia: Im- 
perial ukase orders ex- 
pulsion of Jews from 
Moscow. 



May 11. The Russian 
czarewitch (Nicholas II) 
assaulted at Kioto, 
Japan. 

May 24. The construction 
of the Trans-Siberian 
railway begins. 

June 29. Renewal of the 
Triple Alliance between 
Germany, Austria, and 
Italy. 



Aug. 1. Switzerland: Cele- 
bration of the six 
hundredth anniversary 
of the foundation of the 
Swiss Confederacy. 



Nov. 2. The sultan forbids 
destitute Jews to enter 
the empire. 

Nov. 3. Inter-parliamen- 
tary peace conference 
assembles at Rome. 



1891 

Feb. 19. Egypt: Dervishes. 
under Osman Digna de- 
feated by Egyptian 
troops at Tokar. 

Feb. 25. Brazil: Marshal 
Fonseca elected presi- 
dent . 

Mar. 7. Chile: Government 
troops defeated by Con- 
gressionalists at Pozo 
Almonte. 



Apr. 10. Chile: Junta estab- 
lished by Congressional 
party at Iquique. 



May-Oct. — Anti-Christain 
riots in China on 
the Yang-tse-Kiang, at 
Nankin, and elsewhere. 



June 2. Chile : The Con- 
gressionalist army oc- 
cupies Husasco. 



Aug. 21. Chile : The govern- 
ment troops defeated at 
Aconcagua, and, 28, at 
Placilla; Congression- 
alists enter Valparaiso; 
31, Santia<jo taken. 

Sept. 19. Chile: President 
Balmaceda commits 

suicide. 



Nov. — Brazil : President 
Fonseca declares him- 
self dictator; revolution 
in Rio Grande do Sul; 
Fonseca resigns and is 
succeeded by Floriano 
Peixoto. 



^^62 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United State?. 



British Empire. 



Feb. 29. Treaty between 
U. S. and Great Britain 
for the adjustment of 
Bering Sea dispute by 
arbitration. 

Feb. — Discovery of a MS. 
Syriac version of the four 
gospels on Mt. Sinai by 
Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. 
Gibson. 

Mar. 20. Celebration at Al- 
bany of the two hundred 
and fiftieth anniversary 
of the First Dutch Re- 
formed Church. 

A.pr. 27. Laying of the 
comer-stone of Grant's 
tomb at New York, and 
of the Catholic Universi- 
ty at Washington. 

May 9. Bering Sea arbi- 
tration treaty ratified. 



Aug. 4. Opening of the 
canal connecting Amster- 
dam with the Rhine. 



1892 

Jan. 23. The United States 
presents an ultimatum 
to Chile in the matter of 
the Baltimore; its terms 
are accepted. 



Mar. — Provisions and 
money sent for the relief 
of the starving peasants 
in Russia. 



Apr. 14. The U. S. agrees 
to pay an indemnity of 
$25,000 for the lynching 
of the 11 Italians at New 
Orleans. Diplomatic 

relations restored. 

May 5. The Geary Chinese 
Exclusion Bill becomes 
a law. 



June 4. J. G. Blaine re- 
signs the secretaryship 
of state to become a 
candidate for the Re- 
publican presidential 
nomina tion; 10, 

Benjamin Harrison is 
nominated. 

June 23. Grover Cleveland 
is nominated for presi- 
dent by the Democratic 
party. 

July 1. Lockout of em- 
ployes in the Carnegie 
Steel Works at Home- 
stead, Pa.; 6, battle be- 
tween strikers and 
Pinkerton detectives at 
Homestead in which 20 
lives are lost. — Labor 
disorders in the Cceur 
dAlene district, Idaho. 

Aug. 14. Outbreak of 
switchmen's strikes at 
Buffalo marked by 
violence and the de- 
struction of property. — 
Strike of coal miners at 
Coal Creek, Tenn. 



1892. 

Jan. 3. Mob outrages 
against the Salvation 
Army at Eastbourne. 

Feb. 8. Joseph Chamber- 
lain elected leader of the 
Liberal -Unionists in 

Parliament. 



Mar. 12. Great strike of 
coal miners in Northern 
England, about 200,000 
men participating. 



May 5. An embassy under 
Charles Ewan Smith 
enters Fez, Morocco, in 
order to negotiate a 
commercial treaty. 



June 17. Immense gather- 
ing at Belfast to protest 
against Home Rule. 



Aug. 12. The Salisbury- 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded by a Gladstone 
cabinet. 



1892 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



263 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1892 



Feb. IS. The Freycinet 
ministry defeated and 
succeeded (28) by a 
Loubet cabinet. 



1892 

Jan. — Russia: Famine and 
plague rage. 
Spain: — Strikes and dis- 
order at Bilbao. 

Feb. -Apr. Anarchist dis- 
turbances at Barcelona, 
Cadiz, and Madrid. 



Mar. — France : Conflict Mar. 1. G,r e e c e: The 
between government and Delyannis ministry dis 
Catholic bishops owing missed by the king. — In 
to the participation o{ Vienna, great destitution 
latter in political affairs. among working classes 

April. — Anarchist outrages throughout Europe in this 
and the following months. 



May 6. Rudini ministry in 
Italy succeeded by a 
Giolitti cabinet. 
May 26. Reciprocity be- 
tween Austria-Hungary 
and the United States 
established. 

June 7. Meeting between June 8. Disaster in the 
German and Russian silver mines at Birken- 
emperors at Kiel. berg, Bohemia, results 

in loss of more than 300 
lives. 



July 11. Ravachol exe- 
cuted at Montbrison in 
France for dynamite 
outrages. 



Aug. 17. Cholera appears 
at Hamburg; 6700 
deaths within a month. 



July IS. The pope issues an 
encylcical on Columbus 
and the discovery of 
America. 



Aug. — R u s s i a : The 
peasants in the famine 
districts riot against the 
physicians. 

Aug. 3. Celebration at 
Genoa in honor of Co- 
lumbus. 



1892 

Jan. 7. Egypt: Death of 
Tewfik Pasha; he is 
succeeded as khedive by 
Abbas Pasha. 

Jan. 11. An outbreak of 
the native tribes in the 
neighborhood of Tangier, 
Morocco. — War between, 
the French and the king 
of Dahomey. 



Mar. 15. Guatemala: 
Gen. Barrios becomes 
president. — Venezuela: 
Rebellion against Presi- 
dent Palacio headed by 
Crespo. 

Apr. 29. Hurricane de- 
stroys half of Port Louis,. 
Island of Mauritius, 
with a loss of more than 
1200 lives. 



June 15. Venezuela: Presi- 
dent Palacio resigns and 
flees from the capital. 



July 11. Porfirio Diaz re- 
elected president of 
Mexico. 



Aug^ — The French take the 
ottensive against the 
king of Dahomey and on 
the 25th they take 
Taku in Decame. 



264 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Sept. 13. Railway from 
Jaffa to Jerusalem com 
plated. 



Oct. 1. University of 

Chicago opened. 
Oct. 23. World's Columbian 

Exposition at Chicago 

dedicated. 



Deaths in 1892: J. C. 
Adams; G. B. Airy; E. 
Arago; G. W. Curtis; C 
W. Field; E. A. Free 
man, C. A. Fyfte, J. A 
Grant; G. Klapka; Car 
dinal Manning; Richard 
Owen; J. Pope; N. Por- 
ter; E. Renan; C. H. 
Spurgeon; Tennyson 
Walt Whitman; J. G 
Whittier. 



Jan. 6. Completion of the 
Pacific extension of the 
Great Northern Railroad, 



April 11. Opening of the 
first railway in Siam. 



1892 

Sept. 11. Return of Lieut 
Peary to St. Johns, N. F., 
from the north after 
having established the 
fact that Greenland is an 
island in a remarkable 
sledge journey. 

Oct. 12. Four hundredth 
anniversary of the dis 
covery of America cele 
brated at New York and 
elsewhere. 



Nov. 8. Grover Cleveland 

elected president. 

Nov. 20. The strike at 

Homestead abandoned 



1893 

Jan. 4. General amnesty 
for all polygamists who 
had abandoned the prac- 
tice after Nov. 1, 1890. 



Feb.l. The U. S. minister 
in Hawaii proclaims an 
American protectorate 
over the islands — 15 
President Harrison sub 
mits a treaty of annex- 
ation to the Senate. 

Mar. 9. President Cleye 
land recalls the Hawaiian 
annexation treaty from 
the Senate. 

Apr. 1. The American pro 
tectorate over the Hawai- 
ian Islands terminated 
by special commissioner 
Blount. 



May 1. The World's Columbian ' Exposition at 
Chicago formally opened by President Cleveland. 

C. A. Briggs convicted of 
heresy by the Presby- 
terian General Assembly 
and suspended from the 
ministry. 



1892 

Sept. 14. Ireland: Total re- 
peal of the Criminal 
La,w and Procedure Act, 
signifying end of strug- 
gle against the National 
League. 



Dec. 23. Michael Davitt's 
election to Parliament 
from North Meath de- 
clared void on account 
of intimidation by 
clergy. 

1893 

Jan. 17. Strained relations 
with France over as- 
sertion of English 
authority in the matter 
of ministerial appoint- 
ments in Egypt. 

Feb. 13. Mr. Gladstone in- 
troduces Irish Home 
Rule Bill in House of 
Commons. 



Mar. 21. Extradition 
treaty concluded with 
Roumania. 

Apr. 4. Beginning of 
riotous demonstrations 
at Hull, in connection 
with dock strike. — Fail- 
ure of Australian banks 
followed by crisis. 

May 19. Hull dock strike 
ends. 



1893 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



265 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Sept. 22. Celebration in 
France of the centen- 
nial of the first republic. 
— Strike and disorder at 
the Carmaux mines. 



Nov. 28. Fall of the Loubet 
cabinet in France as a 
result of the revelations 
of fraud in connection 
with the Panama Canal 
involving many mem- 
bers of the Chambers. 

Dec. 5. New ministry in 
France headed by Ribot. 



Jan. — Developments in 
the Panama scandal 
revealing the culpability 
of men high in politics. 



Feb. 9. Conviction of sev- 
eral Panama directors, 
among them Ferdinand 
de Lesseps and Eiffel. 



Mar. 30. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France. 



April 4. France: C. Dupuy 
forms a new ministry. 



May 7. Germany: The fail- 
ure of the government 
army bills is followed by 
the dissolution of the 
Reichstag. 



1892 



Oct. 9. Outbreak of dis- 
order in Crete. Conflicts 
between the inhabitants 
and the Turkish soldiers. 



Nov. 9. Hungarian minis- 
try under Szapary suc- 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Wekerle. 



Dec. 7. Spain: The Canovas 
del Castillo ministry 
goes out of office and is 
succeeded by a Sagasta 
cabinet. 



1893 

Jan. — Italy: Scandals in 
connection with the state 
banks involving promi- 
nent statesmen, among 
them Crispi. 



Mar. 21. Russia: Alexeieff, 
mayor of Moscow, assas- 
sinated. 

Apr. 13. Servia: Alexander 
I. by a coup d'etat de- 
clares himself of age 
and assumes personal 
nile. 



1892 

Sept. 15. French defeat 

the Dahomey forces at 

Dogba. 



Oct. 6. French gain a de- 
cisive victory over the 
forces of Dahomey at 
Pongnessa. — Venezuela: 
The forces under Crespo 
gain the battle of Los 
T equesand enter Ca racas 
(9th). Crespo is pro- 
claimed provisional pre- 
sident. 

Nov. 21. French troops 
enter Abomey, capital of 
Dahomey. 



Dec. — Revolutionary out- 
break in the province of 
Corrientes, Argentina. 



1893 

Jan. 17. Revolution in 
Hawaii; Queen Liliaio- 
kalani dethroned, pro- 
visional government re- 
cognized by American 
minister. 

Feb. 6. Argentina: Armed 
uprising in the province 
of Santa Fe, in opposi- 
tion to wheat tax. 



Mar. 14. Severe fighting 
between British and 
hill tribes on the In- 
dian frontier at Chilas. 
Conflict between the 
French and the Siamese 
over the possession of 
the left bank of the 
Mekong River below 23" 
N. 

May 11. Nicaragua: A 
revolution breaks out 
against President Sa- 
caza, who resigns (26th). 



266 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1893 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1893 



June 24. Nansen sets out 
on his Arctic expedition 
from Christiania. 



July. — Lieut. Peary sets out 
for the Arctic regions 
from New York. 



1894 



Sept. 13. Completion of 
observatory on Mount 
Blanc. 



Oct. 30. Closing of the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 

Nov. Colorado grants 
complete suffrage to 
women. 

Nov. 28. Memorial window 
to James Russell Lowell 
unveiled at Chapter 
House, Westminister. 

Deaths in 1893: P. G. T. 
Beauregard; Edwin 

Booth; B. F. Butler; J. 
Ferry; C. F.Gounod; R. 
B. Hayes; C. J. Hefele; 

B. Jowett; Fanny Kem- 
ble; Marshal MacMahon; 

C. Merivale; F. Parkman ; 
J. Rae; P. Schaff; J. A. 
Symonds; H. A. Taine; 
P. I. Tschaikowsky; J. 
TyndalJ. 

Jan. 1. Opening of the 
Manchester Ship Canal. 



Feb. 19. Purity in elections 
vindicated in the con- 
viction of the notorious 
boss, John Y. McKane. 
of Gravesend, Brooklyn. 



1893 

June 30. — Financial crisis 
reaches its climax and 
President Cleveland is 
sues a call for an extra 
session of Congress, 
for Aug. 7. 



July. — Suspension of banks 
and business houses con 
tinues throughout 
month. 



Aug. 15. The Court of 
Arbitration at Paris in 
the Bering Sea contro- 
versy with Great Britain 
decides against the Unit- 
ed States. 

Sept. 16. The Cherokee 
strip thrown open to 
settlement. 



Oct. 3O.-N0V. 1. Sherman 
Silver Purchase Bill re- 
pealed. 



Nov. 20. Supreme Court 
decides that the term 
" high seas " applies to 
the Great Lakes. 



1894 

Jan 17. Issue of a $50,- 
000,000 loan by popular 
subscription. 

Jan. 30. Insurgent war- 
ships at Rio Janeiro fire 
on an American vessel; 
fire returned by U. S. 
Detroit. 

Feb. 8. Laws for the fed- 
eral control of federal 
elections (so called 
" Force Bills") repealed. 



1893 

June 23. The man-of-war 
Victorta comes in col- 
lision with the Camper- 
down and sinks; 339 
men lost. 

June 26. India terminates 
the free coinage of 
silver. 

July 20. General strike of 
coal miners. 



Aug. 16. Commercial 
treaty with Servia rati- 
fied. — Strike violence 
among coal miners in 
Wales. 

Sept. 1. The Home Rule 
Bill passes the House of 
Commons; 8. the till 
rejected by the Lords ; 27, 
Mr. Gladstone denoun- 
ces the House of Lords 
as an anachronism. 

Oct. 11. Lord Elgin ap- 
pointed viceroy of India. 



Nov. 2. TheMatabeles de- 
feated and Buluwayo 
burned. 

Nov. 13. End of coal strike 
begun in July. 



1894 

Ja.i. 13. A British force un- 
der Capt. Wilson cut to 
pieces in Matabeleland. 



Feb. 20. The liberal govern- 
ment, foreseeing defeat, 
abandons the Em- 
ployers' Liability Act. 



1894 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



267 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



June 28. Germany: Elec- 
tions for the Reichstag 
show decisive gains for 
the government. 



July 15. The army bill 
passes the German Reich - 
stag. 



Aug. 18. Italian laborers 
assaulted and slain at 
the salt works of Aigues- 
Mortes in France. 



Oct. 3. France: Treaty in 
settlement of disputes 
with Siam; 13, visit of 
Russian fleet at Toulon 
amidst great enthus- 
iasm. 

Nov. 26. France: Fall of 
the Dupuy ministry. 



Dec. 5. France: Casimir- 
Perier forms a new min- 
istry; 10, bomb exploded 
in the Chamber of Depu- 
ties by an anarchist, 
wounding 47. 



Jan. 26. Germany: Prince 
Bismarck visits Berlin 
and is received with 
tremendous enthusiasm 
by the inhabitants. 



Feb. 10. Commercial treaty 
between Germany and 
Russia signed. 



1893 

June 20. Russia: Stampede 
in a church at Jarosloff 
results in 200 deaths. 



July. — Russia engages in a 
bitter tariff warfare 
with Germany. 



Sept. 2. Belgium : Universal 
suffrage in combination 
with plural voting es- 
tablished. 



Oct.-Nov. — Severe fighting 
between Spanish forces 
and Moorish tribesmen 
of the Riff. 



Nov. 3. Explosion of 
dynamite at Santander, 
in Spain, kills hundreds. 

Nov. 7. Anarchists explode 
bombs in a Barcelona 
theatre, killing many. 



1894 

Jan. Italy: Rioting in 

Sicily in opposition to 

increased taxes. 



1893 



July 30. Siam yields to the 
French ultimatum and 
abandons claims to the 
left bank of the Mekong 
River. — Revolt in sev- 
eral provinces of Argen- 
tina. 

Aug. 2. Argentina: In- 
surgents seize the 
government of the 
province of Santa Fe. 



Sept. 7. Brazil: The navy 
under Admiral Mello 
revolts against Presi- 
dent Peixoto; 14, Rio 
de Janeiro bombarded 
on several days. 

Oct. — Outbreak of war be- 
tween the British South 
African Company and 
the Matabeles under 
Lobengula. — Revolt in 
Argentina suppressed. 

Nov. -Dec. Hawaii: — 'Presi- 
dent Cleveland's at- 
tempt to restore the 
monarchy fails before 
the uncompromising 

attitude of the deposed 
queen. 

Brazil : Rebellions 
break out in several 
states; Da Gama suc- 
ceeds Mello as com- 
mander of fleet near 
Rio de Janeiro (Nov. 30). 



1894 

Jan. 10. The French oc- 
cupy Timbuctoo in the 
Western Sudan. 



Feb. 12. Nicaraguans in- 
vade and take posses- 
sion of the Mosquito 
coast; England protests. 



268 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A,D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



British Empire. 



1894 



May 5. Opening of the Ant- 
werp International Ex- 
position. 

May 14. Meeting of the 
International Miner's 
Congress at Berlin, rep- 
resenting nearly the 
entire world. 



July. Arctic expedition 
under P G. Jackson sails 
from London for Fran?, 
Josef Land. 



Aug. 2. Successful trial of 
Maxim's flying machine 
at Bexley, Eng.; 13, 
Lord Rayleigh announ- 
ces the discovery of the 
atmospheric element, 
argon. 

Sept. 30. Opening of the 
ship canal connecting 
the Baltic with the 
North Sea. 



1894 

Mar. 25. The "Commen- 
weal" army under J. S. 
Coxey starts from Mas- 
sillon, O., for Washing- 
ton. 

Mar. 29. President vetoes 
Silver Seigniorage Bill, 



Apr. 19. The Supreme 
Court of South Carolina 
declares the State liquor 
dispensary law uncon 
stitutional. 



May 1. Coxey's army at 
Washington dispersed 
while attempting a 
demonstration on the 
Capitol steps. 

May 11. Beginning of the 
great railway strike at 
Pullman, 111. 

June 27-28. Pullman strike 
develops into a general 
railway strike^ atlecting 
nearly all important 
roads west of the Mis- 
sissippi; disorders at 
Hammond, Ind., and 
elsewhere. 



July 1. The federal govem- 
rnent intervenes in the 
railway strike on the 
ground of interference 
v.-ith the mails by the 
strikers; federal troops 
called out in Colorado, 
Illinois, and Utah; 8, 
federal troops fire upon 
strikers at Hammond, 
Ind.; 10, otScers of 
the American Railway 
union indicted and 17 
sent to jail; the strike 
collapses. 

Aug. 27. Wilson Tariff 
Jbill amended in the 
Senate becomes law 
without signature of 
president. 



Sept. 27. Proclamation by 
president pardoning 

polygamists convicted 
under Edmunds Act. 

Oct. Proceedings against 
the Sugar Trust at 
Washington and the 
Standard Oil Company 
in Pennsylvania. 



1894 

Mar. 2. Premier Gladstone 
resigns office and is suc- 
ceeded (3d) by Lord 
Rosebery. 



Apr. 16. The Chancellor of 
the Exchequer intro- 
duces a "democratic" 
budget, the chief feature 
of which is a graduated 
succession and income 
tax. 

May 25. British force de- 
feats slave traders on 
Lake Nyassa. 



June 19. British protecto- 
rate established over 
Uganda in East Africa. 



July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by 
the Japanese though 
flying the British flag. 



Aug. 25. Commercial trea- 
ty with Japan ratified by 
that power. 



Sept. 13. India, riots be- 
tween the Hindoo and 
the Mohammedan popu- 
lation at Bombay and 
Poona. 



1894 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



269 



France and Gerrmany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World elsewhere. 



1894 



Mar. 15. Anarchist bomb 
outrage at the Church 
of the Madeleine in 
Paris. 



May 22. France: Fall of 
Casimir-Perier ministry; 
succeeded (28) by a Du- 
puy cabinet. 



June 24. France: President 
Sadi Camot assassinated 
by an Italian anarchist 
27, Casimir-Perier 
elected president. 



XvLg. 3. France: Cornelius 
Herz sentenced in 
default to 5 years' im- 
prisonment for share in 
Panama scandal. 



Sept. 7. Emperor William 
at Konigsberg reproves 
the agrarian nobles for 
their opposition to the 
government, 

Oct. 26. Germany: Chan- 
cellor von Caprivi re- 
signs, and is succeeded 
(30th) by Prince Hohen- 
lone-Schillingsflirst. 



1894 

Mar. 7. Portuguese troops 
come into collision with 
the English on the 
Zambesi River. 

Mar. 17. Belgium: Minis- 
terial crisis, the govern- 
ment being defeated in 
its program of propor- 
tionate representation. 

Apr. 29. Netherlands: 
Ministerial crisis, govern- 
ment defeated on meas- 
ure for extending the 
franchise. Disastrous 
earthquake shocks in 
Greece 

May 20. Alexander I., of 
Servia. suspends con 
stitution and re-estab 
lishes that of 1869 with a 
more restricted suffrage. 

May 29. Bulgaria. Prime 
minister Stambuliff re- 
signs. 

June 6. Belgium. A new 
electoral bill passed car 
rying on the scheme of 
constitutional reform. 



July 19. The Italian troops 
defeat the Dervishes 
and take Kassala 

(Abyssinia) by storm 



Aug. 7. Denmark: Fall of 
the Estrup ministry, 
succeeded by a cabinet 
under Reedz-Thott. 



Sept. 25. Portugal: A for- 
midable Kaffir insurrec- 
tion in Portuguese East 
Africa threatens Lou- 
renzo Marques. 

Oct. 22. Italy: The govern- 
ment decrees the sup J 
pression of socialist or- 
ganizations or labor 
organizations in sympa- 
thy with socialists. I 



1894 

Mar. 1. Brazil: Prudente 
de Moraes elected presi- 
dent; 14, the officers of 
the insurgent fleet, fail- 
ing to obtain favorable 
terms of surrender seek 
refuge on board a 
foreign vessel. 

Apr. 13. Brazil: Admiral 
Mello defeated at Rio 
Grande, and insurrection 
virtually comes to an 
end with his flight. 



May 2. Hawaii: Constitu- 
tional convention elect- 
ed to frame a republican 
form of government. 



June 6. Korea: The King 
applies _ to China for 
protection ; Japanese 
troops occupy Seoul; 
crisis with China pre- 
cipitated. 

June 7. Death of Muley 
Hassan sultan of 
Morocco; succeeded 

by Abdul Aziz. 

July 4. President of the 
Hawaiian republic 
elected. 

July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by a 
Japanese man-of-war. 



Aug. 1. Japan declares war 

on China. 
Aug. 4. Peru: Gen. Caceres 

president. 



Sept. 16. Japanese drive 
Chinese from Ping Yang; 
17, Chinese fleet de- 
stroyed in first battle of 
modern iron-clads. 

Oct. 24-26. Japanese de- 
feat Chinese on the 
Yalu and invade Man- 
churia. Advance against 
Port Arthur. 



2/0 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A,D.- 



A.D. 


Progress OF Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1894! 


1894 


1894 




Deaths in 1894: J. Q. 


Nov. 7. Congressional 


Nov. 13-14. Destructive 




Adams, Sir Samuel W. 


elections show a large 


gales and floods in the 




Baker, C. E. Brown-Se- 


increase of Republican 


British Isles. 




quard, Brugsch, H. von 


strength. 






Billow, G. W. Childs, 








J. A. Froude, Helm- 


Dec. 31. The Lexow Com- 






holtz, Oliver Wendell 


mittee completes its 






Holmes, Kossuth, A. La- 


mvestigation of munici- 






yard.W.Moon.H.Morley, 


pal corruption in New 






Comte de Paris, G. J. 


York. 






Romanes, Anton Rubin- 








stein, J. F. Stephen, R. 








L. Stevenson, W. Wad- 








dington, J. Walter, 








W. D. Whitney. 






1895 




1895. 


1895. 




Jan. 15. The riiler of Siam 


Jan. Strike of street 


Jan. 21. Agreement re- 




establishes a legislative 


railway employees in 


specting the hinterland 




council by decree. 


Brooklyn marked bji- 


of Sierra Leone signed in 






violence and the calling 


Paris. 






out of the state militia. 








Feb. 6. The president 








renders decision in 








favor of Brazil in its 








boundary dispute with 








Argentina. 






Mar. 24. The Hungarian 


Mar. 15. U. S. government 


Mar. 16. A great lockout of 




Chamber of Magnates 


begins suit against es- 


boot and shoe makers in 




passes a Freedom of 


tate of Senator Stanford 


Leicester and North- 




Worship Bill. 


of California to recover 


ampton; 200,000 men 






funds advanced in aid 


affected. 






of the construction of 








the Central Pacific. 






Apr. 7. Fridtjof Nansen, 


Apr. 8. U. S. Supreme 


Apr. British expedition 




after drifting in the 


Court declares the in- 


against Umra Khan who 




Fram, reaches 86° 14' 


come tax law of 1894 


had usurped power in 




North, 270 miles from 


unconstitutional in part. 


Chitral. — A British fleet 




the pole. 




enforces the payment of 
indemnity by Nicaragua 
in the Mosquito Coast 
dispute. 




May. Installation of the 


May. 20. U. S. Supreme 


May 5. Settlement of the 




Yerkes telescope at the 


Court declares income 


Nicaragua dispute and 




observatory of the Uni- 


tax law unconstitutional 


withdrawal of British 




versity of Chicago, Lake 


In whole. 


squadron. 




Geneva, Wis. 







1895 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



271 



A. D. France and Germany. 



Europe elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Nov. 10. Rupture of di- 
plomatic relations be- 
tween France and 
Madagascar; France 
prepares for war. 

Dec. France: Capt. Alfred! Dec 



1S94 

Nov. 1. Russia: Death of 
Czar Alexander III.; he 
is succeeded by Nicho 
las II. 



Dreyfus found guilty of 
selling military secrets 
to a foreign power; de- 
graded and sentenced to 
imprisonment for life. 



Jan. 14. France: The Dupuy 
, ministry resigns; 15 
President Casimir-Perier 
resigns; 17, Felix Faure 
elected his successor; 
27, Ribot forms a r 
cabinet. 



Feb. Germany: Agrarian 
movement makes rapid 
headway in combination 
with bimetallism agita 
tion. 

Mai. 24. Popular indigna 
tion aroused in Germany 
by refusal of Reichstaj 
to extend congratula 
tions to Prince Bismarck 
on his eightieth birthday. 



Resignation of the 



May. France and Germany 
co-operate with Russia 
in compelling Japan to 
relinquish the Liao- 
Tung peninsula to China. 
Failure of anti-socialist 
bill in Germany. 



Hungarian premier, 
Wekerle. 



1895. 

Jan. 14. BanfEy organizes 

a new Hungarian minis 

try. 
Jan. 29. The steamer Elbe 

sinks in the North Sea 

with a loss of 335 lives. 



Feb. Spain: Fall of the 
Sagasta ministry; Cano^ 
vas del Castillo, premier, 

Feb. 28. Russia: LabanofI 
succeeds Giers as minis 
ter of foreign affairs. 



Apr. 30. Austria-Hungary 
concludes a commercial 
treaty with Bulgaria. 



May 11. Turkey: British, 
French, and Russian 
ambassadors present 
note to Sultan demand- 
ing reforms in Armenia. 



1894 

Nov. 21-22. Japanese take 

Port Arthur by assault; 

21, Chinese repulsed at 

Kin -Chow. 

Dec. 14. Chinese repulsed 
by Japanese at Feng- 
hwang-cheng and, 19, 
at Hai-cheng. 



1895 

Jan. 30-Feb. 18. Japan: 

Japanese take Wei-hai- 
wei and destroy Chinese 
fleet. 

Jan. Armenia: Con- 
firmation of Turkish 
atrocities reachesEurope. 

Peru: Revolution 
against PresidentCaceres 
headed by Pierola. 

Venezuela: Conflict be- 
tween Venezuelans and 
British Guiana border 
police. 
Feb. 24. Revolutionary 
outbreak in Cuba. 



March 4. Japanese take 
Niuchwang; 15, Li 
Hung Chang, Chinese 
peace envoy leaves for 
Japan; 25, He is as- 
saulted at Shimonoseki 
by a Japanese. 

Apr. 17. Treaty of Shimo- 
noseki between China 
and Japan ; independence 
of Corea recognized; 
Formosa, Pescadores and 
peninsida of Liao Tung 
ceded to Japan. 

Apr. 26. Martinez-Campos 
assumes command 
against the revolution- 
ists in Cuba. 

May 6. Japan forced by 
Russia, France, and 
Germany to retrocede 
Liao-Tung to China. 
Cuba: The revolution 
develops great strength 
in the province of Puerto 
Principe where insur- 
gents are led by General 
Gomez. 



272 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1895 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1895 



V 



1896 



June 21. The Kaiser Wil- 
helm Canal connecting 
the Baltic and North 
Seas officially opened. 



Aug. The distribution of 
electrical power genera- 
ted at Niagara Falls be- 
gins. 

Sept. 18. Inauguration of 
the Cotton States ex- 
position at Atlanta, Ga. 



Nov. W. H. Roentgen an- 
nounces the discovery 
of the so-called X-rays. 

Deatns in 1895: J. S. 
Blackie, Lord Randolph 
Churchill, J. D. Dana, F. 
Douglass, A. Dumas 
(,fils), F. Engels, G. 
Freytag, Huxley, Pas- 
teur, H. C. Rawlinson, 
Christina Rossetti, 
Barthelemy Saint-Hi- 
laire, J. R. Seeley, W.W. 
Story, W. von Sybol. 



Feb. The president con- 
sents to act as arbitrator 
between Italy and 
Brazil. 



1895 

June 29. The suit of the 
U. S. against the Leland 
Stanford estate decided 
in favor of defendant. 



July. Strike of iron mines 
in Michigan; Indian 
troubles in Wyoming 
the sound money 
controversy assumes 

national importance. 



Aug. 6. Race riots be- 
tween Italians and ne- 
gro miners in Spring 
Valley, Illinois. 

Sept. 21. In an interna- 
tional athletic contest at 
New York the American 
team defeats the Eng- 
lish, winning all eleven 
events. 



Oct. 7. The U. S. District 
Court at Washington 
renders decision in 
favor of tiie govern- 
ment in the Potomac 
Flats case. 

Nov. 2. New constitution 
in South Carolina efiects 
the disfranchisement of 
a large section of the 
negro population. 

Dec. 17. President Cleve- 
land recommends to 
Congress the appoint- 
ment of a commission 
to Investigate the ques- 
tion at issue between 
Venezuela and Great 
Britain; the message 
brings about the possi- 
bility of war with Great 
Britain. 

1896 

Jan. 2. President Cleveland 
appoints a commission 
to determine the true 
boundary of Venezuela. 

Jan. 4. Utah becomes a 
State. 

Feb. 4. Popular loan of 
$100,000,000 offered. 

Feb. 28. U. S. Senate 
passes resolutions favor- 
ing recognition of Cuban 
belligerency. 



1895 

June 24. Resignation of 
the Rosebery ministry; 
succeeded by a Salisbury 
ministry including Jos- 
eph Chamberlain and 
the Duke of Devonshire, 
Libera) Unionists. 

July. Establishment of the 
British East Africa Pro- 
tectorate. Dispute with 
Brazil over Trinidad 
Island, claimed by latter 
government. 



Sept. 18. Commission ap- 
pointed for delimiting 
British and Russian 
Territory in the Pamir 
completes its work. 



Oct. The king of Ashanti 
rejects the ultimatum of 
Great Britain demand- 
ing the establishment of 
a British agent at Coo- 
massie ; hostilities follow. 

Nov. 16. Bechuanaland an- 
nexed to Cape Colony. 
A British expedition 
sets sail for Ashanti. 

Dec. 9. Great Britain 

presents an ultimatum 
to Venezuela demanding 
reparation for outrages 
on a British outpost in 
Guiana. 



1896 

Jan. 6. Cecil Rhodes re- 
signs premiership of 
Cape Colony because of 
his connection with the 
Jameson raid — Jan. 18, 
British occupy Coomas- 
sie, capitoi of Ashanti. 

Feb. 18. John Dillon suc- 
ceeds Justin McCarthy 
as leader of the Irish 
Nationalist party in 
parliament. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



^71 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1895 



1896 



June 29. The French de- 
feat the Hovas of Mada- 
gascar at Tsarasaotra. 



July 2. France: Reorgan- 
ization of the council of 
the Legion of Honor as 
a result of the Panama 
scandals. 



Aug. 22. The French oc- 
cupy Andriba in Mada- 
gascar in their advance 
on the capital. 

Sept. 30. The French troops 
defeat the Hovas and 
enter the capital Anta- 
nanarivo. . 



Oct. 28. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France; suc- 
ceeded by a radical 
cabinet under Bour- 
geois (31). 

Nov. Establishment of 
French authority in 
Madagascar. 



Jan. 3. The German em- 
peror sends a telegram 
of congratulation to 
President Kruger of the 
Transvaal on the cap- 
ture of the Jameson 
raiders. 

Feb. 22. Resignation of the 
Bourgeois ministry in 
France. 

Feb. 28. Moderate re- 
publican ministry under 
Meline. 



1895 

June 12. The Spanish Cor 
tes votes 600,000,000 
pesetas and 40,000 men 
for the suppression of 
the Cuban insurrection. 



July 15. Bulgaria: Mur- 
derous attack on ex- 
premier Stambuloff; he 
dies four days later. 



Aug. 21. The powers re- 
iterate their demands 
upon the Sultan for re- 
forms in Armenia. 

Sept. 20. Italy: Twenty- 
fifth anniversary of the 
entry of Italian troops 
into Rome celebrated by 
the unveiling of monu- 
ments to Garibaldi, 
Cavour, Minghetti, and 
others. 

Oct. Turkey: Massacre of 
Armenians at Trebizond 
(6th) followed by pro- 
mulgation of reforms 
demanded by powers 
(17th). 

Nov. 3. Turkey: Commis- 
sion appointed for exe- 
cution of reforms de- 
manded by the powers. 

Dec. 8. Italy: The Italian 
army in Abyssinia de- 
feated by King Menelek 
at Ambalagi. 



1896 

Jan. 19. Spain: Gen. Wey- 
ler named to supersede 
Gen. Martinez. — Cam- 
pos in command of the 
forces in Cuba. 



1895 



July 20. The Venezuela- 
British Guiana boundary 
dispute the subject of a 
strong letter addressed 
to the British govern- 
ment by the U. S. sup- 
porting Venezuela and 
recommending arbitra- 
tion. 

Aug. China: Outrages 
against Christian mis- 
sionaries. 

Aug. A successful revolu- 
tion in Ecuador led by 
Alfaro who enters Quito 
in trjumph. 



Nov. Cuba: 30,000 ad- 
ditional troops sent out 
by Spain; 19-20, Gen- 
eral Gomez defeats the 
Spaniards at Taguasco. 

Dec. 29. A laidmg force 
under Dr. Jameson in- 
vades the Transvaal 
from British Bechuana- 
land to co-operate with 
the Uitlanders in Johan- 
nesburg; they are de- 
feated and captured 
(Jan. 2, 1896). 



Jan. 15. Indo-Chma: By 
treaty between Great 
Britain and France the 
Mekong becomes the 
boundary between their 
respective possessions. 

Feb. 10. Gen. Weyler ar- 
rives in Cuba and enters 
upon a policy of severe 
repression. 



274 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1896 A.D. 



A.D, Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



4896 



Mar. — Secession from the 
Salvation Army headed 
by Mr. and Mrs. Bal- 
lington Booth and or- 
ganization of ''American 
Volunteers.' ' 



Apr. 6. Beginning at Ath- 
ens of the celebration 
of the revived Olympic 
games. 



May 2. Expositionat Buda- 
pest in celebration of the 
1000th anniversary of 
the birth of the Hun 
garian kingdom. 



Aug. 13. Return to Vardo, 
Norway, of Fridtjof 
Nansen from his arctic 
voyage in the Fram. 

Aug. 22. International 
copyright congress as- 
sembles at Berne. The 
discovery of gold in the 
Klondike region, Alaska. 

Sept. 27. Inauguration of 
the canal around the Iron 
Gates on the Danube, 
greatly diminishing dan- 
gers to navigation. 



Oct 20. Princeton Univer- 
sity celebrates its sesqui' 
centennial. 

Deaths in 1896: E. Cur- 
tius, E. Du Bois-Rey- 
mond, G. Du Maurier, 
M. Frere-Orban, E. L. 
de Goncourt, B. A. 
Gould, W. R. Grove, 
Baron Ilirsch, A. Hous- 
saye, Thomas Hughes, F. 
Leighton, J. E. Millais, 
William Morris, H. A. 
Newton, A. Nobel, Cov- 
entry Patmore, J. B. 
L. Say, J. F. Simon, C. 
Trikoupis, H. von Treit- 
schke, L. J. Trochu, 
Paul Verlaine. 



1896 

Mar. 2. U. S. Supreme 
Court renders a decision 
in favor of the Leland 
Stanford estate sued by 
the U. S. for the sum of 
$15,000,000. 



June 18. William Mc- 

Kinley nominated for 
oresident by the Repub- 
lican party; the Free 
Silver Republicans holt. 

July 10. William J. Bryan 
is nominated for the 
presidency by the 
Democratic party. 



Aug. 28. Li Hung Chang 
arrives in New York and 
is presented to the 
president on the fol- 
lowing day. 



Sept. 3. John M. Palmer 
nominated for president 
by the " gold' demo- 
crats. 



Oct. 4. Cardinal Satolli 
succeeded as papal rep- 
resentative in the U. S. 
oy Sebastian Martinelli. 



Nov. 3. William McKinley, 
republican candidate for 
president elected by a 
great majority. 

Nov. Utah and Idaho 
grant complete suffrage 
to women. 



1896 

Mar. — Formidable out- 
break among the Mata- 
beles who are joined by 
the native armed police. 



Apr. 30. The Transvaal 
government publishes 
telegrams implicating 
British South African 
officials in the attack on 
the South African Re- 
public. 

May 9. Matabeles defeated 
by British forces at 
Gwelo. 



June 7. The British Egyp- 
tian forces defeat the 
Dervishes at Ferkeh. 



July 28. Dr. Jameson and 
his officers sentenced to 
terms of imprisonment. 



Aug. 13. Irish Land Bill 
passed by the Lords; 22, 
Cecil Rhodes receives 
the surrender of the 
Matabeles at a con- 
ference in the Matoppo 
hills. 



Sept. 23. British expedi- 
tionary force under the 
Sirdar H. H. Kitchener 
enters Dongola, the 
power of the Dervishes 
broken for the time. 

Oct. 26. Frederick Temple 
bishop of London, ap- 
pointed archbishop of 
Canterbury as successor 
to E. W. Benson. 

Nov. 9. Lord Salisbury 
announces that an 
agreement has been 
reached with the United 
States in regard to 
Venezuela. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



275 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Mar. 28. M. Berthelot, 
French foreign minister, 
resigns because of criti- 
cism of lack of resistance 
to English advance in 
Egypt. 



June 21. French Chamber 
of Deputies passes meas- 
ure making Madagascar 
a French colony. 

July 1. Germany: Reichs 
tag passes a new and 
comprehensive civil code 
providing for compul- 
sory civil marriage to go 
into effect in 1900. 



Sept. 30. Treaty between 
Italy and France by 
which former abandons 
opposition to French 
political ambitions in 
Tunis in return for com 
mercial privileges 

Oct. 6. The czar received 
in Paris with tremen 
dous enthusiasm. 



1896 

Mar. 1. The Italian armj^ 
under Gen. Baratieri 
overwhelmed by the 
Abyssinians at Adowa 
4, fall of the Crispi 
cabinet ; 10, organiza 
tion of a ministry by 
Rudini. 

Apr. 20. Belgium: Inter 
national bimetallic Con 
gress assembles at Brus 
sels. 



May 26. Russia: Nicholas 
II. crowned at Moscow, 
during festivities thou- 
sands of people are 
crushed to death in 
panic. 

June — Crete: Engagements 
between Christian in 
surgents and Turkish 
troops who commit 
atrocities. 



Aug. 26. Turkey: San 
guinary riots in Con 
stantinople, hundreds of 
Armenians slain. 



Sept. 11. Appointment of 
Georgi Pasha, a Chris 
tian as governor general 
of Crete, preparatory to 
the institution of re 
forms demanded by 
powers. 

Oct. 26. Treaty of Addis 
Abeba between Italy 
and Abyssinia wherein 
Italy abandons her 
claims to a protectorate 
over that country. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1896 

Mar. 27. China establishes 
a Customs and Post 
department under Sir 
Robert Hart. 



Apr. 26. Transvaal: Lead- 
ers of the Reform Com- 
mittee in Johannesburg 
condemned to death; 
subsequently pardoned. 



May 1. Persia: Shah Nasir- 
ed-din assassinated. 



June 15. An earthquake 
followed by a tidal wave 
in Jaoan destroys from 
10,000 to 30,000 lives. 

July 21. Commercial treaty 
between China and 
Japan signed. 



Aug. 27. Bntish fleet bom- 
bards Zanzibar and com- 
pels flight of usurpmg 
Sultan. Outbreak of 
formidable insurrec- 

tions in the Philippines. 



Sept. Resumption of 
massacres in Armenia. 



Oct.China: LiHungChang 
on his return from a 
journey around the 
world is made minister 
for foreign affairs. 



Dec. Death in battle of 
Antonio Maceo, most 
successful of Cuban in- 
surgent leaders. 



2/6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1897 A.D. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Jan. 5. The German em- 
peror issues an order 
looking towards the re- 
striction of duelling in 
the army. 



Apr. 6. Slavery abolished 
by the Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar. 



May 1. Opening of the 
Tennessee Centennial ex- 
position at Nashville. 

May 5. The greater New 
York charter signed by 
the governor. 



July 11. S. A. Andr^e sets 
out from Dane Island, 
Spitzbergen, on a flight 
to the North Pole in a 
balloon; he does not 
return. 



Aug. 29. A Jewish congress 
meets at Basel to further 
the cause of a Jewish 
State in Palestine. 



Sept.3. Return of the Jack 
son-Harrasworth Arctic 
expedition (started, July, 
1894) with a mass of 
valuable information. 



1897 

Jan. 11. Arbiti-ation treaty 
with Great Britain 
signed at Washington. 

Jan. 30. Convention signed 
with G-^eat Britain pro- 
viding for a commission 
to determine disputed 
Alaska boundary. 



1897 

Jan. 26. Victory of British 
forces over the Fulahs 
near Bida in Nigeria. 

Feb. 16. Parliamentary 
committee to investi- 
gate Jameson raid begins 
its sessions. 



March. End of the great Mar. Mr. Gladstone criti- 
strike at Leadville, Col.,1 cises the action of the 
in progress since June. European powers in. 

Crete. 



Apr.27. Dedication of the 
Grant Monument in 
Riverside Park, New 
York. 



May 5. The Senate rejects 
the arbitration treaty 
with Great Britain sign- 
ed in January. 



June 16. Signing of the 
treaty of annexation 
With Hawaii. 



July. The arrival at Port 
Townsend, Wash., of a 
ship from the Klondike 
gives rise to a gold craze 
all over the country and 
a large emigration to 
Alaska. 

July 24. The Dingley Tar- 
iff Bill becomes law. 



Sept. 20. Termination of 
the coal strike in eastern 
Pennsyl vania; the 
militia is withdrawn (24). 



Nov. 6. Sealing treaty 
with Russia and Japan 
signed at Washington. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the new 

Congressional Library at 

Washington. 
Death- in 1897: 

C. D. S. Bourbaki, J. Brahms, C. A. Dana, A 
Daudet; Neal Dow, Henry Drisler, Henry George, J 
Gilbert, Jean Ingelow, H. Meilhac, Margaret Oliphant 
F. T. Palgrave, J. J. Sylvester, F. A. Walker, J 
Winsor. 



Apr. Famine and plague in 
India; nearly three mil- 
lion men emoloyed on 
relief works. 



May 28. A. Beit, the 
^outh African million- 
aire testifies that he con- 
tributed about $250,000 
to the insurrectionary 
movement in the 
Transvaal. 

June 22. Beginning of the 
Jubilee celebration in 
commemoration of the 
longest reign in English 
history. 

July 30. Arrival at Ports- 
mouth of the king of 
Spain on his tour through 
Europe. 



Aug. India. Suppression of 
an outbreak of Waziri 
tribesmen on the 
northwest frontier and 
beginning of hostilities 
with Afridis. 

Sept. 14. The Afridis de- 
feated with great 
slaughter, at Sarajare. 



Nov. 4. The railway from 
Cape Town opened as 
far as Buluwayo, Rho- 
desia. 



1897 A. D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



277 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1897 



Feb. 7. Collapse of great 
dock strike at Hamburg 
in progress since Novem- 
laer. 

Mar. 21. Celebration in 
Germany of the cen- 
tenary of the birth of 
William I. 



Apr. 8. The Sugar Bounties 
Bill becomes law in 
France. 



May 4. In the burning of 
the Charity Bazar in 
Paris about 150 lives 
are lost, including mem- 
bers of the highest aris- 
tocracy, mostly women. 



July 20. The Prussian diet 
defeats the government 
bill aimed at restricting 
freedom of public meet- 
ing and association. 



Aug. 23-26. President 
Faure at St. Petersburg; 
Russia and France 
spoken of as allied. 



Sept. 18. Great Britain 
recognizes French claims 
in Tunis in return for 
commercial concessions. 



Nov. Rise of the Dreyfus 
agitation (see Dec. 1894). 
The friends of the 
captain demand revision 
of his sentence. 

Dec. The French Chamber 
refuses to question the 
justice of the sentence 
against Captain Dreyfus. 



1897 

Jan. 11. Russia: Mura- 
viefE succeeds Prince 
LobanofI as foreign 
minister. 

Feb. 15. A Greek force 
lands in Crete and en- 
gapes the Turks; 21, 
they are bombarded by 
the ships of the powers. 

Mar. The Greek govern- 
ment refuses to evacuate 
Crete and the island is 
blockaded by the powers 
which, however, guaran- 
tee Cretan autonomy. 

Apr. 17. Turkey declares 
war against Greece, fol- 
lowing the invasion of 
Macedonia by armed 
Greek bands; 19, Greek's 
defeated at Miluna 
Pass; 23, routed at 
Tyrnavos. 

May. 5 Greeks defeated at 
Pharsalos and Velestmo; 
11, Greece submits to 
the powers which inter- 
vene for peace; 18, 
Greeks driven from 
Domokos; armistice 

with Turkey arranged. 

June 3. The ambassadors 
of the powers begin 
negotiations with Tur- 
key in behalf of Greece. 

July. The Turkish govern- 
ment prepares to re- 
assert its authority in 
Crete. 



Aug. 8. Spain: The prernier 
Canovas del Castillo 
assassinated by an an- 
archist; Gen. Azcarraga 
succeeds. 

Sept. 18. Preliminary 
treaty of peace signed 
between Turkey and 
Greece. 



Nov. 28. Austria: Minis- 
terial crisis, Count Ba- 
deni succeeded by Baron 
Gautsch; parliamentary 
government paralyzed 

Dec. 4. Definitive treaty of 
peace between Greece 
and Turkey signed at 
Constantinople. 



1897 



Feb. 3. The Spanish cabi- 
net offers the Cubans a 
large measure of self- 
government. 

Mar. 23. The Transvaal 
concludes a treaty of 
alliance with the Orange 
Free State. 



June 15. The Central 
American republics sign 
a treaty constituting 
themselves a single re- 
public in their foreign 
relations. 



Aug. 25. President Borda 
of Uruguay assassinated; 
succeeded by Cuestas. 



Sept. Guatemala: Outbreak 
of an unsuccessful 
revolution against 
President Barrios head- 
ed bv Gen. Morales. 

Oct. Cuba: Gen. Weyler 
recalled. 

Nov. 15. China. Kiau-Chau 
occupied by a German 
force in reparation for 
the murder of two mis- 
sionaries. 

Dec. 19. China: A Russian 
fleet enters Port Arthur 
to winter there. 



278 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1898 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1898 



Feb. A census gives New 
York city a population 
of 3,438,899, making it 
the second city in the 
world. 

Mar. 10. Dissolution of 
the Zoar Separatist 
Community in Ohio. 



May 26. The battleship 
Oregon arrives at Key 
West after a record trip 
of 17,500 miles from 
San Francisco. 



June 1. Opening of the 
Trans-Mississippi Ex- 
position at Omaha, Neb. 



1898 

Jan. 1. Birth of the city of 

" Greater New York." 
Jan. 25. The U. S. man-of- 

wai Ma'.ne arrives on a 

friendly mission at 

Havana. 

Feb. 15. The Maine is de- 
stroyed by an explosion 
in Havana harbor with 
tae loss of 268 lives; 
intense feehng against 
Spain. 

Mar. 9 Congress appro- 
priates $50,000,000 for 
national defence; 25, 
the Board of Inquiry in 
the Maine disaster re- 
ports that the cause of 
the explosion lay outside 
of the ship. 



Apr. 16. Congress passes 
a resolution recognizing 
Cuban independence 

and demanding evacua- 
tion of island by Spain; 
20, ultimatum presented 
to Spain; 23, the piesi- 
dent calls for 125,000 
volunteers; 24, Spain 
declares war; 27, U. S. 
squadron bombards 

Matanzas in Cuba. 

May 1. Commodore Dewey 
destroys the Spanish 
fleet under Montojo in 
the harbor of Manila. 

May 29. Spanish fleet under 
Cervera discovered in 
Santiago harbor and 
blockade established. 

June 15. Army under 
Gen. Shafter sails from 
Tampa for the capture 
of Santiago; 24, en- 
gagement at Las Guas- 
imas. 

July 1. Engagement at El 
Caney; 3, the Spanish 
fleet leaves the harbor of 
Santiago and is de- 
stroyed by the blockad- 
ing fleet in a running 
fight; 17, Santiago ca- 
pitulates; 27, Gen Miles 
lands in Porto Rico and 
overruns the island. — ■ 
Enactment of a bank- 
ruptcy law by Congress. 



1898 

Jan. Egypt : Revival of 

Dervish hostilities. 
Jan. 28. End of the great 

engineering strike in 

England; a defeat for the 

workingmen. 



Mar. 17. Australia: The 
federal convention at 
Melbourne concludes its 
labors; a constitution 
for united Australia is 
submitted to a popular 
vote. 



Apr. 8. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Sir H. 
H. Kitchener defeat the 
Dervishes near the At' 
bara. 



May 19. Death of W. E. 
Gladstone, four times 
prime minister. 



June 13. Convention signed 
with France delimiting 
possessions in Nigeria. 



July. Scandal in connection 
with the financial opera- 
tions of the protnotor 
Hooley, involving many 
members of the peerage. 



1898 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



279 



189S 



France and Germany. 



Jan. Ejmile Zola accuses 
the French war office of 
having engaged in a con- 
spiracy against Captain 
Dreyfus : 22 , the socialists 
in the Chamber take up 
the cause of Dreyfus. 

Feb. 7. Trial of Emile Zola 
for criticism of war 
office begins; found 
guilty and condemned to 
a year's imprisonment. 



Apr. 3. France: The Court 
of Cassation quashes the 
sentence of i!.-nile Zola. 



June 15. France: Resigna- 
tion of the Meline cabi- 
net; 28, Brisson forms 
a radical ministry. 



July 18. Elmile Zola tried a 
second time and con- 
demned to a year's 
imprisonment: he es- 
capes to England. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1S98 

Jan. Italy: Bread riots 
break out in Ancona and 
other towns of the 
Marches. 



Mar. 6. Austria: Premier 
Gautsch resigns and is 
succeeded by Count 
Franz Thun; parliamen- 
tary obstruction con- 
tinues. 



Apr. 27. Italy: Serious 
bread riots in the south 
and in Lombard.y. 



May Italy: The suspen- 
sion of the duty on corn 
does not alleviate public 
disorder; sanguinary 

encounters between the 
citizens and the police in 
Milan. 

June 19. Italy: Fall of the 
Rudini cabine^ 29, A 
new ministry under 
General Pellonx. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1898 

Jan. 12. Japan: Marquis 
Ito forms a new ministry. 



Feb. 8. Guatemala: Presi- 
dent Barrios assassin- 
ated. 

Transvaal: Paul Kriiger 
re-elected president. 

Mar. 2. Brazil: Campos 
Sallej elected president. 

Mar. 6. China. Kiau-Chau 
with surrounding zone 
leased to Germany for 
99 years. 

Mar. 24. China: Port Ar- 
thur and Ta-lien-wan 
leased to Russia for 25 
years. 

Apr. 5. China Kwang- 
chau-wan, in the south, 
ceded to France. 



May. China: Wei-hai-wei 
occupied by the British. 



June 28. Japan: Okuma 
succeeds Ito as premier 
on the basis of party 
control. 



July Philippine Islands : 
The native insurgents 
under Aguinaldo occupy 
the province of Cavite 
and threaten Manila. 
Wei-hai-wei leased by 
China to Great Britain, 



28o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1898 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Aug. 28. The czar address- 
es to the powers an in- 
vitation to take part in a 
a conference looking to- 
wards the reduction of 
national armaments and 
the establishment of the 
principles of universal 
peace. 

Sept. Remains of Colum- 
bus at Havana exhumed 
for removal to Spain. 



During 1898 M. and Mme. 
Curie, French chemists 
discover the presence of 
two radio-active sub- 
stances in pitchblende, 
which they name po- 
lonium and radium. 

Deaths in 1898: T. F. Bay- 
ard, E. Bellamy, Bis- 
mark, W. Black, D. C. 
Buell, E. Burne-Jones, 
C. L. Dodgson, G, M. 
Ebers, Gladstone, G. P. 
Lathrop, H. G. Liddell, 
W. Pepper, P. Puvis de 
Chavannes, W. S. Rose- 
crans, F. Tennyson, D. 
A. Wells. 



Jan. 6. The corner-stone of 
the Gordon memorial 
college at Khartum laid 
by Lord Cromer. 

Feb. 12. Corner-stone laid 
for a great dam at 
Assouan in Egypt for 
the purpose of improv- 
ing the irrigation of the 
Nile valley. 

Mar. 27. Communication 
by the Marconi system 
of wireless telegraphy 
established between 
England and France. 



1898 

Aug. 12. Peace protocol 
with Spain signed; 13, 
Manila taken by U. S. 
land and naval forces; 
annexation of Hawaii 
carried into effect. 



Sept. 9. Appointment of 
commission to investi- 
gate conduct of war de- 
partment during the 
war. 



Oct. 5. Indian outbreak in 
Leach Lake Reservation, 
Minnesota. 



Nov. 21. Sen. Quay of 
Pennsylvania indicted 
for misuse of state funds. 

Dec. 10. Definitive treaty 
of peace with Spain 
signed; Cuban indepen- 
dence acknowledged; 
Porto Rico, the Philip- 
pines, and Guam ceded 
to the United States. 

1899 

Jan. 17. The president ap- 
points a commission to 
visit the Philippines and 
to study conditions 
there. 

Feb 4. Outbreak of hos- 
tilitiesin the Philippines; 
Manila attacked by the 
insurgents; 6, the treaty 
of peace with Spain 
ratified by the Senate. 

Mar. Fierce fighting with 
the Filipino forces under 
Aguinaldo; the insur 
rection is in full swing.. 



Apr. 21. Ex -Senator Quay 
of Pennsylvania ac- 
quitted on the charge of 
misappropriating state 
funds. 



18^8 



Sept. 2. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Kitch- 
ener utterly crush the 
Dervishes at Omdurman 
with tremendous loss to 
the enemy, and occupy 
Khartoum. 

Oct. Threatening corre- 
spondence with France 
on the Fashoda affair. 



1899 

Jan. 19. Great Britain en- 
ters into an agreement 
with Egypt for the 
government of the Su- 
dan. 

Feb. 6. SirHenryCampbell- 
Rannerman elected lead- 
er of the Liberal party. 



Mar. 21. Convention signed 
with France delineating 
the sphere of interest of 
the two countries in 
Central Africa. 



Apr. 30. Agreement signed 
with Russia providing 
against mutual interfer- 
ence with the railway 
policy of either power in 
China. 



1 899 -^•^• 



OP^ UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



281 



A.D. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 31. Col. Henry of the 
French war office com- 
mits suicide after con- 
fessing to the authorship 
of documents incrimi- 
nating Captain Dreyfus. 



Sept. A French force under 
Major Warchand estab- 
lishes itself at Faslioda 
on the Nile and refuses to 
retire at tir Kitchener's 
order; crisis precipitated 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

Oct. 25. Prance: Fall of 
the Brisson ministry. 
29, the Court of Cassa- 
tion orders a supple- 
mentary investigation in 
the Dreyfus case; 31, 
C. Dupuy forms a new 
ministry. 

Nov. 5. The French gov- 
ernment decides to 
withdraw from Fashoda. 



Feb. 16. France: President 
Faure dies of apoplexy; 

18. Emile Loubet elected 
to succeed him. 



Mar. Cecil Rhodes ne- 
gotiates with the German 
emperor concerning the 
construction of the Cape 
to Cairo railway through 
German territory. 



Apr. 28. Germany: The 
Reichstag passes a bill 
for the establishment of 
an imperial bank. 



1898 

Aug. 30. Austria-Hungary. 
The premiers of the two 
members of the mon- 
archy agree upon com- 
mon action looking 
towards the renewal of 
the Ausgleich of 1867. 



Sept. 10. Empress Eliza- 
beth of Austria assassi- 
nated by an anarchist 
at Geneva. 



Oct. 5. The powers demand 
the withdrawal of Turk- 
ish troops from Crete. 



Nov. 6. Crete evacuated 
by the Turks; 27, Prince 
George of Greece ap- 
pointed High Commis- 
sioner by the powers. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Austria-Hungary. 
The A usgleich prolonged 
for a year by imperial 
decree owing to parlia- 
mentary obstruction. 

Feb. Russia: The Finnish 
diet is deprived of the 
exclusive right of legis- 
lation and a thorough 
policy of Russification 
begun. 

Mar. 1. Spain: TheSagasta 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded (4th) by a 
cabinet under Silvela. 



1898 

Aug. 6. Philippine Islands: 
Aguinaldo, having or- 
ganized a provisional 
government appeals to 
the powers for the recog- 
nition of Philippine 
independence. 



Sept. 21. China: By a 
coup d'etat the dowager 
empress assumes the 
regency to the virtual 
exclusion of the Emperor 
Kwang-Hsu. 



Oct. China. The foreign 
legations at Pekin 
threatened by mobs and 
troops summoned to the 
capitol from the coast. 



Nov. 30. The union of the 
Central American states 
for foreign relations 
dissolved. 

Dec. Transvaal: Uitland- 
ers in Johannesburg 
appeal to the British 
government against the 
Transvaal authorities. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Cuba. End of 
Spanish sovereignty, 
military rule of the 
United States. 



Mar. 11. The Cuban as- 
sembly deposes Gen. 
Gomez from his com- 
mand because of dis- 
satisfaction with his 
negotiations with the 
United States concern- 
ing the payment of 
Cuban troops: he is 
later re-elected. 

Apr. 1. Samoa: In the 
civil strife prevailmg in 
the islands, an Anglo- 
American column is 
ambushed with loss. 

Apr. 4. Cuba: The insur- 
gent army disbanded. 



282 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1899 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



May 18. Opening of the 
Intnational Peace Con- 
ferenec at the Hague 
consisting of delegates 
from twenty-six states. 



June 15. The Court of 
Arbitration in the 
boundary dispute be- 
tween Venezuela and 
Great Britain begins its 
sessions at Paris. 



July 22. In an internation- 
al athletic meet at Lon- 
don, Yale and Harvard 
are defeated by Oxford 
and Cambridge. 

July 29. The Peace Con- 
ference at the Hague 
closes after establishing 
a permanent court of 
arbitration and modi- 
fying certain rules of 
warfare. 



Oct. 3. The Paris Tribunal 
in the Venezuelan arbi- 
tration case announces 
its decision, which is in 
nature a compromise. 



1899 

May 8. The Mazet com- 
mittee of the legislature 
begins the investigation 
of municipal corruption 
in New York City. 



July 17. Press representa- 
tives in the Philippine 
Islands protest against 
the military censorship; 
19, Secretary of War, 
Alger, resigns as a re- 
sult of the scandals 
connected with the con- 
duct of the department 
during the Spanish- 
American war. 

Aug. Thomas B. Reed, 
ex-speaker of the House 
of Representatives, re- 
tires from public life. 



Sept. 26. Admiral Dewey 
arrives at New York on 
his return from the 
Philippines; great popu- 
lar enthusiasm. 

Oct. 1. Fruitless con- 
ference between Gen. 
Otis and Filipino com- 
missioners at Manila. 



Nov. 27. The U. S. govern- 
ment signifies its agree- 
ment with the action 
taken by Great Britain 
and Germany in respect 
to the Samoan Islands. 



1899 

May 31. Opening of an un- 
successful conference at 
Bloemfontein between 
Lord Milner and Presi- 
dent Krtigerof the Trans- 
vaal relative to the 
grievances of the Uit- 
landers. 

June 20. New South Wales 
accepts by popular vote 
the Federal Bill thus 
assuring the success of 
Australian federation. 



July 3. The crown take? 
possession of the terri- 
tories of the Niger Com- 
pany. 



Aug. — The British govern- 
ment refuses to abandon 
its claims to suzerainty 
over the Transvaal. 



Sept. 8. A cabinet council 
decides on increasing the 
British war strength in 
Natal. 

Oct. 9. The Transvaal gov- 
ernment presents an 
ultimatum requiring ac- 
ceptance within two 
days; 12, Boer forces in- 
vadcNatal; 20, indecisive 
battle at Glencoe and 
21, at Elandslaagte; 30, 
British defeated at 
Nicholson's Neck. By 
the end of the month 
Ladysraith, Kimberley, 
and Mafeking are closely 
invested. 

Nov. 23. British under 
Lord Methuen drive 
Boers from Belmont; 
and, 25, from Enslin or 
Grospan; 28, British 
fight with great loss at 
the Modder River. 



1899 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



283 



A.D. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



May 30. France: Major 
Marc hand, is received 
with tremendous en- 
thusiasm on his arri- 
val at Toulon. 



June 3. The French Court 
of Cassation annuls the 
sentence of Captain 
Dreyfus and orders his 
retrial by a court 
martial; 12, fall of the 
Dupuy ministry; 22, 
a new cabinet formed 
by Waldeck-Rousseau. 

July. The new war minis- 
ter. General de Galliffet 
punishes insubordination 
on the part of officers 
opposed to Captain 
Dreyfus. 



Aug. 7. Beginning of the 
second courtmartial of 
Capt. Dreyfus at Rennes. 



Sept. 9. Captain Dreyfus 
found guilty by court 
martial and condemned 
to ten years' imprison- 
ment; 19, he is par- 
doned by the president. 



Nov. 8. Germany enters in- 
to a treaty of partition 
with Great Britain in 
regard to the Samoan 
Islands. 



1899 

May 2. Italy: Fall of the 
Pelloux ministry; 14, 
reorganization of the 
Cabinet effected. 



June 2. Spain sells the 
Caroline, Pelew, and La- 
drone islands to Ger- 
many. 

June 28. Violent demon- 
strations in Belgium 
against proposed elec- 
toral law. 



Sept. 23. Austria: Fall of 
the Thun ministry; suc- 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Clary (Oct. 2). 



1899 



July IS. The Transvaal 
V olksraad offers the 
Uitlanders the franchise 
after seven years' resi- 
dence. 

July 26. President Heur- 
eaux of Santo Domingo 
assassinated. 



Aug. — The Transvaal gov- 
ernment offers a five 
years' franchise but 
demands abandonment 
of British claims of 
suzerainty. — Revolution 
in Venezuela headed by 
Gen. Castro. 

Sept. 2. The Transvaal 
government withdraws 
its offer of a five years' 
franchise. 

Oct. 16. Cuba: The work of 
taking a census begins 
under direction of Amer- 
ican officials ; Revolu- 
tion in Venezuela suc- 
cessful and Castro chos- 
en president. 



Nov. Egypt: The Khalifah 

overtaken and crushing- 
ly defeated at Om De- 
brikat in the Sudan, 
the Khalifah himself 
being slain. 



284 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1899 A.D.- 



Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1899 



1900 



Deaths in 1899: G. Allen, 
R. P. Bland, Rosa Bon- 
heur, D. G. Brinton, E. 
Castelar, J. S. Clarke, 
C. F. Coghlan, J. A. Daly 
E. Erckmann, S. J. 
Field, R. G. Ingersoll, 0. 

C. Marsh, D. L. Moody 
Nubar Pasha, ii. 

D. E. N. Southworth 

E. Thayer. 



Jan. 10. Railroad connec- 
tion established between 
Cairo and Khartum in 
the Sudan. 



1899 

Dec. 19. Death of Major- 
Gen. H. W. Lawton, 
killed in action in the 
Philippines. 



March 29. _ A tribunal of 
arbitration declares 

against Portugal and in 
favor of the U. S. and 
Great Britain in the 
matter of the Delagoa 
Railway. 

Apr. 14. Opening of the 
International Exposition 
at Paris. 



June 15. Gen. MacArthur 
in command of the U. S. 
forces in the Philippines 
issues a proclamation of 
amnesty to the insur- 
gents. 



1900 

Jan. 30. Senator Goebel 
Democratic candidate for 
governor in Kentucky 
assassinated by politi- 
cal opponents; he is 
declared governor by a 
party in the legislature 
and dies after taking the 
oath. 

Feb. 5. The- Hay-Paunce 
forte treaty amending 
the Clayton-Bulwer 

treaty dealing with the 
construction of an Isth- 
mian Canal, signed at 
Washington. 

Mar. 14. The bill establish 
ing the gold standard 
becomes law. 



1899 

Dec. 10. British under 
Gen. Gatacre defeated at 
Stormberg; 11, British 
under Lord Methuen de- 
feated at Magersfontein; 
15, British under Gen. 
Buller disastrously de- 
feated at Colenso; 16, 
Field Marshal Roberts 
entrusted with the com- 
mand in Africa with Lord 
Kitchener as his chief of 
staff. 

1900 

Jan. 6. Desperate Boer 
assault on Ladvsmith 
repulsed, 23-24, British 
disaster at Spion Kop 
north of the Tugela 
River. 



Apr. 24. Matthew Quay, 
appointed senator from 
Pennsylvania, seated by 
the senate. 



May. — Boer delegates visit 
tne United States and 
are received by the 
president. 



June 21. The Republican 
National Convention at 
Philadelphia nominates 
William McKinley and 
Theodore Roosevelt for 
president and vice-presi- 
dent; 30, burning of the 
docks of the Nord- 
deuische Lloyd in Hobo - 
ken with the loss of 
more than 200 lives. 



Feb. 11. Lord Roberts be- 
gins his advance on Kim- 
berley; 15, Kimberley 
is relieved; 27, the Boer 
army under General 
Cronje compelled to sur- 
render at Paardeberg; 
28, Ladysmith isrelieved. 

Mar. 13. The British under 
Lord Roberts occupy 
Bloemfontein, capital of 
Orange Free State; 27, 
Death of Piet Joubert, 
Boer commander-in- 
chief. 

Apr. 3. A large British 
force captured at Red- 
dersburg in the Orange 
Free State. The Boers 
conduct an extensive 
irregular warfare. 

May 1/. Mafeking relieved; 
28, Lord Roberts issues 
a proclamation annexing 
the Orange Free State as 
the Orange River Colony; 
31, British occupy Jo- 
hannesburg in the Trans- 
vaal. 

June 5. The British enter 
Pretoria, capitol of the 
South African Republic; 
The British at Kumassi 
Ashantiland besieged by 
natives (relieved in July), 



1500 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



285 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Dec. 11. The German 
chancellor announces 
the initiation of a naval - 
programme looking 
towards the doubling of 
the naval strength of 
the country. 



Jan. Germany: Ill-feeling 
against Great Britain 
aroused by the seizure 
of German steamers in 
African waters. 



Feb. A bill introduced in 
the French Chamber 
providing for the pun 
ishment of ministers of 
religion who should criti 
cise the public authori- 
ties. 

Mar. 8. France: The Th^ 
atre FraHfais destroyed 
by fire. 



1899 

Dec. 21. Austria: Resigna- 
tion of the Clary minis- 
try owing to failure to 
effect reconciliation be- 
tween the Czech and the 
German nationalties. 



1300 

Jan. — Spain: The Chambers 
of Commerce form a 
National Union for the 
purpose of encouraging 
parliamentary and ad- 
ministrative reform — A 
new Austrian ministry 
under Koerber. 

Feb. 20. Italy: The Court 
of Cassation declares tlie 
Public Safety Bill issued 
by decree null and par- 
liamentary obstruction 
revives. 



May 29. France: General 
de Gallihet, minister of 
war, resigns and is 
succeeded by Geneial 
Andre. 



June. — France: The senate 
passes a bill putting an 
end to all criminal prose- 
cutions arising from the 
Dreyfus attair. 



Apr. 4. Belgium: Attempt 
on the life of the Prince 
of Wales (Edward VII.) 
by an anarchist at Brus- 
sels. 



June 21. Russia: Death of 
Muravieff, minister of 
foreign affairs ; succeeded 
by Count Lamsdorft. 

Italy: Resignation of the 
Pelloux ministry (18) ; 
succeeded by a Saracco 
cabinet. 



1900 

Jan. — China: An imperial 
edict announces the 
virtual abdication of the 
emperor ivwang Hsu 
and names a son of 
Prince Tuan as suc- 
cessor. 



Feb. — Samoa: The United 
States government ap- 
points a governor for 
t.ie island of Tutuila 
and the harbor of Pango 
Pango. 

Mar. — China: The powers 
give pledges to the 
United States that no 
interference with com- 
merce on the ground of 
nationality shall be 
permitted — the so-called 
"open door." 

Apr. — China: Anti-foreign 
feeling approaches cul- 
mination; tne ''Boxers" 
massacre native Chris- 
tians m the north of the 
empire. 

May 31. Continued Boxer 
outrages lead to the as- 
sembling of foreign war- 
ships at Taku; guards 
are summoned for the 
protection ot the lega- 
tions at Pekin. 

June 10. China: An inter- 
national force leaves 
Tien Tsin for the relief 
of the Pekin legations; 
the Chinese govern- 
ment supports the 
Boxers; 17, the Taku 
forts fire upon the 
European fleet and are 
demolished and taken; 
20, the German embassa- 
dor at Pekin murdered; 
20, The allied column 
returns unsuccessfully to 
Tien-Tsin; the foreign- 
ers in Pekin are besieged 
in the legations. 



286 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1900 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States 



BritisK Empire. 



1900 



July 4. A statue of Lafay- 
ette, presented by 
American school child- 
ren, unveiled in Paris. 

July 7. A statue of W. E. 
Gladstone is unveiled at 
Athens. 



Sept. 6. The Arctic expe 
dition under the Duke 
of the Abruzzi returns to 
Tromsoe, Norway, after 
attaining 86° 33', or 14' 
beyond Nansen's farth 
est north. 

Oct. — Successful, tests of a 
dirigible balloon con 
structed by Count Zep 
pelin of Germany. 



Deaths in 1900: G. D. C, 
Duke of Argyll, V. D. 
Benedetti, R. D. Black- 
more,, Prince de Join- 
ville, W. Liebknecht, J. 
Martineau, E. J. Phelps, 
F. Max Muller, M. Mun- 
kacsy, F. W. Nietzsche, 
Osman Pasha, Ruskin, 
John Sherman, H. Sidg- 
wick, W. Steinitz, Sir 
Arthur Sullivan, C. D. 
Warner. 



Feb. — Mrs. Carrie Nation.of 
Kansas, begins a crusade 
against the liquor traffic 
by invading and de- 
molishing liquor shops. 



1900 

July 5. The Democratic 
National Convention at 
Kansas City nominates 
W. J. Bryan and A. E 
Stevenson for president 
and vice-president. 



Aug. 18. Caleb Powers 
fo rmerly Secretary of 
State in Kentucky 
found guilty of com 
plicity in the assassina 
tion of William Goebel. 



Sept. 8. Galveston, Tex., 
overwhelmed by 
hurricane and tidal 
wave; over 6000 lives 
lost and the city utterly 
devastated. 

Oct. 30. The census bu- 
reau announces the 
population of the United 
States proyjer at more 
than 76,300,000. 



Nov. 6. William McKinley 
re-elected president by a 
great majority. 

Dec. 13. Senate adopts 
amendment to Hay- 
Pauncefote treaty re- 
serving to the U. S. the 
defense of the proposed 
interoceanic canal. 



1901 



Feb. 2. The army Reor- 
ganization Bill becomes 
law; the strength of the 
forces is raised to a 
maximum of 100,000 
men; the army canteen 
is abolished. 



1900 

July 9. The bill constitut- 
ing the Commonwealth 
of Australia receives the 
royal assent; Guerilla 
warfare in Orange Free 
State; Surrender of Boer 
general Prinsloo. 

Aug. 2. Western Australia 
by referendum decides to 
join the Australian 
Commonwealth; 10. Plot 
at Pretoria to kidnap 
Lord Roberts, discover- 
ed. 



Sept. 1. Lord Roberts is- 
sues a proclamation an- 
nexing the South African 
Republic. 



Oct. 25. The Transvaal 
formally proclaimed a 
part of the British 
Empire ■ as the Vaal 
River Colony. 



Nov. 16. Conspiracy 

against the life of Lord 
Roberts discovered at 
Johannesburg. 

Dec. 13. A British force 
under Gen. Clements de- 
feated by the Boers un- 
der Delarey at Nooitge- 
dacht in the Transvaal. 



1901 

Jan. 1. Inauguration of 
the Australian Common- 
wealth; 22. Death of 
Queen Victoria after a 
reign of 64 years; she is 
succeeded by her son, 
Edward VII. 

Feb. — A Boer force under 
Christian De Wet in- 
vades Cape Colony and 
raises fear of an insur- 
rection there. 



IQOI A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



287 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



i900 



Aug. 2. France: Attempt 
on the life of the Shah 
in Paris, 8. Germany: 
Count von Waldersee 
appointed to the com- 
mand of the allied forces 
in China. 



Sept. 22. France: President 
Loubet entertains 22 
000 republican mayors 
of provincial towns at a 
banquet in the Tuiler 
ies gardens. 

Oct. 17. Prince Hohenlohe 
resigns the chancelor 
ship of the German 
empire; he is succeded 
by von Biilow. 



Nov. 12. The Paris Ex- 
position closes after be- 
ing visited by 50,000,000 
sight -seers. 

Dec. — President Kruger of 
the Transvaal passes 
through Germany but is 
refused an interview 
by the emperor. 

France: An amnesty bill 
passed for all acts con- 
nected with the Dreyfus 
affair. 

Jan. 12. A bill introduced 
into the Prussian diet 
providing for the con- 
struction of canals at 
an expenditure of $100,- 
000,000. 



1900 

July 29. Italy: King 
Humbert assassinated at 
Monza by an anarchist, 
Bresci, who had come to 
perform the deed from 
Paterson, N. J.; he is 
succeeded by his son 
Victor Emmauuel III 

Aug. 11. Italy: Victor 
Emmanuel III. swears 
to the constitution! 
amidst great popular 
enthusiasm. 



1900 

July 13-14. China: The 
allied forces take Tien- 
Tsin by storm; the Chi- 
nese forces in Manchuria 
bombard Blagovest- 

chensk, capital of the 
Russian territory of the 
Amur. 

Aug. 4. China: An allied 
force of 20,000 men sets 
out from Tien-Tsin tor 
the relief of the Pekin 
legations; the Russians 
occupy Niu-Chwang in 
Manchuria; 14. The allies 
take Pekin and rescue 
the prisoners of the le- 
gations; the Chinese 
Court flees to the West ; 
28. Allied troops march 
through the Forbidden 
City. 

Sept. — China: The mas- 
sacre of Christian mis- 
sionaries continues; pun- 
itive expeditions sent 
out by the allied powers. 



Oct. 21. Fall of the Silvela'Oct. 16. China: Great 



ministry in Spain, _ 
cabinet under Azcarraga 
succeeds 



1901 

Jan. 8. A delegation of 
English Catholics under 
the Duke of Norfolk 
visit Rome and express 
their wishes for the 
restoration of the tem- 
poral power of the pope. 

Feb. 7. Marriage of Queen 
Wilhelmina of the 
Netherlands to Duke 
Henry of Mecklenburg 
Schwerin. Italy: The, 
Saracco ministry re'^igns 
(7th); succeeded by a 
Zanardelli cabinet. 



Britain and Germany 
enter into an agreement 
to maintain the rivers 
and ports of China open 
to trade and to take 
common action against 
any government hos- 
tile to such a purpose. 
N^ov. 5. Cuban constitu- 
tional convention begins 
its sessions at Havana. 

Dec. 24. The allied powers 
present a joint note to 
the Chinese government, 
the terms of which are 
embodied in a subse- 
quent peace protocol. 



1901 

Jan. — China signs peace 
protocol with the powers 
promising the punish- 
ment of officials connect- 
ed with the Boxer up- 
rising and paying an 
indemnity. 

Feb. — Revelation of Rus- 
sian diplomacy in China 
aiming at the establish- 
ment of a virtual protec- 
torate over Manchuria. 

Feb. 21. The Cuban con- 
vention adopts a con- 
stitution. 



288 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9OI A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Mar. — ^Andrew Carnegie 
of Homestead, Pa., gives 
$5,200,000 to the city 
of New York for free 
libraries. 



A.pr. 14. The permanent 
Arbitration tribunal at 
The Hague organized. 



May 1. Opening ofthePan- 
American Exposition at 
Buffalo. 30. Opening of 
the hall of Fame at New- 
York University. 

July 6. J. S. Rogers of 
Paterson, N. J. be- 
queaths $5,000,000 to 
the Metropolitan Mu- 
seum of Art in New 
York. 22. International 
Tuberculosis congress 
opens in London. 

Aug. 8. M. Santos-Dumont 
in a dirigible balloon 
sails around the Eiffel 
Tower in Paris. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the 
South Carolina and West 
Indian Exposition at 
Charleston, S. C. 



1901 

Mar. 4. Inauguration 
of President McKinley. 

Mar. 11. The Senate amend 
ments to Hay-Paunce 
fote treaty not accepted 
by Great Britain. 

Mar. 23. Gen. Funston 
captures the Filipino 
leader, Aguinaldo. 

Apr. — A Commission of 
the Cuban convention 
visits Washington to 
protest against the in 
corporation of the 
"Piatt amendment" in 
the Cuban constitution 

iMay 27. The U. S. Supreme 
Court hands down an 
important decision re 
garding the constitu- 
tional status of colonies 
and possessions. 

July 24. A court of inquiry 
is ordered to examine 
into the conduct of 
Rear-Admiral Schley 
during the Spanish- 
American War. 



Aug. 10. A general strike 
of the employes of the 
United States Steel Cor 
poration is begun. 



Sept. 6. President McKin- 
ley is shot twice by Leor. 
Czolgosz, while holding 
a public reception at the 
Pan-American Exposi- 
tion in Buffalo; he dies 
on the 14th and Vice- 
President Roosevelt 
takes the oath of office. 



Nov. 18. A new canal 
treaty signed by Secre- 
tary of State and the 
British ambassador 

Pauncefote at Washing- 
ton. 



1901 

Mar. 16. The Duke of Corn- 
wall and York sets out 
on a voyage to the dif- 
ferent parts of the 
empire. 



Apr. 17. Disorderly scenes 
during the installation of 
the Bishop of London, 
caused by the anti- 
ritualists. 



May 9. The first parlia- 
ment of the Australian 
Commonwealth opened 
at Melbourne by the 
Duke of Cornwall and 
York. 

July 18. Earl Russell found 
guilty of bigamy in the 
House of Lords and 
sentenced to a term of 
imprisonment in jail. 



Sept. 17. Boers under Gen. 
Botha inflict a heavy 
loss on the British near 
Utrecht, Transvaal; 26. 
The Boers are repulsed 
at Forts Itala and 
Prospect. 



Dec. — Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 for the foun- 
dation of an institution of research at Washington. 

Deaths in 1901: — E. Audran, W. Besant, A. Boecklin, R.W.Buchanan, W. E- 
Channing, M. Creighton, W. M. Evarts, John Fiske, J. V. Gurko, E. Gray, 
Benjamin Harrison, J. Le Conte, Milan, of Servia, J. G. Nicolay, A. E. 
Nordenskjold, W. Stubbs, G. Verdi, C. von Hohenlohe-Schillingsf urst, C. M. 
Yonge. 



I9OI A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



289 



France and Germany. 



The World, elsewhere.. 



Mar. 29. The French 
Chamber passes an im- 
portant Bill of Associa- 
tions regulating the af- 
fairs of religious orders. 
(It becomes law in June). 



Apr. — ^An Italian fleet visits 
Toulon and the occasion 
is marked by the pro- 
testation of friendship 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

May 3. The Prussian diet 
is closed after the Em- 
peror's canal policy had 
been rendered hopeless 
by the opposition of 
the Agrarians. 



Aug. 26. The French 
government severs dip- 
lomatic relations with 
Turkey owing to a dis- 
pute over an indemnity 
due a French company. 

Sept. The czar visits 
France and witnesses 
naval and army reviews. 

Germany: Opposition to a 
new scheme of increased 
custom duties proposed 
by the government. 



Nov. — A French fleet seizes 
the ports of the island 
of Mitylene and forces 
the Porte to settle the 
claims of that govern- 
ment. 



1901 

Mar. 9. Russia: Count Leo 
Tolstoy is ex-communi- 
cated by the orthodox 
church for his subver- 
sive teachings. 



May 25. The Norwegian 
parliament confers the 
franchise in municipal 
and communal elections 
on women tax-payers, 

July. — Turkey pays to the 
United States the claims 
advanced in behalf of 
the missionaries in Asia 
Minor for losses incurred 
during the Armenian 
disturbances of 1895-96. 



Sept. — Turkey: Miss Stone 
an American mission- 
ary, captured by Bul- 
garian brigands and held 
for ransom. 

Oct. 4. Italy: Death of 
Francesco Crispi. 



1901 

March. — China appeals to 
the powers against Rus- 
sian exactions and is 
supported by the U. S., 
Great Britain and Japan. 



Apr. — China: Russia pro- 
tests its disinterested- 
ness and abandons its 
pressure on the Chinese 
government. 



July. — ^Argentina: A plan 
for the unification of the 
public debt brought for- 
ward by the government 
is abandoned because of 
public opposition. 



Aug. — Liberal revolution 
in Colombia; insur- 
gents aided by Venezue- 
lan government; U. S. 
intervenes to prevent 
war between the two 
countries. 

Sept. — <^onfiicts between 
the government troops of 
Venezuela and Colom- 
bia in which the former 
meet with defeat. 

China: Peace Protocol 
signed with the powers 
the government agreeing, 
to punish officials con- 
nected with the Boxer 
uprising and to pay 
an indemnity of 450,- 
000,000 taels. 

Nov. 19. Colombia: The 
liberal forces capture 
Colon but after a short 
occupation are driven 
out. — China: death of 
Li Hung Chang, 



290 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1902 A.D. 



A.D. Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 



Feb. — Mr. J. P. Morgan, 
banker of New York, 
effects the consolidation 
of five trans -Atlantic 
steamship lines under 
the name of the Inter- 
national Mercantile 
Marine Company. 

Apr. — By the will of Cecil 
Rhodes (d. March 26) 
ttbe bulk of his fortune is 
lelt for the establishment 
of scholarships at Oxford 
to be held by A mericans, 
Colonials, and Germans. 

May 24. A statue of 
Rochambeau unveiled at 
Washington in the pres- 
ence of descendants of 
that General. 

June 26. The King of Eng- 
land institutes the Order 
of Merit for distinguish- 
ed service in various 
walks of life. 



Sept. — Stanley Spencer 
sails in an airship for 30 
miles over London; re 
turn to Christiania of the 
Arctic expedition under 
Sverdrup. 

Oct. 14. The Hague tri- 
bunal renders decision in 
the first case submitted 
for arbitration — the 
"Pious Fund" dispute 
between the United 
State and Mexico, in 
favor of the United 
States. 

Nov. — The ashes of Christo 
pher Columbus are de 
posited in the Cathedral 
of Seville. 



1902 

Jan. 24. Treaty for the 
purchase of the Danish 
West Indies signed at 
Washington. (It fails of 
ratification by the 
Danish Legislature.) 

Feb. 23. Arrival of Prince 
Henry of Prussia in 
New York; his visit is 
taken as an indication 
of good will between 
the U. S. and Germany 
and is marked by great 
enthusiasm. 

Apr. 18. The House of 
Representatives passes 
the Cuban Reciprocity 
Bill allowing a reduction 
in tariff duties on im- 
portations from that 
island. 

May 1. Beginning of a 
great strike of anthra- 
cite coal miners in 
Pennsylvania, involving 
about 150,000 men. 



July 1. An act passed for 
the establishment of 
civil government in the 
Philippines and pro- 
viding for the summon- 
ing of a legislative 
assembly in two years if 
general peace prevails. 

Sept. 17. Secretary of 
State Hay addresses a 
note to the signatory 
powers of the Treaty of 
Berlin advocating re- 
lief for the Jews of Rou- 
mania. 

Oct. 16. President Roose- 
velt appoints a com- 
mission to investigate 
the great coal strike in 
Pennsylvania and to 
decide upon terms of 
peace; 21. The miners 
call the strike off. 

Nov. 8. Reciprocity treaty 
with Newfoundland 

signed. 



1902 

Jan. — ^A campaign of grad- 
ual exhaustion carried 
on against the Boers; 
they are taken in small 
numbers. 

Feb. 14. Lord Rosebery 
declares himself abso- 
lutely opposed to Irish 
Home Rule. 



Apr. 12. The Boer leaders 
assemble at Pretoria to 
negotiate terms of peace. 



May 31. The Boer leaders 
sign terms of surrender 
at Pretoria. 



June 24. Preparations for 
the coronation of Edward 
VII. interrupted by the 
king's sudden illness. 

July 11. The Marquis of 
Salisbury resigns the 
premiership; he is suc- 
ceeded by A. J. Balfour, 
his nephew. 

Aug. 9. Coronation of 
Edward Vil. in West- 
minster Abbey. 



Oct. 6. British forces in 
Somaliland suffer a. 
severe reverse at the 
hands of the "Mad 
Mullah." 



Nov. 3. Conferences be- 
tween the colonial pre- 
miers and the Colonial 
Secretary result in the 
formulation of resolu- 
tions for a closer union 
of the empire, among 
others that of preferential 
trade with the colonies. 



1902 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



291 



1902 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere- 



1902 

Jan. 8. The government 
announces to the Prus- 
sian diet a policy of 
active Germanification 
to be carried out in 
Prussian Poland. 

Feb. 26. The centenary of 
the birth of Victor Hugo 
is celebrated with great 
state in France. 



May. — Expose at Paris of a 
remarkable swindle (the 
Humbert Case) carried 
on during 20 years and 
involving nearly 100,- 
000,000 francs. 

June 3. France. The Wal- 
deck -Rousseau ministry 
resigns; 6. A new cabinet 
formed by M. Combes. 

July. France: The forcible 
closing of religious 
schools not conforming 
with the Law of Associa- 
tion arouses great ex- 
citement. 



Sept. — Indiscreet expres 
sions of opinion by the 
French minister of 
marine aimed against 
England and Germany 
disavowed by the 
Premier. 

Ott. 9. France concludes 
a treaty of territorial 
delimitation with Siam 



Nov. — Germany: The vio- 
lent opposition of tiie 
Socialists to the new 
Tariff Bill leads to the 
adoption of a new pro- 
cedure limiting debate; 
popular indignation. 



1902 



Feb. 23. Turkey: Miss 
Stone the kidnapped 
missionary is released 
after the payment of a 
heavy ransom. 



Aor. 15. Russia: Sipiaguine 
reactionary minister of 
the interior assassinated 
by a Kieff student. 



May 20. Russia: President 
Loubet of France ar 
rives at Cronstadt on a 
visit to the Czar. 



June 28. The Triple Al- 
liance between Germany , 
Austria-Hungary, and 
Italy is renewed. 

July 14. Italy: Collapse of 
the celebrate^ Campa- 
nile of St. Mark's at 
Venice. 



Oct. 22. The Danish Senate 
rejects the treaty of sale 
of the Danish West 
Indies to the United 
States. 



1902 

Jan. 30. Treaty signed be- 
tween Great Britain and 
Japan providing for be- 
nevolent neutrality in 
case of attack on either 
party by a single power, 
and active assistance in 
case of attack by more 
than one power. 



Apr. 8. Russia concludes 
a convention with China 
agreeing to complete the 
evacuation of Manchu- 
ria in 18 months. 



May 8. An eruption of 
Mount Pelee in Marti- 
nique destroys the city 
of St. Pierre with 30,000 
inhabitants; only 2 es- 
cape. 

May 20. T. E. Palma in- 
augurated first president 
of Cuba. 

July. — China: Treaty ne- 
gotiated with Great 
Britain providing for the 
abolition of "likin" 
duties on British Goods. 

Hayti: Civil war; the gun- 
boat Crete-a-Pierrot sunlc 
by the German gunboat 
Panther for violence 
against a German mer- 
chantman. 



Oct. 28. Colombia: Gen. 
Uribe-Uribe leader of the 
insurrection capitulates 
marking the practical 
end of the insurrection. 



Nov. 4. Venezuela: the 
insurrection crushed by 
a government victory 
near La Victoria. 



292 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1902 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 

Dec. 21. William Marconi 
sends a wireless message 
from Cape Breton across 
the Atlantic to Cornwall. 



1902 

Dec. 2. The President's 
message deals with the 
growing problem of the 
trusts. 



1902 

Dec. Enactment of an 
Education Law re- 
organizing elementary 
Education; death of the 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury. 

Deaths in 1902: Lord Acton; C.K.Adams; Albert, King of Saxony; W. A. 
Butler; E. Eggleston: T. D. English; S. R. Gardiner; F. B. Harte; J. W. 
Powell; G. Rav/linson; C. J. Rhodes; T. DeWitt Talmage; J. Tissot; R. 
Virchow, E. Zola. 



1903 

Jan. Mr. John D. Rocke- 
feller gives $7,000,000 to 
be used in research for a 
cure for tuberculosis. 



Mar. MM. Curie and La- 
borde, French chemists 
announce the results of 
their investigations on 
the thermoradioactive 
properties of radium. 

Apr. 30. Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition at St. 
Louis dedicated. 



May. The Presbyterian 
General Assembly adopts 
amendments to the creed 
tending toward a more 
liberal confession. 



1903 

Jan. 22. Panama Canal 
Treaty with Colombia 
signed at Washington; 
the canal zone neutraliz- 
ed and Colombian sover- 
eignty guaranteed- 24, 
Treaty with Great Brit- 
ain establishing mixed 
commission for deter- 
mining Alaskan bound- 
ary. 

Feb. 14. Bill creating the 
Department of Commerce 
and Labor becomes law. 

March 3. Bill increasing 
the strength of the navy 
passed; 17. Senate rati- 
fies Panama Canal 
Treaty; 29 Senate rati- 
fies Cuban Reciprocity 
Treaty. 

Apr. 9. The U. S. Circuit 
Court of Appeals de- 
clares illegal the merger 
of the Northern Pacific 
and the Great Northern 
railways under the form 
of Northern Securities 
Company. 

May 31. Floods at Topeka, 
Kan., cause the loss of 
hundreds of lives. 



June. Widespread frauds 
in the Post-office de- 
partment involving high 
officials, brought before 
the courts. 



July 4. Completion of the Pacific Cable from San 
Francisco to China by way of Hawaii, Guam, and 
the Philippines. 



1903 

Jan. 17. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain, at Johan- 
nesburg announces that 
the Transvaal is to be 
charged with a war in- 
demnity of ;£30,000,000. 



Feb. 12. R. T. Davidson 
enthroned as successor to 
Archbishop Temple in 
the see of Canterbury. 

Mar. 15. British troops 
after defeating forces of 
the Sultan of Sokoto, 
occupy that capital. 



Apr. 17. A British force 
overwhelmed by the 
"Mad Mullah's" troops 
in Somaliland. 



May 15. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain urges aban- 
donment of free trade 
policy in favor of tariff 
retaliation and colonial 
reciprocity. 



July. Growing friendship 
between France and 
Great Britain mani- 
fested by visit to Eng- 
lanr* of President Loubet 
(6-9) and a deputation 
of legislators (22). 



1903 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



293 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1902 



1903 



1902 

Dec. 14. The German 
Reichstag passes the 
Tariff Bill making a 
■marked increase in 
duties on food. 



1903 

Jan. 24. French Senate 

ratifies Brussels Sugar 

Convention. 



Mar. France: Growing 
breach between govern- 
ment and the clergy 
owing to the particioa- 
tion of latter in politics. 



Apr. France: Rigorous en- 
forcement of the Law 
of Associations and grow- 
ing demand for separa- 
tion of Church and State. 



May 1-4. Visit of the King 
of England to France 
the occasion for the 
exchange of friendly 
wishes between the two 
nations. 

June. The elections for 
the German Reichstag 
show a remarkable in- 
crease in the strength 
of the Social Democrats. 



between France and Great 
visit to England of Presi 
deputation of French legis- 



1902 

Dec. 3. Spain. The Sagasta 
ministry resigns; 6, 
Silvela forms a new 
cabinet. 



1903 



Feb. 21. Turkey: The pow- 
ers present a joint note 
to the Sultan outlining 
reforms for Macedonia. 

Mar. Russia: An imperial 
manifesto holds out the 
promise of religious and 
administrative reform 
and improvements in 
the condition of the 
peasantry. 

Apr. 7. Servia: King Alex- 
ander suspends the con- 
stitution and thus nulli- 
fies a series of liberal 
reforms. 

Apr. 19-20. Russia: A 
massacre of Jews in 
Kishineff by rioters. 

May. Russia: The corre- 
spondent of the London 
Times expelled from the 
country because of 
revelations implicating 
the government in the 
Kishineff massacre. 

June 10-11. Servia: A band 
of conspirators invade 
the royal palace and 
slay King Alexander 
and Queen Draga. 15 
The national assembly 
chooses Peter Kara 
georgevitch King. 

July. Spain: Silvela minis 
try followed by a cabi- 
net under Villaverde, 

July 20. Italy: Death of 
Pope Leo XIII. 

Russia: The Govern- 
ment takes control of tne 
property of the Arme 
nian church. 



1902 

Dec. 8. To enforce collec- 
tion of debts Great 
Britain and Germany 
present ultimatum to 
Venezuela. 9. They seize 
the Venezuelan fleet. 
10. Establish a "peaceful 
blockade." 13. Bom- 
bard Puerto Cabello; 
Venezuela appeals to 
the IT. S. ; 26. It is decid- 
ed to refer dispute to 
Hague Tribunal. 

1903 

Jan. 21. Venezuela: The 
fortress of San Carlos is 
bombarded by Germari 
warships. 



Feb. 13. Venezuela: Pro- 
tocols with Great Britian 
Germany, and Italy 
signed at Washington; 
the blockade raised. 



Apr. 8. China: The date 
for the partial evacua- 
tion of Manchuria 
(Niu-Chwang) by Russia 
passes without any ac- 
tion on the part of the 
latter. 

May. Korea: Russian 
troops enter the countrj 
ostensibly to protect the 
interests of Russian tim- 
ber merchants in the 
valley of the Yalu. 



July. British successes in 
Nigeria; power of Soko 
to broken. 



294 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1903 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British America. 



1903 

Aug. 4. International wire- 
less telegraphy confer- 
ence at Berlin. 



Deaths in 1903: L. Arditi, 
A. Bain, H. De Blowitz, 
C. G. Duffy, F. W. Far- 
rar, J. Glaisher, W. E. 
Henley, A. S. Hewitt, 
F. W. Holls, W. E. H. 
Lecky, E. Legouve, C. G. 
Leland, " Edna Lyall," 
Theodor Mommsen, G. 
Paris, P. M. Sagasta, 
Herbert Spencer, R. H. 
Stoddard, Cardinal H. 
Vaughan, J. A. McNeil 
Whistler, G. Zanardelli. 



1904 

Jan. 25. MS. of the first 
book of Paradise Lost 
offered for sale in Lon- 
don. 



Mar. 11. One of the tunnels 
under the Hudson River 
connecting New York 
City and New Jersey, 
completed. 



Apr. 30. Opening of the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex 
position at St. Louis. 



1903 

Aug. 26. Conviction of 
the walking delegate of a 
New York labor union 
for extortion. 



Oct. S. Commercial treaty 
with China signed. 

Oct. 20. The Alaska 
Boundary Commission 
decides in favor of the 
United States, giving 
to Canada access to the 
sea by Portland Channel 
only. 

Nov. 18. Treaty concluded 
with the Republic of 
Panama for the con- 
struction of a canal ; the 
U. S. receives the per- 
petual lease of a ten- 
mile zone in return for 
110,000,000 and an 
annual rental. 

Dec. 17. Wright brothers 
make first aeroplane 
flight. 

Dec. 30. The Iroquois 
Theatre in Chicago is 
burned and nearly 600 
lives are lost. 

1904. 

Jan. 13. Ratification of the 
commercial tieaty with 
China, 



Feb. 7-8. A fire destroys 
the business section of 
Baltimore entailing a 
loss of $70,000,000; 23. 
Senate ratifies canal 
treaty with Panama. 



Mar. 14. The U. S. Su- 
preme Court sustains 
the judgment of the 
lower court in declaring 
the Northern Securities 
Company illegal. — 

President Roosevelt de- 
clares all civil war 
veterans over 62 en- 
titled to pensions. 

Apr. 22. The United States 
completes the purchase 
of the Panama Canal 
property from the 
French shareholders. 

May. An American citi- 
zen, Perdicaris, is kid- 
napped by Moroccan 
bandits. A squadron 
ordered to Tangier. 



1903 

Aug. 14. The Irish Land 
Bill receives the royal 
assent, an important 
concession to Irish de- 
mands; 22. Death of 
Lord Salisbury. 

Oct. Mr. Chamberlain, 
having resigned from 
the cabinet, begins his 
campaign for "fiscal 
reform," i. e., a policy 
of partial protection. 



Dec. Transvaal. Demand 
by financial interests for 
the importation of coolie 
labor. 



1904. 

Jan. Important successes 
won by the British 
forces in operating Som- 
aliland. 

Feb. 10. The legislative 
council of the Transvaal 
passes an ordinance for 
the importation of 
non-European (coolie) 
laborers. 



Mar. 31 . Battle between the 
Tibetan expeditionary 
force under Col. Young- 
husband and the natives 
who are defeated with 
great loss. 



Apr. 8. Conclusion of an 
agreement with France 
as to mutual relations 
of the two powers in 
Newfoundland, West 
Africa, Egypt, Morocco, 
Siam, and Madagascar. 



ig04 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



295 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1903 



1903 

Aug. 10. Disaster in the 
Paris underground rail- 
way; about 100 lives 
lost. 



Oct. 14. France: Agree- 
ment with Great Britain 
that interpretation of 
treaties be left, if pos- 
sible to The Hague tri 
bunal. 



Dec. France: The Com- 
mission of Revision de- 
clares in favor of re- 
opening the Dreyfus 
case. 



19041 1904 

Jan. Uprising among the 
Herreros in German 
Southwest Africa. 



Feb. 13. France: A treaty 
of territorial delimita- 
tion concluded with 
Siam to replace that of 
Oct. 1902. 



Mar. 28. France: The 
Chamber passes a bill 
suppressing instruction 
in religious institutions 
within five years. 



Apr. German forces en- 
counterreverses in Sout h- 
West Africa against the 
Herreros. 

May. France recalls its am- 
bassador from the Vati- 
can becauseof the Pope's 
protest against the visit 
of President Loubet at 
Rome. 



1903 

Aug. 4. Italy: Giuseppe 
S.-irto, Cardinal -Patri- 
arch of Venice chosen 
Pope; he assumes the 
title Pius X. — Bulgaria 
protests against Turkish 
outrages in Macedonia. 

Oct. 21. Italy: Premier 
Zanardelli resigns and a 
new ministry formed by 
Giolitti. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1903 

Aug. Colombia rejects the 
Panama Canal treaty 
concluded with the 
United States. 



Oct. 8. The date for the- 
evacuation of Manchuria 
by Russia passes with. 
that power still in pos- 
session ; a crisis witbs 
Japan develops. 



Nov. 3. Colombia: In-- 
surrection in Panama 
and proclamation of 
independence; the U. S. 
enforces order and recog- 
nizes the de facto govern- 
ment. 



Dec. Warlike preparations 
in Japan owing to the un- 
satisfactory progress of 
negotiations with Russia 
concerning Manchuria 
and Korea. 



Dec. Spain: Resignation 
of premier Villavcrde ; 
Maura forms a new 
ministry. 

Russia. The courts 
show extreme leniency 
to the Kishinefi rioters. 

1904 

Jan. 13. After prolonged negotiations the Japanese 
government presents its final proposals to Russia 
in regard to Manchuria and Korea; Russia delays 
its reply and active war preparations are carried on 
by both nations. 

Feb. 6. Japan severs diplomatic relations with Russia. 
8, The Japanese fleet attacks the Russian fleet 
outside Port Arthur ard inflicts serious loss by the 
use of torpedoes; 9. The Japanese sink two warships, 
in the harbor of Chemulpo; attacks on the Russian 
fleet continued throughout the month, together 
with attempts at blocking the harbor; Korea 
invaded. 

Mar. 6. Japanese bombard Vladivostock; repeated) 
attempts at blocking Port Arthur fail. 



Apr. 7. The Japanese occupy Wiju on the Yalu River; 
13, The Russian flagship Petropavlovsk destroyed by 
a Japanese mine. Admiral Makaroft' being among 
the lost. 

May 1. The Japanese force the passage of the Yalu 
River and intiict a severe defeat on the Russians. 5. 
A Japanese army begins disembarcation on the 
Liao-Tung peninsula. 26-27. Russians defeated at 
Kinchow and Nanshan. 



296 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1904 A.D. 



A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 

i 



1904 

June. A conference at 
Westminster discusses 
cruelties practiced on 
natives of Congo Free 
State by officials. 



July 11. Comer stone of 
the Workingmen's Col- 
lege, laid in London. 



Sept. Return to England 
of the National Ant- 
arctic Expedition with a 
mass of valuable infor- 
mation. 



Oct. 25. The Arrow makes 
c ten-mile flight at the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position. 27. The New 
York Subway (under- 
I ground railway) is 
thrown open to traffic. 



1904 

June 15. The excursion 
steamer, Gen. Slocum 
is burned in the East 
River with a loss of 
about 950 lives. 

June 23. Republican con- 
vention at Chicago 
nominates Roosevelt 
and Fairbanks for 
president and vice- 
president. 

July 9-10. I'he Democratic 
convention nominates 
A. B. Parker and H. G. 
Davis for president and 
vice-president; 25, strike 
of textile workers in Fall 
River breaks out. 



Aug. Rise of disagreement 
with Venezuela over the 
seizure of the property 
of American asphalt 
interests. 



Sept. illiitary manoeuvres 
on the field of Bull Run 
in Virginia. 



Oct. President Roosevelt 
takes steps towards 
summoning a second 
Peace Conference at The 
Hague. 



Nov. 8. President Roose 
velt re-elected by an 
overwhelming majority. 
15. Treaty of arbitration 
with Germany signed. 



1904 

June. First arrival of 
Chinese laborers in the 
Transvaal gold fields. 



July. Re-organization of 
the Liberal Unionist 
Council for the pro- 
mulgation of Mr. Cham- 
berlain's Tariff views. 



Aug. 3. The expedition 
under Col. Younghus- 
band reaches Lhassa, 
the capital of Tibet; the 
Dalai Lama flees. 



Sept. 7. Treaty concluded 
with Tibet establishing 
markets for British 
trade and allowing no 
foreign power to inter- 
fere with public affairs. 



Oct. 28. Great Britain 
agrees to submit the 
North Sea outrage by 
the Russian fleet to 
arbitration. 



1904 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



297 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1904 

June 28. The Danish 
steamer Norge sinks in 
the North Sea; over 600 
lives lost. 



July 12. Germany: Treaty 
of arbitration signed 
with Great Britain. 30. 
France breaks off diplo- 
matic relations with the 
Vatican. 



Aug. France: The bishops 
of Dijon and Laval fol- 
low a summons to Rome 
in disobedience to the 
government; tension 
with the Vatican in- 
creases. 



Oct. The French premier 
urges a course of strong 
action towards the 
Vatican. 



Nov. 10. France: A bill for 
the separation of Church 
and State introduced by 
the premier. 



1904 

June 16. Russia: Gen. 
Bobrikoff, governor- 

general of Finland, as- 
sassinated. 



July 28. Russia: Von 
Plehve, the reactionary 
minister of the interior, 
assassinated. 



Aug. 12. Russia: Birth of 
an heir to the Czar. 



Sept. Italy: Strikes and 
disorder in northern par: 
of peninsula; Socialists 
control affairs in Milan 
for a few days. 



Oct. 22. Russia: The Baltic 
fleet on its way to the far 
bast fires upon a British 
fishing fleet in the Norm 
Sea, killing two men. 



Nov. Russia: A meeting of 
delegates of the Zems- 
tvos at St. Petersburg 
petitions the Czar for 
wide-spread reforms, in- 
cluding the establish- 
ment of political and 
religious equality and the 
creation of a national 
legislature. 



1904 

June 14-15. A Russian 
force disastrously de- 
feated at Telissu; 27. 
The Japanese under Ku- 
roki take the passes at 
Ta-ling and Mo-tien- 
ling on the way to Liao- 
Yang; continued naval 
operations with gradual 
attrition of Russian fleet ; 
advance against the for- 
tificationsof Port Arthur. 

July 9. Russians driven 
by Gen. Oku from Kai- 
ping. 17. Russians 

under Gen. Keller re- 
pulsed at Mo-tien-ling. 
25. Gen. Oku occupies 
Ta-shih-chao. 27, Jap- 
anese enter Niu- 
cnwang. 

Aug. 10. The Russian 
fleet makes a sortie from 
Port Arthur but is de- 
feated; some of the 
vessels seek refuge in 
neutral ports, the rest 
return to the harbor. 14. 
The Japanese defeat the 
Vladivostock squadron. 
Aug. 24.-Sept. 4. The 
Russians defeated and 
driven from Lao -Yang 
in one of the greatest 
battles of history. 

Sept. 7. The Russian army 
in its retreat reaches 
Mukden. — Around Port 
Arthur the Japanese con- 
tinue to draw their lines 
closer, displaying heroic 
courage. 

Oct. 5. The Russian army 
under Gen. ivuropatkin 
advances south from 
Mukden. 9-15. In a tre- 
mendous battle on the 
Sha-ho the Russians are 
checked with a loss 
estimated at 60,000; 
desultory fighting con- 
tinues till the ISth; 
the armies face each 
other in winter quarters. 

Nov. 30. The Japanese at 
Port Arthur capture 
203 Metre Hill, over- 
looking the harbor and 
proceed to bombard the 
Russian fleet. 



298 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1904 A.D - 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 

Deaths in 1904: Arnold, E. , 
Bartholdi, F.A., Dvorak, 
A.. Finsen, N., George, 
King of Saxony, 
G^rome, J. L,., Gissing, 
G.,Heam, L., Herzl, T., 
Hoar, G. F., Hutton, L., 
Isabella II., of Spain, 
Jokai,M.,Kruger,S.J.P., 
Longstreet, J.. Murad 
v., ex-sultan of Turkey, 
Reclus.E., Stanley, H.M., 
Stephen Leslie, Verest- 
chagin, V., Von Hoist, 
H. E., Waldeck-Rous- 
seau, P. M., Watts, G. F, 



Jan. 6. The Lick Observa- 
tory announces the dis- 
covery of a sixth satellite 
of Jupiter and of a num- 
ber of double stars. 



1904 

Dec. 1. The president's 
message deals at length 
with the relations of 
capital and labor and 
the regulation of corpo- 
rations. 



J905 

Jan. 21. A protocol is sign- 
ed with Santo Domingo 
which is designed to 
guarantee the. integrity 
of Dominican territory, 
undertake the adjust- 
ment of foreign claims, 
administer the finances, 
and assist in maintaining 
order; 28, The House 
authorizes an investiga- 
tion of the iron and steel 
industry; 30, The Su- 
preme Court declares the 
beef trust illegal. 

Feb. 16. The House author- 
izes an investigation of 
the methods of the Stand- 
ard Oil Co., in Kansas; 
26. The engineering com- 
mittee of the Panama 
Canal Commission unani- 
mously recommends a 
sea-level canal to be con- 
structed in twelve years, 
at a cost of $230,500,000. 



1904 

Dec. 22. International 
commission for the arbi- 
tration of the North Sea 
incident with Russia 
begins its sessions at 
Paris. 



1905 

Jan. 6. The archbishop ©f 
Canterbury refuses a re- 
quest of American 
churches that he use 
his influence to have 
the educational tax re- 
moved from British Noa- 
conformists. 



Feb. 21. Bill introduced ia 
the Canadian Parliament 
creating the provinces 
of Alberta and Saskatche- 



1905 A.U. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



299 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1904 



1905 



1904 

Dec. 2. A committee of 
the French Chamber 
adopts a substitute bill 
for the separation of 
Church and State, 



1305 



Feb. 8. It is announced that 
no further loans will be 
granted Turkey by France 
owing to complications 
arising from a German 
contract to supply artil- 
lery to the Porte; 13. 
The North Sea case is 
closed before the mter- 
national commission, 

Paris. Admiral Rozhest- 
venski is held responsible 
for the firing on the Eng- 
lish trawlers near the 
Dogger Banks. 



1904 

Dec. 27. Russia: An im- 
perial manifesto promises 
partial reforms but up- 
holds the ideal of autoc - 
racy; it arouses general 
disappointment. 



1904 

Dec. 31. Gen. Stoessel in 
command at Port Ar- 
thur asks for an armis- 
tice. 



1905 

Jan. 22. The striking work- 
men of St. Petersburg, 
led by Father Gapon, 
move toward the Winter 
Palace Square in order 
to present their petition 
to the czar in person. 
They are met by troops 
and are shot down by 
hundreds; 29. Warsaw 
is under mob rule. 



1905 

Jan. 2. Port Arthur sur- 
renders with more than 
24,000 officers and men, 
after the fleet in the 
harbor had been blown 
up. 
Jan. 27. Gen. Kuropatkin 
announces the capture of 
Sandepas and other posi- 
tions; 29. Driven out of 
Sandepas. The whole 
Russian right is with- 
drawn across the Hun. 



Feb. 6. The procurator- 
general of Finland is 
assassinated. — The as- 
sembly of the nobles at 
St. Petersburg sends an 
address to the czar, 
urging that representa- 
tives of the people should 
have a share in the gov- 
ernment; 17. Grand Duke 
Sergius assassinated; 20. 
The miners' strike in 
Belgium spreads; 21. 
The powers accept the 
proposal for higher Turk- 
ish customs duties on 
condition that the ad- 
ditional revenue shall be 
devoted to reforms; 24. 
The piercing of the Sim- 
plon Tunnel is completed. 



Feb. 12. The Japanese cut 
the railroad between 
Mukden and Harbin; 25. 
They take Beresneff Hill 
after heavy fighting; 27. 
The Russian flanks are 
turned. The Japanese 
shell Mukden; 28. Severe 
fighting continues along 
the entire line. 



;oo 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1905 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Brjtish Empire. 



1905 



1905 

Aiar. 26. Citizens of New- 
York subscribe SGOO.UUO 
towards an endowment 
of $1,000,000 for the 
American Academy of 
Fine Arts in Rome. 



1905 

M3.T. 1. Assurance is given 
the Haitian minister that 
the United titates has 
no intention of annexing 
Santo Domingo. 



Apr. 27. Andrew Carnegie 
gives $10,000,000 for a 
college professors' pen- 
sion fund in the United 
States, Canada, and New- 
foundland ; 29. The czar 
of Russia grants religious 
freedom. 



1905 

Kiar. 21. Viscount Goschea 
and the Earl of Selborne 
defend in the House of 
Lords the increase in 
naval expenditure; 23. 
The government of New- 
foundland takes measures 
to prevent American fish- 
ermen from, obtaining 
bait there. 



May 2. The teamsters 'strike 
in Chicago is accom- 
panied by rioting; 2o. 
The Southern Industrie;! 
Parliament opens its ses- 
sions in V/ashington. 



Apr. 26. More than 1000 
emigrants gathered by 
the Salvation Army leave 
Liverpool foi Canada. 



May 3. Lord Dunravea 
issues a pamphlet de- 
claring that Ireland can- 
not be Anglic izcd_ and 
urging measures of self- 
government. 



1905 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL IILS'IOKV. 



France and GKRMANy. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



301 



The World, elsewhere. 



l'JOr>\lWir, 

l.nar. 17. The French Cham- 
Ijcr of JJeputics voles to 
reduce the term of acUve 
(icrviiMcin the army totwo 
years; 20. Count von 
lliilow, thcimfjcrial chan- 
cellor, announccfi tiial. 
(icrmany will Ktand (irm 
in the intcresin of the 
ojjen-door princiijlo in 
Morocco. 



Apr. 20. The German envoy 
at Tangier makes an 
unconciliatory statement 
on (Germany's attitude 
toward Morocco. 



May 7. Ex-Premier Combos 
issues a statement of his 
policy for the sejjanition 
of Church and State in 
France; ;<1. A bomb is 
thrown in Paris at a 
carri.aKeoccuijied by King 
Alfonso and President 
Loubet. 



joor, 

Mar, 2. The Russian Com- 
mittee of Ministers votes 
to ^<rant religious freedom 
to the r'eople; 21. Agita- 
tion for Hungarian as 
the lanKuaye of military 
command is supported 
bv the leaders of the 
Kossuth party in Aus- 
tria-HunKary; 22. The 
Russian Committee of 
Ministers recommend 
the abolition of the com- 
pulsory use of the Rus- 
sian language in Polish 
schools; 'AH. AuthonV.a- 
tion for an international 
loan of $100,000,000 is 
signed in St. Petersburg; 
20. The European jjowers 
determine to pl.ace the 
Macedonian fin.ances un- 
d(;r international con 
trol. 



Apr. :?. Belgium, as the cheit 
creditor, protests against 
tlie American reccivcr- 
shii) for Santo iJomingo; 
21. The Cretan Assembly 
proclaims the union of 
Crete with Greece; 22. 
Greece and the powers 
refuse to recogni/.e the 
Cretan proclamation; 20. 
Tlie czar decrees religious 
freedom. 

May 1. 100 persons are shot 
by troops at Warsaw, and 
a number are killed and 
wounded at Lod-/,; 10. 
'I'he governor -general o£ 
Ufa assassinated. 



1905 

Mar. 3. St. Petersburg re- 
ports Kuropatkin to be 
in full retreat on Tiding; 
/>. Ja[jancse within five 
miles of Mukden. Nogi 
with the Port Arthur vet- 
erans suddenly turnswest- 
ward ; S. Kuroki gains a 
victory on the east, and 
thcjapanese appear on the 
north of Mukden. The 
Russians evacuate posi- 
tions on the south and 
southv/est, firing great 
stores; 10. Mukden and 
Fushun are occupied by 
the Japanese. Remnant 
of ivuropatkin's army 
reaches Tic Pass. 
J<us:;ian losss.» in fighting 
aroundMukden arc 27,700 
dead, 110,000 wounded 
and 40,000 captured; 
Jai;anesc;4 1,000 total. 17. 
Cen. Linevitch sufjcrsedes 
i-.uropatkin; 2:j. Japan - 
e:<; loan to raise SbOO - 
000,(J00;2;j-24. Japanese 
carrying out flanking 
movements, endangering 
Russian communications; 
20. Russians driven out 
of all positions in the 
watershed of the Liao 
River . 
Apr. 7. The Japanese at- 
tack with heavy losses; 
18. Japanese estimate the 
strength of Linevitch's 
army at 200,000; 23. 
The Russian.s attempt 
to advance and are de- 
feated; 24. The iJaltic 
fleet is sighted off the 
coast of Annam. 



May 18. The condition of 
the roads interrupts hght- 
ing in Manchuria; 278. 
'J'he Haltic (leet under 
Rozhestvenski is defeated 
in the Korean Straits. 
14,000 Russians go down 
with their ships, 3000 
are taken prisoners, and 
1000 escape. The Jap- 
anese loss is three torpedo 
boats and about 800 
man. 



302 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1905 A.D. 



A.D. Progress op Society, etc. 



1905 



1905 



Aug. 23 . Knabenshue makes 
a successful flight over 
New York City in _ his 
airship; 26, A new scien 
tifie process for manu 
facturing diamonds is re 
ported as discovered by 
Dr. C. V. Burton of Cam- 
bridge, England. 



Sept. 12. The bridge of the 
Cape to Cairo Railway 
across the Zambesi River 
is formally opened. 



United States. 



1905 

June 1. The Lewis and 
Clark Exposition is open- 
ed at Portland, Oregon; 
10. Ex-President Cleve- 
land, Judge Morgan J. 
O'Brien, and George 
Westinghouse accept ap- 
pointment as trustees of 
the majority of the capi- 
tal stock of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Society; 
17, Serious rioting 
in Chicago by the 
striking teamsters; 29. 
The New York State 
Insurance Dept. begins 
an investigation of the 
Mutual Life Insurance 
Co. at the request ol 
its own officers; 30. John 
D. Rockefeller gives $10,- 
000,000 to the General 
Education Board. 

July 1. Five corporations 
and seventeen individ- 
uals engaged in the meat 
packing industry are in- 
dicted by the Federal 
Grand Jury in Chicago 
for alleged violation of 
the Sherman anti-trust 
law; 6. The remains of 
John Paul Jones are 
formally received by 
United States officials at 
Paris; 29. The boycott 
of American trade among 
Chinese in Shanghai is 
reported effective. 

Aug. 8. The peace envoys 
of Russia and Japan 
meet at Portsmoutn, N. 
H. 



British Empire. 



1905 



July 10. Lord Roberts, in 
the House of Lords, de- 
clares the army to be 
inadequate and totally 
unfit for war; 13. Balfour 
declares himself opposed 
to conscription; 17. A 
royal commission ap- 
pointed to investigate 
the problem of tramway 
and underground railway 
lines in London, proposes 
an expend ture of $120, 
000,000. 



Aug. 20. Lord Curzon re- 
signs as viceroy of India. 
The earl of Minto is ap- 
pointed his successor; 25. 
London announces the 
signing of a new Anglo- 
Japanese treaty of alli- 
ance. 



Sept. 26. Great Britain and 
China agree to a confer- 
ence to conclude a new 
Tibetan treaty. 



1905 A.D. 



OF UxMVERSAL HISTORY. 



303 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 

June 8. Germany proposes 
an international con- 
ference on the Moroccan 
question; 21. Premier 
Rouvier asks Germany 
for an explanation of 
her intentions regarding 
Morocco, 



July 3. The Fren h Cham- 
ber of Deputies passes 
by a vote of 341 to 233 
the bill for the separation 
of Church and State; 8. 
Germany's terms in re- 
gard to Morocco are ac- 
cepted. 



Aug. 30. Cholera becomes 
epidemic in Germany 
near the Russian border. 



Sept. 26. The Franco-Ger- 
man negotiations over 
Morocco are concluded. 



1905 

June 4. The czar appoints 
Gen. Trepoff assistant 
minister of the interior 
with almost unlimited 
power to suppress popular 
demonstrations; 6. The 
Zemstvo Congress is held 
at Moscow despite the 
police orders; 7, Norway 
declares itself separated 
from Sweden; 23. Re- 
volt in Lodz, Poland; 
troops kill fifty and 
wound 200; 28. The 
Russian battleship Kniaz 
Fotemkiyi, of the Black 
Sea squadron, is seized 
by her crew ; 29 The Kniaz 
Poteinkin shells Odessa; 
1000 people are killed 
in street hghting. Sailors 
mutiny at Libau and 
attack the government 
stores. 

July 11. Fighting continues 
at Warsaw between the 
strikers and the troops. 
The prefect of the Mos- 
cow police is assassinated. 



1905 

June 1. Reforms proposed 
for Morocco are rejected 
by the sultan; 16. A 
force of Russians is dis- 
lodged from Liao Yang 
Wo Peng and driven 
north with large losses; 
20. The Japanese begin 
an enveloping movement 
in Manchuria. Vladivo- 
stock is threatened. 



Aug. 5. The Russian govern- 
ment decides to issue 
another internal loan 
of $100,000,000; 24. The 
government of Warsaw 
is placed under martial 
law. 



Sept. 6. The entire Baku 
region is under the con- 
trol of rioters; 25. A 
political congress, con- 
sisting of 300 delegates 
fiom all parts of the 
Russian Empire, assem- 
bles at Moscow with the 
consent of the govern- 
ment 



July 8. Japanese seize the 
island of Saghalien, used 
by Russia as a penal 
settlement; 24. The Rus- 
sians are defeated north- 
west of Nan -shan-chentse. 



Aug. 4. Japanese closing 
in on Vladivostock ; 19. 
The weather causes a 
cessation of hostilities 
in Manchuria; 26. The 
sultan of Morocco re- 
fuses to recognize control 
by France over Franco- 
Algerian citizens; 29. 
The peace plenipoten- 
ti aries reac h an agreement. 
Japan waives indemnity, 
the possession of interned 
warships, and the limita- 
tion of Russian naval 
power in the far East. 
Saghalien is to be divided. 

Sept. 5. The Russo-Japanese 
plenipotentaries sign the 
treaty of peace; 12. The 
bridge of the Cape to 
Cairo Railway across the 
Zambesi River is formally 
opened; 15. An armistice 
is signed in Manchuria. 



304 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1905 A.D.- 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1905 1905 

Oct. 3. The Internationa] Oct. 5. First long dis- 
Tuberculosis Conference tance flight by Wright 
meets at Paris. brot.iers' aeroplane; 24s 

miles in 38 minutes. 



Deaths in 1905: — ^Atkinson, 
Edward; Baldwin, W. H., 
Jr.; Butterworth, Heze- 
kiah; Dodge, Mary M.; 
Gomez, M. ; Harland Hen- 
ry; Hayjohn; de H^redia, 
J. M., Irving, Sir H.; Ise- 
lin, Adrian; Jefferson, J.; 
Kinross, Lord; Lee, Fitz- 
hugh; Packard, A. S.; 
Reid, Sir Wemyss; Sharp, 
W.; Thomas, Theodore; 
Verne, Jules; Wallace, L.; 
Whitehead, R.; Wool- 
sey, Sarah C. ("Susan 
Coolidge"); Ziegler, W. 



1906 



Nov. 18. The Panama Canal 
board of consulting en- 
gineers decides in favor 
of a sea-level canal. 



1906 

Jan. 1. New England woollen 
manufacturers voluntar- 
ily raise the wages of 
30,000 employees; 23. 
Government opens the 
beef trust case in Chicago; 
30. Consular -reform bill 
passes the Senate. 

Feb. 14. Ship-subsidy bill 
passes Senate; 19. Re- 
port sent to Congress by 
the Panama Canal com- 
mission and board of 
consulting engineers re- 
commends a lock canal, 
which it is estimated can 
be built in 8 or 9 years at 
a cost of $147,000,000; 
21. Pure-food bill passes 
Senate. 



1905 



1906 

Jan! 16. Formal control of 
the fortifications of Hali- 
fax taken over by the 
Canadian government. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



305 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 



1906 



Dec. 6. The French Senate 
adopts by a vote of 181 
to 102 the bill for the 
separation of Church and 
State. 



1906 

Jan. 14. France severs 
diplomatic relations with 
Venezuela; 17. Falli&res 
elected president of 
France; 20. Great demon- 
strations of the German 
Social Democrats are held 
in Berlin and other 
Prussian towns. 

Feb. 22. Germany extends 
reciprocal tariff rates to 
the United States. 



1905 

Oct. 24. The Russian rail- 
road strike spreads 
throughout the empire; 
30. The czar issues a 
manifesto assuring civil 
liberty, extension of the 
suffrage, and inability 
to enforce laws without 
the consent of the Duma. 

Nov. 3. The Russian cen- 
sorship over the press 
and private dispatches is 
abolished; 13. Prince 
Charles of Denmark is 
elected king of Norway; 
15. The Social Revolu- 
tionists of St. Peters- 
burg begin a great strike 
with the object of over- 
throwing the monarchy. 

Dec. 9. Russian troops 
mutiny in Kronstad; 17. 
A general strike is de- 
clared and insurrection 
spreads in the Russian 
provinces; 22. 125,000 
workers are out in St. 
Petersburg; 31. Nearly 
all of southern Russia 
is in rebellion, the in- 
surgents having control 
of several railway lines 
and cities. 

1906 

Jan. 16. Algeciras confer- 
ence on Morocco begun; 
24. The Belgian Chamber 
passes the port of Ant- 
werp bill; 30. The crown 
prince of Denmark is 
proclaimed King Fred- 
erick VIII. 

Feb. 9. The Hungarian 
Parliament is dissolved 
by a show of force. 



1905 

Oct. 14. The Russo-Jap- 
anese peace treaty rati- 
fied. 



1906 

Jan. 6. Two provinces in 
Equador are held by reb- 
els; 22. Chinese troops in- 
vade Tonquin but are 
driven back by the 
French with a loss of 
600 killed or wounded. 



3o6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1906 A.D. 



A.D. Progress op Society, etc. 





1906 1906 



Apr. 21, Peary reached 
87° 6' N. lat., a new record. 



May 19. The Simplon Tun- 
nel through the Alps, 
12i m. long, is formally 
opened. 



June 26. Cable completed 
from Guam to Japan. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 

Mar. 9. Joint statehood 
bill to admit Oklahoma 
and Indian Territory 
passes the Senate. 



Apr. 18. San Francisco 
earthquake and fire; 20. 
Conflagration checked. 



1906 

Mar. 9. The House of Com- 
mons adopts resolution 
to the effect that mem- 
bers ought to be paid 
£300 per year; 12. The 
Commons announces de- 
termination to resist any 
proposal to create a 
system of protection; 21. 
The compensation com- 
mission in S. Africa com- 
pletes its work — claims 
for losses in the Boer War 
amount to $310,000,000. 

Apr. 25. Woman suffrage 
advocates cause a com-, 
motion at Westminsier. 



May 18. The railroad rate 
bill passes the Senate. 



June 2. Resolution requir- 
ing supplies for Panama 
Canal to be bought in 
the U. S. passes the 
Senate; 18. Lake Erie 
and Ohio River Ship 
Canal bill passes the 
Senate; 21. Bill for lock 
canal at Panama passes 
the Senate; The Fall 
River cotton manufactur- 
ers grant a 14 per cent, 
increase in wages; 22. 
Bill appropriating $25,- 
000 for the president's 
travelling expenses passes 
the Senate. 



May 4. Government de- 
mands withdrawal of 
I'urkish troops from Ta- 
bah; 19. A deputation of 
400 women, to the prem- 
ier, demands the right to 
vote. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



307 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 1906 

Mar. 7. The Rouvier minis- 
try defeated in France 
as a result of the opposi- 
tion to taking the church 
inventories; 10. The most 
terrible mining disaster 
on record, at Courrieres, 
France. About 1 100 

killed; 11. Strike of 30,- 
000 miners; 21. The con- 
gress of mmers in the 
north of France resolves 
on a gieat strike. 

Apr. 21. The German feder- 
al council approves the 
bill for the payment of 
members of the Reichstag 
27. The homes of the 
leading Royalists, Bona- 
partists, labor leaders, 
and anarchists searched 
at Paris for evidence of 
a plot against the re- 
public. 

May 2. Three-fourths of the 
strikers in Paris return 
to work. 



June 27. The International 
Cotton Congress at Bre- 
men decides that it is 
necessary to broaden the 
source of supply. 



1906 

Mar. 29. In the municipal 
elections in Russia the 
Constitutional Demo- 
crats have sweeping vic- 
tories. 



Apr. 5. Censorship of the 
press restored in St. 
Petersburg; Vesuvius in 
violent eruption; 7. The 
Moroccan convention 
signed; 10. Vesuvius still 
active; a market in 
Naples collapses from 
the weight of ashes; 17. 
Russian 5% loan of 
$440,000,000 to be issued 
at 88. 

May 2. Resignation of Count 
Witte as prime minister 
of Russia; 6. Sharp 
actions in Bulgaria be- 
tween Turkish and Bul- 
garian bands; 10. The 
Duma opened in St. 
Petersburg; 12. Turkey 
yields to England's de- 
mand for evacuation of 
points in the Sinai penin- 
sula; 20. Austrian crown 
and Council of Ministers 
refuse the Hungarian de- 
mand for a separate 
tariff; 27. Greece breaks 
off diplomatic relations 
with Roumania; 31. A 
bomb is thrown at the 
king and queen of Spain 
after their wedding, 24 
persons are killed. 

June 14. Bialystok sacked 
and 200 Jews killed, fol- 
lowing bomb-throwing by 
a Jewish anarchist. 



1906 

Mar. 9. 600 Moros killed in 
thebattle on Mount Dajo, 
island of Jolo, P. I.; 27. 
A bill for the purchase 
of the Japanese railroads 
by the government is 
passed by the House after 
amendment by the Peers. 



Apr. 27. Anglo-Tibetan 
treaty; China retains sov- 
ereignty of Tibet, giving 
protection to British in- 
terests. 



May 2. Plague spreads rap- 
idly in Northeastern Per- 



June 19. Peruvian troops 
invade the disputed sec- 
tion of eastern Ecuador; 
30. The pope consents to 
arbitrate the territorial 
dispute between Colom- 
bia and Peru. 



3o8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1906 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States 



British Empire. 



1906 1906 



1906 



1906 



Aug. 28. Esperanto Con- 
gress opens at Geneva. 



Aug. 15-16. Race war at 
Brownsville, Tex.; 22. 
All colored troops are 
ordered out of the State. 



Sept. 20. Sixteen balloons 
start from Paris in 
the first competition for 
the Gordon -Bennett cup, 
which is won by Lieut. 
Lahn, U. S. A., in the 
balloon United States, 
which lands in England; 
26. The Institute of 
Intematioridl Law regu- 
lates the use of wireless 
telegraphy in time of 
war, and limits the use 
of torpedoes. 



Sept. 2. President favors 
simplified spelling; 19,- 
500,000 acres opened to 
settlement in Oklahoma; 
22. Many negroes killed 
in Atlanta and the city 
is put under martial law. 



Sept. 3. Four hundred and 
ninety delegates, repre- 
senting a million and a 
half members of trade 
unions, meet at Liver- 
pool; 5. The Trade Union 
Congress passes a resolu- 
tion in favor of an 8-hour 
day for all organized 
labor. 



Oct. 9. Newfoundland offi- 
cials decide to enforce 
the fishing laws strictly 
and revoke all concessions 
to Americans; 20. Anglo- 
French convention covers 
future administration of 
the New Hebrides. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



309 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 



1906 

July 3. The election of 
Count Boni de Castellane 
to the French Chamber 
of Deputies is annulled 
on the ground of bribery ; 
12. Dreyfus completely 
vindicated, restored to 
the army and given the 
insignia of the Legion of 
Honor. 



Sept. 23. Socialist congress 
at Mannheim. Bebel 
opposes general strikes 
as a mode of political 
agitation. 



Oct. The police at Posen 
seize 10,000 copies of a 
violent proclamation call- 
ing upon the Poles to- 
meet and protest against 
the use of German in 
religious instruction in 
the schools. 



1906 

July 10. The Russian court- 
martial acquits Rozhest- 
venski on the ground 
that he tvas wounded. 
Four officers found guilty 
of surrendering to the 
enemy are sentenced to 
be shot, but are after- 
wards pardoned; 17. The 
Czar approves the famine 
relief measures of the 
Duma; 21. Dissolves 
the Duma; 31. Mutiny 
of Russian troops at 
Helsingfors is suppressed 
after great loss of life. 

Aug. 6. Russian revolution- 
ary societies issue a call 
to the people to rise and 
overthrow the czar's 
government; 7. The gen- 
eral strike in Russia is 
called ofE ; 8. The Russian 
cabinet appropriates $27,- 
000,000 for famine relief, 
9. The Spanish cabinet 
votes to ignore the papal 
protest in regard to civil 
marriages; 25. A bomb, 
intended for Premier 
Stolypin of Russia, kills 
28 and wounds 24 persons. 

Sept. 9. Troops destroy the 
Jewish quarter of Siedlce, 
Russian Poland, and 
hundreds are killed and 
wounded; 17. Severe 
measures taken by the 
Spanish government to 
suppress a Carlist revolt 
in Catalonia; 20. Final 
steps taken for distribu- 
tion of land to the 
Russian peasantry. 



1906 

July 10. The dry-dock 
Dewey reaches the Phil- 
ippines after a voyage of 
193 days; 23. The Pan- 
American Congress meets 
at Rio de Janeiro. 



Oct. 12. Turkish troops de- 
feated with heavy losses 
in Yemen; 19. The Rus- 
sian government issues 
a ukase making all equal 
before the law, removing 
all restrictions in regard 
to state employment 
abolishing the communal I 
system and the poll tax, | 
and leaving peasants free j 
to choose their place of 
residence. 



Aug. 12. King Menelik of 
Abyssinia signs the Fran- 
co-Italian-British treaty; 
16-17, Earthquakes and 
fire cause great destruc- 
tion of life and property 
in Valparaiso, Santiago, 
and other Chilean cities; 
20. Uprising against the 
Cuban government. 



Sept. 1. Dalny, Manchuria 
opened as a free port; 2. 
The emperor of China 
issues an edict promising 
a constitutional govern- 
ment; 8. Pres. Palma of 
Cuba asks the U. S. to 
intervene; 14. All rail- 
roads and telegraph lines 
in Cuba are cut; 18. A 
typhoon at Hong Kong 
causes the loss of thou- 
sands of lives and the 
wrecking of 36 vessels; 
21. Emperor of China 
issues edict demanding 
that the opium habit in 
China be eradicated in 
ten years; 22. 400 Malays 
killed by Dutch forces on 
the island of Bali; 24. 
Armistice signed in Cuba. 

Oct. 25. Japan demands 
of the U. S. full rights of 
the treaty of 1894 for 
Japanese subjects in Cal- 
ifornia; 28. Over 800 
Japanese coral fishers 
drowned off Bato Island 
in a hurricane. 



3IO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1906 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 1906 



1906 

Nov. 1. Three cent street 

cars operated for the first 

time in Cleveland; 7. 

The Pennsylvania R.R. 

raises wages 10 per cent. 

Dec. 22. Pres. Roosevelt 
orders a second investi- 
gation of the affair at 
Brownsville; 29. The 
Cleveland Electric Rail- 
way announces SJ cent 
fares on all its lines. 



Dec. 19. The U. S. Senate 
ratifies the Red Cross 
convention providing for 
the amelioration of the 
condition of the wound- 
ed on the field. 

Deaths in 1906: Anthony, 
Susan B.; Brunetiere, F.; 
Curie, Pierre; Craigie, 
Mrs. ("John Oliver 
Hobbes"); Christian IX., 
of Denmark; Dunbar, 
Paul L.; Field, Marshall; 
Gorman, A. T.; Harper, 
W. R. ; Henderson, D.B.; 
H o 1 y o a k e , G. J. ; 
von Hartmann, Karl; 
Huntington, Daniel; 
Ibsen, Henrik; Johnson, 
Eastman; Kodama, 
Baron; Ristori, Adelaide; 
Sage, Russell; Sutro, 
Emil; Schofield, Gen. J. 
M.;Shaler, N. S.;Schurz, 
Carl; Toole, J. L.; 
Wheeler, Gen. J. 

]907 1907 

Jan. 19. Floods on the Ohio 
River render homeless 
15,000 people in and 
around Cincinnati; 23. 
The Senate adopts the 
amendment increasing 
the salaries of the vice- 
president, speaker, and 
members of the Cabinet 
and of Congress. 

Feb. 7. Rockefeller gives $32,000,000 to be ad- 
ministered by the General Education Board. 

Feb. 26. Major Goethals 
appointed chief engineer 
of the Panama Canal. 



1906 



Dec. The Education bill, for 
the exclusion of the de- 
nominational control of 
the schools, passes third 
reading in the House of 
Lords; 12. The Commons 
rejects all amendments of 
the Lords; Constitution 
granted to the Transvaal ; 
19. The House of Lords, 
rejects the concessions 
offered by the Govern- 
ment in the matter of the 
Education bill; 20. The 
Education bill with- 
drawn; 26. The Indian 
National Congress opens 
at Calcutta; 30. King 
Edward approves the 
appointment of James 
Bryce to be ambassador 
to the U. S.; 31. An 
agreement of the British 
railways to abolish re- 
bates goes into force. 



1907 

Jan. 24. Delegates of the 
Labor Party meet at 
Belfast; 26. ' The Labor 
Party favors the exten- 
sion of the suffrage 
equally to all men and 
all women. 



Feb. 9. A great gathering 
of women in London de- 
mands attention for the 
Female Suffrage bill; 27. 
Motion in the Commons 
in favor of the disestab- 
lishment and disendow- 
ment of the established 
church in England and 
Wales. 



1907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



3ii 



1906 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The "World, elsewhere. 



1906 



Dec. 28. The French Senate 
passes the amended Sepa- 
ration bill. 



1906 

Nov. 7. By a new interpre- 
tation of the election 
law the Russian- Senate 
disfranchises thousands 
of city and railroad em- 
ployees. 

Dec. 14. The Belgian Cham- 
ber votes in favor of an- 
nexing the Congo Free 
State ; 29. Factories closed 
at Lodz, Russian Poland, 
100,000 men out of work 



1907 1907 

Jan. 3. New French law 
amending the Church 
and State Separation law 
of 1905 is signed by the 
president. 



1907 

Jan. 3. Articles of the Po- 
lish National League, 
embodying plans for ac- 
tion in case of war, pub- 
lished at Breslau; 26. 
Spanish Parliament sus- 
pended by the king. 



Feb. 20. Consuls in Odessa 
appeal to their embassies 
for protection for foreign- 
ers during the continued 
anti-Jewish disturbances. 



1906 

Nov. 22. The Chinese im- 
perial regulations for the 
suppression of the use of 
opium are published. 

Dec. 26. Severe earthquake 
shocks in the province of 
Tacna, Chile; 30. The 
shah and the crown 
prince sign the Pers'an 
constitution. 



1907 

Jan. 14. The greater part 
of Kingston, Jamaica, 
destroyed by earthquake 
and fire; over 1000 dead- 
19. Shah of Persia 
crowned at Teheran; 30. 
The Chilean Congress 
authorizes the construc- 
tion of a railroad from 
the Peruvian frontier 
to the Strait of Magellan. 



312 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1907 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1907 



1907 11907 |1907 

Mar. 12. Mrs. Russell Sage gives $10,000,000 to create Mar. 2. The cause of muni- 



the Sage Foundation for philanthropic work, 

IMar. 4. 17,000,000 acres 
added to the forest re- 
serves; 14. Pres. Roose- 
velt issues orders for the 
exclusion of Japanese 
laborers and for the 
dismissal of suits against 
the San Francisco school 
board; violent decline on 
the N. Y. Stock Exchange; 
Sec. of the Treasury 
offers to redeem $25,000,- 
000 of 4 per cent, govern- 
ment bonds; 30. The 
chairman of the Inter- 
state Commerce Commis- 
sion and the Secretary 
of Labor begin mediation 
at Chicago which averts a 
strike on more than 
forty railroads. 
Apr. 5. Carnegie gives $6,000,000 to the Carnegie In- 
stitute at Pittsbvu-g. 

)Apr. 8. The Supreme Court 
decides that the Isle of 



14. National arbitration 
and peace congressopen- 
ed in New York; James- 
town Ter-centenary Ex- 
position opened. 
May 9. Haywood trial 
begun. 



June 15. Second Peace 
Conference at The Hague 
opened. 



cipal ownership receives 
a reverse in the defeat of 
the Progressives in the 
London elections; 9. 
Agreement with Russia as 
to intervention in Persia; 
20. 70 advocates of 
woman suffrage arrested ; 
22. The Commons rejects 
a bill for the introduction 
of the metric system. 



Pines is not American 

territory; a convention is concluded between the 

United States and England for a Canadian boundary 

commission. 



Apr. 15. The British Colo- 
nial Conference begins 
sessions in London. 

May 6. Owing to political 
agitation in the university 
and schools of Bengal, the 
government threatens to 
withdraw educational aid. 



June 3. Wages advanced 5 
per cent, in cotton mills 
of northern New Eng- 
land; 24. Treaty with 
Santo Domingo signed; 
26. Sec. Taft announces 
that American occupa- 
tion of Cuba will continue 
for IS months; 29. Con- 
tracts awarded for two 
2C,000 ton battleships. 



June 3. Irish Home Rule 
bill withdrawn; 26. The 
Commons passes a reso- 
lution to curtail the 
power of the House of 
Lords; 27. King Edward 
lays the foundation stone 
of a new extension to the 
British Museum; 28. 
Great combination form- 
ed of the iron and steel 
manufacturers. 



1907 



A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



313 



^.u. Francb and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1907 



Mar. 4. The grand dukes 
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
and Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
announce their intention 
to grant constitutions to 
the duchies; 12. The 
French battleship Jena 
blown up at Toulon; 24. 
Treaty between France 
and Siam transfers three 
provinces to the former; 
29. French troops occupy 
Oudja, Morocco. 



1907 



1907 

iMar. 22. Russian evacua- 
tion of Manchuria com- 
pleted; 24. Dr. Mauchamp 
killed at Morocco City by 
Mohammedan fanatics. 



Apr. 7. 19 women elected 
to the Finnish Diet; first 
women representatives in 
any national legislature. 



May 1. France refuses to 
accept the certificate pro- 
vided under the Pure 
Food Law for American 
meat; 14, The Reichstag 
passes a German-Ameri- 
can commercial agree- 
ment to remain in force 
until July, 1S08; 22. The 
French cabinet agrees on 
a bill to suppress adulter- 
ated wines; 31. French 
naval reserve strikes. 

June 1. Demonstration at 
Nimes of 200,000 persons 
connected with the French 
wine trade; 5. Strike of 
the French naval re- 
serve comes to an end ; 
11-12. Mayors of muni- 
cipalities in the wine 
district of France re- 
sign as a protest against 
the condition of the 
vine-growers; 20. Se- 
rious disturbances in the 
wine provinces; 31. The 
French Senate adopts a 
bill for the suppression 
of the adulteration of 
wine. 



lApr. 15. Manchuria form- 
ally returns to Chinese 

I rule; Chilpancingo and 
Chilapa, Mexico, destroy- 
ed by earthquake; 19. 
Iloilo, Philippines, de- 
stroyed by fire. 

May 3. The Dominican Con- 
gress ratifies the new 
treaty with the United 
States; 16. Chinese offi- 
cials state that famine 
relief sent by the United 
States has healed all 
breaches between the 
two countries; 21. All 
the native opium dens 
in Shanghai are closed 
by imperial edict. 



June 8. The czar approves 
the project for a railroad 
from Tomsk to Bering 
Strait and for a tunnel 
under the Strait; 14. 
The Norwegian Parlia- 
ment votes to grant the 
suffrage to about 300,- 
000 women based upon 
a property qualification; 
15. The czar dissolves 
the Duma and in de 
fiance of an essential 
guarantee of the Consti- 
tution promulgates a 
new electoral law; 29. The 
Russian government 

takes measures to prevent 
Armenian massacres. 



314 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1907 A.D. 



1907 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1907 

July 4. Centenary of 
Garibaldi's birth cele- 
brated throughout 
Italy 

July 17. Pope Pius X 
issues a syllabus of sixty- 
five errors concerning 
faith, the scriptures, and 
ecclesiastical authority 

July 20. Foundation stone 
laid of the Carnegie 
Palace of Peace at The 
Hague. 



Oct. 17. First regular 
wireless despatch over 
the Atlantic Ocean for 
commercial purposes. 

Oct. 17. Marconi wire- 
less service opened from 
Cape Breton, Canada, 
to Clifden, Ireland. 

Nov. 17. Central Ameri- 
can Peace Conference 
opened by Secretary of 
State Root. 

Deaths in 1907: Aldrich, 
T. B.; von Bergmann, 
E.; Berthelot, P. E._ M.; 
Carducci, G.; Casimir- 
Perier, J. P.; Garrison, 
G. P.; Grau, M.; Grieg 
E. H.; Grow, G. A.; 
Gunter, A. C; Heilprin, 
A.; Joachim, Joseph; 
Kelvin, Lord; Lamsdorf, 
Count; Mansfield, R.; 
Mendelyef,D.;MazafTar 
eddin. Shah of Persia; 
Moissan, H.; Morgan 
J. T.; Oscar II., King of 
Sweden; Saint Gaudens, 
Augustus; SuUy-Prud- 
homme, R. F.; Theurie, 
A.; Watson, Rev. J. 
("Ian Maclaren"). 



United States. 



1907 

July. The question of the 
segregation of Japanese 
children in California 
becomes acute. 

July 25. President Roose- 
velt announces the rati- 
fication of the Santo 
Domingo treaty. 

July _ 28. Haywood ac- 
quitted of the charge of 
murdering ex-Governor 
Steunenburg, of Idaho. 

Aug. 3. Federal District 
Court fines the Standard 
Oil Company S29,240,- 
000, for accepting re- 
bates; the order was 
later overruled by the 
circuit and Supreme 
courts. 

Aug. 17. _ Secretary Taft, 
as mediator, concludes 
an agreement between 
the representatives of 
Colombia and Panama. 

Sept. 18. A suit is begun 
in federal courts to dis- 
solve the Standard Oil 
Company. 

Sept. 29. President 

Roosevelt starts on a 
Western and Southern 
tour. 

Oct. 14. A n t i- Japanese 
riots in San Francisco. 

Oct. 16. Secretary of War 
Taft opens the first 
Philippine Assembly. 

Oct. 21. Financial crisis 
at New York City; the 
Knickerbocker Trust 
Company and several 
banks suspend; and the 
panic of 1907 follows. 

Nov. 16. Oklahoma be- 
comes a State. 



Dec. 11. Pres. Roosevelt 
announces determina' 
tion not to run for a 
third term. 

Dec. 16. The United 
States fleet of battle 
ships sails from Hamp 
ton Roads on a world- 
circling tour. 



British Empire. 



1907 



Aug. 29. Canada: the 
superstructure of the 
great cantilever bridge 
over the St. Lawrence 
River nine miles above 
Quebec collapses, with 
loss of 80 lives. 



Sept. 11. Canada: riotous 
demonstrations against 
Japanese take place at 
Vancouver, B. C. 



Dec. 17. Great Britain 
and Russia agree upon 
joint action to prevent 
an uprising in Persia. 



1907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



315 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1907 


1907 


1907 


1907 




July- August. France: A 


July 17. Russia: 169 


July IP. Japan forces the 




period of great disturb- 


members of first Duma 


abdication of the Em- 




ance among the wine 


who drew up the Viborg 


peror of Korea in favor 




growers. 


manifesto arraigned for 


of his son and the ad- 






trial. 


mission of a Japanese 






July 23. King Leopold of 


resident general. 






Belgium opens the new 


July 31. Moroccan tribes- 






port of Zeebrugge. 


men attack Casablanca. 






Aug. 31. Anglo-Russian 


August. Mexico: The 






agreement delimitating 


Government purchases 






spheres of control in 


the controlling stock in 






Asia signed. 


the Mexican Central 
and Mexican National 
railroads. 
Aug. 31. Persia: The 
Premier, Amin-es-Sultan 
assassinated. 




Sept. 23. Germany: Em- 








peror William unveils 








a memorial at Memel 








emblematic of rise ol 








Prussia. 








Oct. IS. Germany: Trial 




Oct. 11. _ Persia: The 




of editor Maximilian 




Shah signs a new con- 




Harden for libelling 




stitution; 14. Serious 




Count von Moltke; he 




revolutionary outbreaks 




was later acquitted. 




occur. 




November. Fighting be- 


Nov. 14. Third Russian 






tween the French 


Duma opens. 






troops and the Moroc- 








can army. 










Dec. 6. Publication of 


Dec. 5. Japan announces 






treaty for the annexa- 


that emigration to the 






tion of the Congo Free 


United States and 






State to Belgium. 


Canada will be limited. 






Dec. 8. Sweden: King 


Dec. 18. Peru and Chile 






Oscar II. dies, and is 


conclude their first 






succeeded by Gustav V. 


treaty of amity and 






Dec. 14. Russia: Fifty- 


friendship. 






nine members of the 








Duma are charged with 








treason. 





3i6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D. 



1908 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1908 

Jan. 12. Completion _ of 
the work of excavating 
the Pennsylvania Rail 
road tunnels under the 
Hudson River. 



United States. 



1908 

Jan. ,5. George A. Petti 
bone acquitted of the 
charge of complicity in 
the murder of ex-Gov 
Steunenburg, of Idaho. 

Jan. 6. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares Em 
ployers' Liability Law 
unconstitutional. 

Jan. 14. Pres. Roosevelt 
promises an end to the 
American occupation of 
Cuba, fixing February 
1, 1909, or earlier, as the 
time for the withdrawal 
of troops. 

Jan. 27. T^e Supreme 
Court decides that a law 
prohibiting discrimina- 
tion against members of 
labor organizations by 
common carriers to be 
unconstitutional. 



Feb. 3. Supreme Court 
declares a boycott in 
stituted by a labor or 
ganization to be a com 
bination in restraint of 
trade. 

Feb. 10. A r b i t r a t i o n 
treaty with France 
signed at Washington 



Mar. 4. In a school build 
ing near Cleveland, O. 
167 children are burned 
to death. 

Mar. 13. End of trial 
respecting the P e n n 
sylvania State Capitol 
fraud; four are found 
guilty. 

Mar. 23. The Supreme 
Court declares uncon 
stitutional the railroad 
rate laws of Minnesota 
and North Carolina. 



British Empire. 



1908 

Jan. 6. C. Arthur Pear- 
son acquires control of 
the London Times. 

Jan. 31. Dr. Jameson, 
premier of Cape Colony, 
resigns. 



Feb. 6. 1100,000 paid by 
British Government to 
Raisuli as a ransom for 
Kaid Sir Harry Mac- 
Lean; sum partially re« 
paid later. 



Mar. 13. The House of 
Commons rejects the 
Labor Party 's_ Unem- 
ployed Workingmen'e 
Bill. 



1908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



317 



1908 



France and Germany. 



1908 

Jan. 10. Germany: Seri 
ous riots in the streets 
of Berlin by Socialists 
who demand universal 
suffrage. 

Jan. 28. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
sustains, by a vote of 
428 to 92, the Govern- 
ment's policy in Mo 
rocco. 



Mar. Germany: Suffrage 
riots continue in the 
streets of Berlin. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1908 1908 

Jan. 9. Italy: Sharp en- Jan. 



The World, elsewhere. 



counters between Italian 
troops and Abyssinians 
in the Italian Somali- 
land. 



11. Mulai Hafid 



Feb. 1. Portugal: King 
Carlos of Portugal and 
the Crown Prince assas- 
sinated at Lisbon; 2 
Manuel II. proclaimed 
king. 

Feb. 13. Turkey: Kiamil 
Pasha resigns; succeeded 
by Hilmi Pasha. 

Feb. 20. Russia: General 
Stoessel found guilty, by 
a court martial, of 
charges in connection 
with the defense of Port 
Arthur. 



proclaimed Sultan of 
Morocco at Fez; civil 
war follows. 
Jan. 25. Haiti: Revolu- 
tion suppressed and 
Jean Juneau executed. 



Feb. 17. Turkish forces 
sent to Persian frontier. 

Feb. 29. Japan demands 
an apology from China 
for seizure of steamer 
Tatsu Maru. 



Mar. 1. China surrenders 
the T at s u Maru to 
Japan; 14. China agrees 
to pay indemnity to 
Japan and to suppress 
the attempts to boycott 
Japanese articles. 



318 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1908 


1908 


1908 


1908 






April. Congress passes 


Apr. 5. Sir Henry Camp- 






act providing for remis- 


bell-Bannerman resigns 






sion to China of part of 


the premiership of Great 






the Boxer indemnity. 


Britain. 






Apr. 3._ The Populist 


Apr. 8. H. H. Asquith 






National Convention 


becomes Prime Minis- 






nominates Thos. E. 


ter, and David Lloyd- 






Watson for President. 


George Chancellor of the 






Apr. 5. Arbitration treaty 


Exchequer. 






with Japan signed at 








Washington. 








Apr. 13. The first con- 








ference of the Board of 








Governors held at Wash- 








ington. 








Apr. 11. The Vreeland 








Currency Bill passes 








House of Representa- 








tives. 








Apr. 30. Senate passes 








Currency Bill. 






May 12. Corner-stone of 




May 12. Great _ Britain, 




the building for the 




France, Russia, and 




Bureau of American 




Italy withdraw troops 




Republics laid at Wash- 




from the Island of Crete. 




ington. 










June 8. Pres. Roosevelt 


June 16. The House of 






appoints a commission 


Commons passes the 






of 57 on conservation of 


Old Age Pensions Bill. 






national resources. 








June 16. The Republi- 








can National Conven- 








tion opens at Chicago; 








18. Nominates Wm. H. 








Taft for President. 






July 6. The Peary expe- 


July 7. The Democratic 


July 25. The Irish Uni- 




dition to the North Pole 


National Convention 


versity Bill passes the 




starts. 


meets at Denver; 10. 


House of Commons. 






Nominates, for the third 


July 31. The House of 






time, Wm. J. Bryan 


Lords passes the Old 






for President. 


Age Pensions Bill. 



1908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



319 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1908 



1908 

Apr. 4. Germany: The 
Reichstag decides that 
the German language 
must be spoken at all 
public meetings _ in all 
parts of the Empire. 



1908 

Apr. 11. Venezuela de- 
clines to consider Ameri- 
can demands for arbi- 
tration of claims. 



May 6. Manuel II. takes 
oath of office before the 
Portuguese Cortes. 

May 8. Portugal: Troops, 
after heavy fighting, de- 
feat natives, near Bissao 
in Portuguese Guinea. 

May 22. Russia: The 
President and seventeen 
members of the Duma 
arrested and imprisoned 



June 13. France: A law 
adopted by the Cham- 
ber of Deputies and by 
the Senate providing for 
secret ballot. 



July 24. Turkey: The 
Sultan restores the Con- 
stitution of 1876, and 
orders a general election 
for members to a Par- 
liament. 



May 4. Fernando Gua- 
challa elected President 
of Bolivia. 

May 15. The Shah of 
Persia deprives Cabinet 
of authority; the act 
causes revolutionary 
outbreak. 

May 16. Abyssinia: King 
Menelik and Italian 
Gov't sign agreement 
defining boundaries be- 
tween Abyssinia and 
Italian Somaliland. 

May 27. Peru: Augusto 
B. Leguia elected Presi- 
dent. 

June 26. The Shah of 
Persia declares martial 
law throughout his 
realm. 



July 1. Santo Domingo: 
Ramon Caceres becomes 
President. 

July 4. Japan: The minis- 
try resigns; 12. The Em- 
peror summons Count 
Katsura to form a new 
Cabinet. 

July 9. Venezuela:_Diplo- 
matic relations with the 
United States are 
severed. 

July 12. Panama: Jos6 
D. Obaldia elected Presi- 
dent. 

July 22. Venezuela: Pres. 
Castro on grounds that 
political refugees are 
harbored in Curagoa 
expels Minister from 
the Netherlands. 



320 



TABI^LAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1908 



1908 

Aug. 17._ The Fourth In 
ternational Esperanto 
Congress meets at Dres 
den. 



1908 

Aug. 14-19. Race riots, 
accompanied by de- 
struction of property 
and lynching of negroes, 
occur at Springfield, 111. 



1908 



Sept. 13. The Eucharistic 
Congress is held at 
London. 



Sept. 3. After investigat- 
ing the Springfield riots 
a special grand jury 
returns 117 indictments 



Oct. 1. The two-cent 
postage rate between the 
United States and Great 
Britain goes into effect. 

Oct. 8. Treaty of arbi 
tration with China 
signed at Washington 



Oct. 5. Great Britain, 
France, and Russia agree 
to take measures to 
prevent war in the 
Balkans. 

Oct. 26. Canada: The 
Liberals successful in 
the general elections. 



Nov. 3_. The presidential 
elections result in the 
success of the Republi- 
can ticket, with W. H 
Taft and J. S. Sherrnan 
for President and Vice 
President respectively. 

Nov. 4. Pres. Eliot, of 
Harvard, resigns. 



Nov. 11. Mr. Fisl er 
forrns new Australian 
Cabinet. 



I908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



321 



1908 



France and Germany. 



1908 



Sept. 2. France: A force of 
15,000 Moors defeated 
by French troops at 
Boudenib near the Al- 
gerian_frontier. 



Oct. 28. Germany: Pro 
tests made against the 
unrestraint of Kaiser 
William's public u*-- 
terances concerning in^ 
ternational affairs. 



Nov. 10. The Reichstag 
denounces the action of 
the Kaiser in speaking 
so freely of foreign 
affairs; 17. Emperor 
William promises that 
in future foreign affairs 
will be conducted 
through one of the 
ministers. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1908 

Aug. 2. Turkey: In the 
midst of constitutional 
changes, cabinets rise 
and fall rapidly, one is 
formed on the 2d and 
falls on the 5th, while 
another is formed on the 
following day; Resolu- 
tion inaugurated by the 
Young Turk party. 

Aug. 20. The Belgian 
Chamber of Deputies 
ratifies the Congo an- 
nexation treaty; Turkey 
agrees to a settlement 
of the boundary con- 
troversy with Persia. 

August. The relations be- 
tween Holland and Vene- 
zuela become strained 
and Holland sends war- 
ship to Venezuelan 
waters. 

Sept. 4. Russia: The Gov 
ernment issues edict 
requiring professors in 
the universities to 
nounce membership in 
political parties not re 
cognized by the author 
ities. 

Sept. 9. Belgium: The 
Senate adopts Congo 
annexation treaty. 

Oct. 5. Austria-Hungary 
The Dual Monarchy 
announces the formal 
annexation of Bosnia 
and Herzegovina; Bul- 
garia issues declaration 
of independence, and 
becomes a kingdom 
under Prince Alexander. 

Oct. 11. Denmark: New 
Cabinet formed under 
M. Neergaard as pre^ 
mier. 

Oct. 12. The Servian 
assembly sustains the 
Gov't in its protest 
against Austrian aggres- 
sion. 

Nov. _ 7. The Austrian 
Cabinet resigns because 
of the German-Czech 
dissensions. 

November. The relations 
between Austria and 
Servia becomes strained 
to the breaking point 
numerous raids and 
frontier fights occur. 



The World, elsewhere 



1908 

Aug. 18. Persia: A diplo- 
ma t i c representative 
sent to Athens for the 
first time in 2399 years. 



Nov. 22. China: The 
Gov't designates Tang 
Shao-yi as special com- 
missioner to thank U. S. 
for the partial remission 
of the Boxer indemnity. 

Nov. 24. Venezuela: The 
affairs of government 
placed in the hands of 
Vice-President J. V. 
Gomez, during the ab- 
sence in Europe of 
Pres. Castro. 



322 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D.- 



1908 



1909 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1908 

Dec. 4. A code of laws 
governing naval warfare 
is prepared by confer- 
ence of the Powers held 
at the invitation of 
Great Britain. 

Deaths in 1908: Allison, 
W. B.; Campbell-Ban- 
nerman, Sir Henry; Car- 
los I., King of Portugal; 
Cleveland, Grover; Gil- 
man, D. C; Halevy, L.; 
Kuang Hgsu, Emperor 
of China; Proctor, Red- 
field; Sardou, Victorien; 
Smith, C. E.; Stedman, 
E. C; Tsi-an, Dowager 
Empress of China. 

1909 

Jan. 13. Prof. A. L 
Lowell becomes pre 
sident of Harvard Uni- 
versity. 

Jan. 19-20. Celebration 
of Centenary of Edgar 
Allan Poe. 



Feb. 12. Centenary of 
Abraham Lincoln widely 
celebrated. 

Feb. 25. New _ code for 
naval warfare is adopted 
by an international naval 
conference in London. 



United States. 



1908 

Dec. 10. Abraham Ruef 
convicted on charges of 
bribery. 

Dec. 23. Samuel Gom- 
pers, John Mitchell, and 
Frank Morrison are held 
in contempt of court in 
connection with the 
Buck Stove case. 



1909 

Jan. 8. President Roose 
velt charges Senator 
Tillman with being in 
volved in a questionable 
land deal in Oregon. 

Jan. 9. Six night riders 
convicted at Union City, 
Tenn. 

Jan. 11. Secretary Root 
and Ambassador Bryce 
sign treaty _ for settle- 
ment of disputes be 
tween the United States 
and Canada. 

Jan. 25. Sec. of State 
Root resigns; succeeded 
by Robert Bacon. 

Jan. 27. The Newfound 
land fisheries treaty 
signed at Washington; 
whereby differences be- 
tween U. S. and Great 
Britain are to be sub- 
mitted to The Hague. 

Feb. 13. The long-stand- 
ing differences between 
U. S. and Venezuela 
adjusted; the three out- 
standing claims to be 
referred to The Hague. 

Feb. 21. The U. S. fleet 
returns to Hampton 
Roads after a voyage 
around the world. 

Feb. 23. Patent agree- 
ment between the U. S. 
and Germ.any signed at 
Washington. 



British Empire. 



1908 

Dec. 1. The House of 
Lords rejects the Licens- 
ing Bill. 



1909 



Feb. 11. Relations be- 
tween Great Britain and 
Germany adjusted in 
conference between 

Chancellor von Biilow 
and Sir Charles Hard- 
inge. 



1909 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



32s 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere 



1908 



1908 



1909 



1909 



Feb. 9. France and Ger 
many sign agreement in 
reference to Morocco. 



1908 



Dec. 19. Portugal: The 
Cabinet resigns, and 
Dr. Pereira de Lima 
forms a new ministry. 

Dec. 21. Negotiations re 
sumed between Austria 
and Turkey concerning 
the settlement of the 
Turkish claims to Bos- 
nia and Herzegovina. 



1909 

January. The _ Great 
Powers, including Great 
Britain, France, Ger- 
many, Russia, Austria 
Hungary, and Italy, and 
the Balkan States are 
occupied with negotia- 
tions concerning the 
settlement of questions 
relating to the status of 
the new kingdom of 
Bulgaria and those con- 
nected with the assump 
tion of sovereignty by 
Austria - Hungary over 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 



Feb. 26. Austria and 
Turkey sign protocol 
settling _ compensation 
for Bosnia and Herze 
govina. 



1908 

Nov. 14. China: Death 

of Emperor Kuang Hsu; 

15. Death of Dowager 

Empress. 

Dec. 21. China: The infant 
heir-apparent is pro- 
claimed emperor; re- 
gency established under 
Prince Chun. 



1909 

Jan. 2. China: Yuan Shih- 
kai deposed as com- 
mander and chief of the 
Chinese army; Na-tung 
appointed in his stead. 

Jan. 12. Turkey accepts 
$10,500,000 as C9mpen- 
sation for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina. 



Feb. Rebellion in Persia 
becomes formidable. 

Feb. 15. Mexico: Theater 
fire at Acapulco, Mexico, 
in which 350 persons are 
burned to death. 



324 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1909 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress OF Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




Mar. 23. Lieutenant 


Mar. 4. W. H. Taft in- 


Mar. 24. New Zealand 




Shackleton reports hav- 


augurated as President 


offers a battleship to the 




ing reached within in 


of the United States. 


British navy. 




miles of the South Pole. 


Mar. 15. Special session 
of Congress begins. 

Mar. 16. President Taft 
in a message to Congress 
urges revision of tariff. 

Mar. 17. The Payne 
Tariff Bill introduced in 
House of Representa- 
tives. 

Mar. 20. Col. Duncan 
B. Cooper and son found 
guilty of killing ex- 
Senator Carmack; later 
pardoned by Gov. Pat- 
terson. 








Apr. 9. The Payne Tariff 


Apr. 29. Chancellor of 






Bill passes House of 


the Exchequer Lloyd- 






Representatives by a 


George _ introduces a 






vote of 217 to 161. 


revolutionary budget in 
House of Commons. 




May 25. Andrew Carne- 


May 4. A court of _ in- 






gie gives $1,000,000 to 


quiry begins investiga- 






the hero fund of France. 


tion of the Brownsville 
affair to ascertain which 
of the negro soldiers 
are eligible for reenlist- 
ment; the U. S. reestab- 
lishes diplomatic rela- 
tions with Venezuela. 
May 30. General _ street- 
cae strike begins in 
Philadelphia. 






June 1. Alaska-Yukon- 


June. Tariff revision de- 


June 10. The Lloyd- 




Pacific Exposition opens 


bates occupy the Senate. 


George Budget passes 




at Seattle. 




second reading, in midst 
of wild excitement, by 
a vote of 367 to 209. 



1909 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



325 



1909 



Apr. 1. Germany: The 
Gov't introduces bill 
in Reichstag to prevent 
American fertilizer in- 
terests from purchasing 
the Prussian potash 
mines. 



France and Germany. 



1909 

Mar. 16. Paris disturbed 
by strike of telephone, 
telegraph, and postal 
employees. 

Mar. 19. French Ministry 
sustained by_ Chamber 
of Deputies in contest 
with striking state em 
ployees. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



May 13. Germany: The 
National Liberals and 
Radicals withdraw from 
Reichstag breaking Gov- 
ernment "bloc." 

May 13. France: Premier 
Clemenceau sustained 
by Chamber of Depu- 
ties. 



1909 

Mar. 1. Italy: General 
elections result in vie 
tory for the Government 

Mar. 25. Austria's an- 
nexation of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina recognized 
by the Powers. 

Mar._ 25. Servia: Crown 
Prince George renounces 
succession to the Ser- 
vian throne. 



Apr. 13. Turkey: Mutiny 
of the army in Constan- 
tinople; 14. New min- 
istry formed under Tew- 
fik Pasha; 19. The 
Young Turk forces in 
vest Constantinople, and 
on the 24th enter the 
city; 25. The Sultan's 
guard surrenders; 27. 
Abdul Hamid deposed 
and _ Mohammed V. 
proclaimed Sultan; 30. 
Turkish Ministry reor- 
ganized under Tewfik 
Pasha. 

Apr. 30. Persia: Russian 
forces cross border and 
occupy Tabriz. 

May _ 11. _ Russia and 
China sign agreement 
concerning Manchurian 
railways. 

May 13. Albania: Revolt 
breaks out amidst tribes 
men. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1909 

Mar. 31. Cuba: U. S. 
troops evacuate Cuba, 
thus terminating inter- 
vention. 



May 4. The Shah of Per- 
sia grants a constitution. 

May. Rebellion breaks 
out in Santo Domingo; 
25. Insurgents defeated. 

May 21. _ R e vol u t ion 
started in Colombia. 



326 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1909 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




July 6. Champlain Ter- 


July 5 . The United States, 


July 28. The House of 




centenary celebrated at 


Great Britain, and Aus- 


Commons, in order to 




Ticonderoga. 


tria refuse to recognize 


force a vote on the 




July 25. M. Bleriot flies 


the Russo-Chinese agree- 


budget, adopts a rigid 




in his monoplane over 


ment concerning the 


closure rule. 




English channel. 


Manchurian railway. 

July 8. The Payne-Al- 
drich Tariff Bill passes 
the Senate. 

July 12. Income Tax 
Amendment to the Con- 
stitution adopted by 
Senate. 






Aug. 2S. International 


Aug. 5. President Taft 


Aug. 19. South African 




Medical Association 


signs the Payne-Aldrich 


Union Bill passes Brit- 




meets at Budapest. _ 


Tariff Bill. 


ish Parliament. 




Aug. 30. International 


Aug. 27. National Conser- 






Trade Congress opens 


vation Congress meets 






at Paris. 


at Seattle. 






Sept. 1. Dr. Frederick 


Sept. 14. President Taft 


Sept. 17. The House of 




A. Cook, of Brooklyn, 


begins tour of West and 


Commons passes the 




announces that, on April 


South. 


Irish Land Bill. 




21, 1908, he reached the 


Sept. 23. President Taft 






North Pole. 


opens the great Gunni- 






Sept. 6. Commander 


son tunnel in Colorado. 






Peary announces that 








he discovered the North 








Pole, on April 6, 1909. 








Sept. 12. Halley's comet 








seen from the University 








of Heidelberg, by Prof. 








Wolff. 








Sept. 13. Commander 








Peary denies that Cook. 








reached the North Pole. 








Sept. 25. Hudson-Fulton 








Celebration inaugurated 








in New York City. 








Oct. 2. The Kalgan Rail- 


Oct. 11. Charles R. Crane 






road, constructed solely 


resigns as ambassador 






by Chinese, begins oper- 


to China after a contro- 






ation. 


versy with Sec. Knox. 






Oct. 28. John D. Rocke- 








feller gives $1,000,000 








to fight hook-worm dis- 








ease. 







OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



327 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1909 

July 14. Prince von Bd 

low resigns and Dr. 

von Bethmann-HoUweg 

named as Chancellor of 

the German Empire. 
July 20. France: Resig' 

nation of Clemenceau 

Ministry. 
July 23. ,M. Briand 

forms Cabinet. 



1909 

July. Spain: Riots and 
demonstrations against 
the Moorish war. 

July 28. Martial law de- 
clared throughout Spain. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 16. Denmark: New 
Cabinet formed under 
Count Holstein-Ledre 
borg. 

Aug. 19. Greece and Tur- 
key leave Cretan ques^ 
tion in hands of the four 
Powers. 

Sept. 26. The Spanish 
troops victorious at 
Melilla. 



Oct. 13. Spain: Execu- 
tion in Barcelona of 
Prof. Francisco Ferrer 
causes great excitement 
and indignation among 
European Socialists. 

Oct. 15. Greece: The 
Greek Parliament abol- 
ishes right of royal 
princes to hold command 
in the army. 

Oct. 21. The Spanish 
Cabinet resigns, and 
Senor Moret forms new 
ministry. 

Oct. 22. Denmark: The 
Cabinet and Count Hoi 
stein resign; M. Lahle 
forms another gov't on 
27th. 

Oct. 29. Greece; Naval 
mutiny suppressed. 



1909 

July 13. General rebel- 
lion breaks out in Mo- 
rocco; constitutionalists 
in Persia victorious and 
enter Teheran. 

July 16. Mohammed Alim 
dethroned, and the 
Crown Prince, Sultaa 
Ahmed Mirza declared 
Shah of Persia. 

July 17. The Greek Cabi- 
net resigns, and M. 
Rhallis forms new gov't. 

July 19. Moorish tribes- 
men attack Spanish 
soldiers at Melilla. 

July 20. Argentina and 
Bolivia differ concerning 
boundary line. 

Aug, 4. Gonzales Valen- 
cia becornes President 
of Colombia. 

Aug. 27. China: A Con- 
stitution, modelled after 
that of Japan, promul- 
gated. 

Sept. Persian rebels suc- 
cessful; refuse to submit 
until Shah convokes 
mejliss. 

Sept. 4. Chinese-Japan- 
ese agreement concern- 
ing Manchuria signed 
at Pekin. 



Oct. 10. Civil war in 

Nicaragua; 19. Mulai 
Hafid recognized as Sul- 
tan of Morocco on con- 
dition that he guarantees 
provisions of Algeciras 
agreement. 

Oct. 24. Zelaya forces 
badly defeated. 

Oct. 25. Peruvian and 
B o 1 i V i an Congresses 
ratify boundary proto- 
col. 

Oct. 26. Prince Ito assas* 
sinated at Harbin by a 
Korean. 



328 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1909 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1909 

Nov. 3. Commander 
Peary's polar records 
approved by the Na- 
tional Geographical 
Society. 



Dec. 8. Dr. Cook's polar 
records received for eX' 
amination by a commit- 
tee of experts^ from 
faculty of the University 
of Copenhagen; later 
rejected as evidence that 
he had penetrated as far 
North as the pole. 

Deaths in 1909: Barth 
Theodore; Bull. W. T. 
Coquelin, B. C; Craw 
ford. F. M.; Cuyler, T 
L.; De Armond. D. A. 
Gilder. R. W.; Hale. E 
E.; Harriman, E. H. 
Helper, H. R..; Ito 
Prince Hirobumi; John 
son, J. A.; Leopold II 
King of Belgium; Lorn 
broso, Cesare; Meredith 
George; Mitchell, D. G 
(," Ik Marvel"); Mod 
jeska, H.; Nevsrcomb, 
Simon; Peckham, R. W 
Swinburne, A. C.; von 
Halle, Ernst; Wright 
C. D.;Zalinski, E. L. G 

1910 

Jan. 19. The Southern 
Health Conference or- 
ganized at Atlanta, Ga., 
to fight the hook-worm 
disease. 



United States. 



1909 

Nov. 11. After investiga 
tion, it is announced that 
the Sugar Trust has de 
prived the Government 
of millions in custom 
frauds. 

Nov. 18. American war- 
ship sent to Nicaragua. 

Dec. 2. U. S. troops land 
in Nicaragua. 



1910 

Jan. 5 Sec. Knox proposes 
to the Powers that the 
jurisdiction of the Inter- 
national Prize Court 
at The Hague be ex- 
tended so as to make it a 
court of arbitral justice. 
— Sec. Knox proposes 
to the Powers that the 
Manchurian Railway of 
China be financed by 
international syndicate. 

Jan. 6. Atty.-Gen. Wick- 
ersham _ makes report 
exonerating Sec. Bal- 
linger. 

Jan. 7. President Ta,ft dis- 
misses Gifford Pinchot 
from Forestry Bureau, 
for insubordination. 

Jan. 17. The Separate 
Statehood Bill for Ari- 
zona and New Mexico 
passes the House of 
Representatives. 

Jan. 26. Joint committee 
of Congress begins Bal- 
linger-Pinchot investi- 
gation. 



British Empire. 



1909 

Nov. 4. The Lloyd-George 
Budget passes House of 
Commons. 

Nov. 17. The Irish Land 
Bill, somewhat amended, 
passes House of Lords. 

Nov. 30. House of Lords 
reject budget by a vote 
of 350 to 75. 

Dec. 1. New Parliamen- 
tary elections called. 



1910 

Jan. 10. King Edward 
dissolves Parliament and 
orders another to meet 
on Feb. 15. 



IQIO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



329 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




Nov. 8. France: Cham- 




Nov. 15. Persia: The 




ber of Deputies rejects 




Shah opens the Persian 




bill changing mode of 




Parliament. 




election of members of 








lower house. 










Dec. 2. Italy: The Cabi- 


Dec. 20. Nicaragua; Jos6 






net of Signor Giolitti 


Madriz elected president 






resigns; 10. New minis- 


by Congress and Zelaya 






try established by Baron 


is esiled. 






Sidney Sonnino. 








Dec. 17. Death of King 








Leopold II., of Belgium. 








Dec. 22. Portugal: New 








ministry is formed under 








Seiior Beiras. 








Dec. 23. Belgium: Albert 








I. becomes king and 








promises reforms in the 








Congo. 




1910 


1910 


1910 


1910 




Jan. 12. Germany: The 


Jan. 11. Turkey: Hakka 






Government announces 


Bey announces forma- 






approval of American 
policy in Manchuria. 


tion of new Cabinet. 






Jan. 14. Spain: Plot dis- 






Jan. 20. France: Great 


covered to overthrow 






floods throughout 


ministry, followed by 






France; the Seine reaches 


many arrests. 






highest point in, three 


Jan. 22. The Knox plan 






centuries. 


to neutralize the Man- 
churian Railroad re- 
jected by Russia and 
Japan, and on the fol- 
lowing day by Great 
Britain and France. 





330 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1910 


1910 


1910 


1910 

Feb. 21. King Edward 
opens Parliament. 






Mar. 5. The U. S. Postal 


Mar. 21. Premier As- 






Saving Bank Bill becomes 


quith introduces Parlia- 






law. 


ment Reform Bill in 






Mar. 16. Speaker Can- 


House of Commons. 






non's decision on a point 








of order _ overruled by 








combination of Repub- 








lican insurgents and 








Democrats by a vote of 








163 to 111. 








Mar. 19. Resolution for 








a reorganization of the 








Rules Committee passes 








House of Representa- 








tives. 








Apr. 4. Decision of the 


Apr. 14. The House of 






Supreme Court in the 


Commons, by a vote of 






Arkansas and Nebraska 


351 to 246, pass the 






Railroad rate cases ad- 


resolution limiting the 






verse to the claims of the 


veto power of the House 






States. 


of Lords. 






Apr. 5. The Socialists 


Apr. 28. The House of 






carry the municipal elec- 


Lords adopts the Bud- 






tions of Milwaukee. 


get Bill. 






Apr. 6. The negro sol- 








diers of the 25th in- 








fantry regiment found 








guilty by a military 








court of the Brownsville 








shooting affair. 





IQIO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



331 



1910 



France and Germany. 



1910 

Feb. 5. Germany: Tariff 
agreement with the 
United States approved 
by the Reichstag. 



Mar. 6. Berlin: The 

Socialists, in defiance of 
police, hold a large open 
air meeting. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1910 

Feb. 1. S weden : M. 
Konow forms a n 
Cabinet. 

Feb._8._ Spain: The Moret 
Ministry overthrown 
Senor Canalejas forms 
a new Cabinet. 

Feb. 12. Spain: The Gov 
ernment notifies the 
Pope of plans to revise 
the concordat with the 
Vatican. 

Feb._ 27. Russia: The 
Minister of Foreign 
Affairs submits to Sec. 
Knox an alternative 
plan for the construc- 
tion of the Sougun- 
Chinchow Railroad. 

Mar. 21. Resignation of 
Italian Cabinet. 

Mar. 28. Monaco: Prince 
Charles proclaims a re- 
presentative govern- 
ment with universal 
suffrage. 

Mar. 30. _ Greece: King 
George issues a royal 
decree for the revision 
of the constitution. 

Mar. 31. Italy: A liew 
Cabinet, with Luigi Luz 
zati as Premier, ii 
formed. 

Apr. 4. Italy: The Pope 
declines to see ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt. 

Apr. 7. Turkey: The ad- 
vance of Albanian clans- 
men repelled by Turkish 
troops before Prestina. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1910 

Feb. 2. Mexico: The Mexi- 
can Packing Company 
fails with liabilities of 
$37,000,000. 

Feb. 18. Nicaragua: Fed- 
eral army defeated, at 
San Vicento, by the 
insurgents. 

Feb. 21. Egypt: Pasha 
Boutros, the Premier, 
assassinated by a Na- 
tionalist student. 

Feb. 23. China: Imperial 
troops occupy Lassa; 
the Dalai Lama flees to 
India. 



Apr. 3. Morocco: Mad 
Mullah is reported to 
have destroyed many 
towns and killed hun- 
dreds of tribesmen. 

Apr. 14: _ China: The for- 
eign missions of Chang- 
sha destroyed by rioters. 

Apr. 2 7. Venezuela: 
Sehor J. V. G o m e z 
elected President b y 
Congress, 



332 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D. 



A.D.I 

1910 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1910 

May 4; Lieutenant Peary 
receives a gold medal 
from the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

May 18. The earth passes 
through the tail of 
Halley's comet. 



June 18. The "World's 
Missionary Conference 
is held in London. 

June 21. The Paris Aca 
demy of Medicine an 
nounces discovery of an 
anti-typhoid vaccine. 



July 12. The Pan-Amer- 
ican Congress opened at 
Buenos Aires. 



Aug. 15. The sixth inter 
national Esperanto Con 
vention assembles a' 
Washington, D. C. 

Aug. 18. A bronze statue of 
Washington, presented 
by the State of Virginia 
to France, unveiled at 
Paris. 



1910 

May 14. Announcement 
from Washington of the 
settlement of proposed 
Chinese Railroad loan; 
Great Britain, France 
Germany, Russia and 
U. S. are to participate 
equally. 



June _ 10. The Western 
Union Telegraph Com- 
pany indicted by Federal 
Grand Jury under Sher- 
man Anti-Trust Law , 
the company yields later 
to demands of Govern- 
ment. 

June 20. _ Pres. Taft signs 
the Arizona and New 
Mexico Statehood Bill. 

Julys. Carl Etherington 
an alleged anti-saloon 
league detective, lynched 
by a mob, in Newark, 
Ohio. 

July 21. Forest fires rage 
in Manitoba, Ontario, 
Montana, Washington, 
Michigan, and Wiscon- 



Aug. 9. An attempt is 
made to assassinate 
Mayor Gaynor of New 
York City. 

Aug. 31. Ex-Pres. Roose 
velt at Ossawatomie 
proclaims the New 
Nationalism. 



1910 

May 6. Death of King 
Edward VII. 

May _ 7. George V. pro- 
claimed King of Great 
Britain and Emperor of 
India. 



June 10. Sir Chas. Hard- 
inge appointed Viceroy 
of India. 



Aug. 3. The British Par- 
liament adjourns with- 
out settling the question 
of the veto power of the 
House of Lords. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



333 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1910 



1910 



1910 

May 13. Russia: Expul- 
sion of Jews resumed at 
Kieg. 



June 9. France: Premier 
Briand outlines the Gov- 
ernment's programme of 
Parliamentary activity; 
electoral reform, im- 
proved budget measures, 
an income tax, and judi- 
cial and administrative 
reform are conspicuous 
features. 



June 7. Italy: Southern 
Italy shaken by a severe 
earthquake; Messina al- 
most destroyed and 
200,000 persons lose 
their lives. 



July 7. Spain: King Al 
fonso signs a bill pro- 
hibiting the entrance of 
additional religious or- 
ders until the negotia- 
tions with the Vatican 
are satisfactorily con 
eluded. 

July 29. Spain: The 
Spanish envoy to the 
Vatican is recalled, — no 
settlement having been 
arranged. 

Aug. 28. Montenegro be 
comes a kingdom, with 
former Prince Nicholas 
as King. 



1910 

May 5. Costa Rica; Car- 
tago nearly destroyed 
by an earthquake, ap- 
proximately 1000 iDcing 
killed. 

May 11. Peru and Ecua- 
dor mobilize troops in 
anticipation of war. 

May 24. Egypt: Ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt in a speech 
endorses British occupa- 
tion, and arouses thereby 
opposition of National- 
ist students. 

May 30. Inception of the 
Colonial Federation of 
United South Africa; 
ex-Pres. Roosevelt, at 
Guildhall, in London, 
advises England to sup- 
press anarchy or let 
Egypt govern itself. 

June 4. Peru and Ecua- 
dor withdraw troops, 
accepting mediation by 
the United States, 
Brazil, and Argentina. 



Aug. 16. Seiior Pedro 
M o n 1 1, President of 
Chile, dies at Bremen. 

Aug. 21. Nicaragua: The 
Revolutionists win a 
decisive battle. 

Aug. 24. Japan formally 
annexes Korea. 

Aug. 26. Panama: Carlos 
Mendoza elected Presi- 
dent by the Assembly. 

Aug. 31. Nicaragua: Gen. 
Juan Estrada is inaugu* 
rated President. 



334 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D, 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1910 



1910 

Sept. 7. The Interna- 
tional Court of Arbitra 
tion at The Hague de 
cides the Newfoundland 
fisheries controversy 
which had endured, in 
one form or another, 
practically throughout 
the history of United 
States. 

Oct. 5. Dedication of St. 
Patrick's Cathedral 
New York. 

Oct. 16. Walter Wellman 
and a crew of five at- 
tempt _ a transatlantic 
flight in dirigible air- 
ship, America IV.; the 
experiment is unsuccess- 
ful, and the party and 
ship are rescued in mid- 
ocean by the steamer 
Trent. 



Nov. Washington grants 
complete suflErage to 
women. 



Dec. 10. Puccini's opera. 
The Girl of the Golden 
West, is sung for the first 
time at the Metropoli- 
tan Opera House, New 
York. 

Deaths in_ 1910: Agassiz 
Alex.; Bjornson, Bjorns- 
tjerne; Brewer, B. J.; 
Carlisle, J. G.; Clemens 
S. L. (Mark Twain) 
Eddy, M. B.; Edward 
VII.; Fuller. M. W. 
Hill, D. B.;Howe, J. W.; 
Huggins, Sir W.; James 
W.; Koch, R.; LaFarge, 
John; McEnery, S. D.; 
Montt, P.; Nightingale, 
P.; Piatt, T. C; Schia- 
parelli, G.; Spencer, 
Earl J.; Smith, Goldwin; 
Tolstoi, Count Leo. 



United States. 



1910 

Sept. 3. The National 
Conservation Associa- 
tion meets at St. Paul, 
Minn., and is addressed 
by President Taft. 

Sept. 27._ Pres. Taft places 
all assistant postmasters 
under the Civil Service 
regulations. 



Nov. 8. The general elec- 
tion results in sweeping 
Democratic gains, the 
House of Representa- 
tives becoming Demo- 
cratic by a large major- 
ity. 



Dec. 7. Secretary of the 
Interior Ballinger is vin 
dicated by the Congres 
sional Committee of in 
vestigation of all charges 
against him. 

Dec. 12. Pres. Taft ap- 
points Edward D. White 
Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court. 



British Empire, 



1910 



Oct. 17. Great Britain 
threatens, unless order is 
restored within three 
months, to occupy cer- 
tain districts of unrest 
in Persia. 



Nov. 3. Reorganization 
of British Cabinet. 

Nov. 9. English, French, 
and German banks sign 
an agreement to parti- 
cipate with an American 
syndicate in making a 
loan of $50,000,000 to 
China. 

Nov. 16. The Govern- 
ment Bill restricting 
the veto power of the 
House of Lords is intro- 
duced in that body by 
Lord Crewe. 

Nov. 22. British suffra- 
gettes assault Premier 
Asquith and Augustine 
Birrell. 

Nov. 28. Parliament dis- 
solved and new elections 
are ordered. 

Dec. 19. The general 
elections result in a co- 
alition majority for thfi 
Government, of 126. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



335 



1910 



France and Germany. 



1910 



Nov. 7. France: The 
Cabinet resigns, and 
M. Briand, the premier, 
forms another. 

Nov. 9._ Socialists and 
Catholics fail in attempt 
to vote lack of confi- 
dence in new Cabinet 



Dec. 20. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
votes confidence 
the Gov't's policy in 
settling the railroad 
strike. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1910 

Sept. Spain: Serious riots, 
occasioned by the strike 
of coal miners, occur in 
various cities. 



October. Portugal: Seri- 
ous revolutionary out- 
breaks occur in Lisbon. 

Oct. 6. The royal family 
of Portugal takes refuge 
at Gibraltar. 

Oct. 18. Greece: M. Vene- 
zelos forms new Cabinet. 

Oct. 28. The revolution- 
ary Portuguese Govern- 
ment decrees the free- 
dom of the Press and 
the separation of Church 
and State. 

Oct. 30. Ex-Premier 
Franco arrested on 
charges of abuse of 
power in ofSce. 

Nov. 8. Portugal: Revo- 
lutionists abolish Mon- 
archy and establish a 
Republic; King Manuel 
exiled. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1910 



Dec. 23. Spain: The 
Cortes passes "padlock 
bill" forbidding, for two 
years, the further crea- 
tion of religious orders, 



Nov. 22. Mexico: Fran- 
cisco I. Madero pro- 
claims himself President. 

Nov. 24. Naval rebels at 
Rio de Janeiro kill their 
officers and take posses- 
sion of three ships. 
They _ shell the other 
warships in the harbor, 
and send an ultimatum 
ashore to which the 
Gov't accedes. 



Dec. 1. Gen. Porfirio 
Diaz inaugurated Pres. 
of Mexico for eighth 
term. 



336 



TABULAR VIEWS 



191 1 A.D. 



1911 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1911 

Jan. 9.. The first South 
American Postal Con- 
gress meets at Monte- 
video. 

Jan. 11. Kaiser William 
II. 's Society for the Pro- 
motion of Scientific Re- 
search is formally opened 
in Berlin. 

Jan. 20. Andrew Carne- 
gie adds $10,000,000 to 
the endowment of the 
Carnegie Institute at 
Washington, D. C. 

Jan. 23. Opening at Paris 
of the Oceanographic 
Institute built by the 
Prince of Monaco. 



Mar. 29. Tercentenary of 
the Authorized Version 
of the Bible is celebrated 
in London. 



United States. 



1911 

Jan. 3. First Postal Say- 
ings Bank opened in 
the United States. 

Jan. 5. Pres. Taft, Sec 
Knox, and Ambassador 
Bryce open negotiations 
for an arbitration treaty 
between the U. S. and 
Great Britain. 

Jan. 11. Pres. Taft, in a 
special message, asks 
for $5,000,000 to fortify 
the Panama Canal. 

Jan. 19. The Ways and 
Means Committee given 
power to appoint com- 
mittees subject to ap 
proval of the House. 

Jan. 30. _ The Bill creating 
a Tariff Board passes 
the House of Represen 
tatives. 

Feb. 14. The Canadian 
Reciprocity Bill passes 
the_ House of Represen- 
tatives. 

Feb. 21. Treaty of Com 
merce and Navigation 
between the United 
States and Japan signed 
at Washington. 



Mar. 1. The title of Sen 
Lorimer to his seat in 
the Senate is confirmed 
by a vote of 46 to 30. 

Mar. 3. Pres. Taft signs 
a bill abolishing federal 
circuit courts. 

Mar. 4. Pres. Taft calls 
an extraordinary session 
of Congress to meet on 
April 4 to consider the 
reciprocity agreement 
with Canada. 

Mar. 7. Resignation of 
Ballinger as Secretary 
of the Interior; W. L. 
Fisher appointed in his 
stead. 

Mar. 13. Constitution- 
ality of the federal cor- 
poration tax law affirmed 
by the Supreme Court. 



British Empire. 



1911 

Jan. 1. Pauper disquali- 
fications for the old age 
pensions cease to be 
operative in the United 
Kingdom. 

Jan. 3. The_ Indian Gov- 
ernment issues order 
prohibiting emigration 
of indentured Indians 
to the Natal. 

Jan. 28. The Duke of 
Connaught appointed as 
successor to Earl Grey 
as Governor-General of 
Canada. 



Feb. 1. Mylius convicted 
for libelling George V. 

Feb. 9. The House of 
Commons, by a vote of 
324 to 222, endorse the 
principle of free trade. 

Feb. 22. The Canadian 
Parliament passes a 
resolution attesting its 
loyalty to _the_ British 
Empire and its intention 
to control its fiscal poli- 
cies. 

Mar. 11. Sir James Ward, 
premier of New Zealand, 
advocates an Imperial 
Council and graduated 
contributions to an im- 
perial fleet. 



I 91 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



337 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

Jan. 3. France: The In 
stitute of France de 
cides that it will not 
admit women to its 
membership. 

Jan. 10. M. Brisson is 
re-elected President of 
the French Chamber of 
Deputies. 



Feb. 24. France: The 
majority in favor of the 
Government reduced to 
sixteen. 

Feb. 27. Resignation of 
premier, M. Briand. 



Mar. 1. France: A new 
French Gov't is formed 
under M. Monis as 
premier. 

Mar. 7. Germany: The 
Chancellor warns the 
Vatican against issuing 
decrees or bills affecting 
Germans without first 
consulting the Gov't. 

Mar. 10. The Green- 
wich standard of time 
adopted in France and 
Algiers. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 

Jan. 7. Italy: A commis- 
sion of senators recom- 
mend that the Italian 
Senate should be made 
more representative in 
character. 



Feb. 25. Bulgaria: Five 
ministers charged with 
systematic violation of 
the law. 



Mar. 7. Russia: Jubilee 
of the emancipation of 
the Serfs celebrated in 
St. Petersburg. 

Mar. 11. _ Italy: The trial 
of thirty Neapolitan 
Camorrists, charged 
with murder, begins at 
Viterbo. 

Mar. 18. Italy: Resigna 
tion of Premier Luzzati 
and Cabinet. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 

Jan. 10. Salvador: Man- 
uel E. Oranjo elected 
President. 

Jan. 11. Roumania: The 
Ministry resigns, and 
M. Carp forms conserva- 
tive cabinet. 

Jan. 19. Paraguay: Pres. 
Gondra resigns, and is 
succeeded by Col. Jara. 



Mar. 1. Uruguay: Jos5 
Batele y Ordonnez 
elected President. 

Mar. 7._ The Mexican 
revolution becomes more 
serious, and_ 2 0,0 
American soldiers are or- 
dered to the border. 

Mar. 27. Madero, leader 
of the Mexican revolu- 
tionists, states that he 
will not lay down arms 
until Diaz is displaced. 



33« 



TABULAR VIEWS 



191 1 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1911 



1911 

Apr. 29. The Interna- 
tional Exhibition of In- 
dustries opened at Turin 
by King of Italy. 



May 14. The Interna 
tional Institute of Agri 
culture holds genera 
assembly at Rome. 

May 23. Opening of New 
York City public library 



June 4. A statue of Victor 
Emmanuel II. unveiled 
by King of Italy. 



United States. 



1911 

Apr. 4. Congress meets In 
special session; Champ 
Clark elected Speaker. 

Apr. 12. Resolution for 
an amendment to the 
Constitution providing 
for direct election of 
Senators passes House 
of Rep. by a vote of 
296 to 16. 

Apr. 21. Bill for reci- 
procity with Canada 
passes the House of 
Representatives. 



May 1. Supreme Court 
decides that the federal 
government, not that of 
the States, controls for 
est reserves. 

May 8. The Farmer's 
Free List Bill passes the 
House. 

May 15. The House of 
Rep. appoints a com 
mittee with A. O. Stan- 
ley as chairman, to 
investigate the affairs 
of the Steel Trust; 
Henry L. Stimson suc- 
ceeds Jacob M. Dic- 
kinson as Sec. of War. 

May 16. Supreme Court 
decides that the Stand- 
ard Oil Company is an 
organization in restraint 
of trade, and orders its 
dissolution within _ six 
months; distinguishes 
between reasonable and 
unreasonable restraint 
of trade. 

May 29. Supreme Court 
orders dissolution of the 
American Tobacco Com 
pany. 

June 12. The Senate 
passes the resolution 
for the constitutional 
amendment providing 
for the direct election 
of Senators. 



British Empire. 



1911 

Apr. 2. Decennial census 
taken in United King- 
dom; woman suffragists 
attempt to evade enu- 
meration. 

Apr. 3. Great _ Britain 
and Japan sign new 
commercial treaty; 21, 
John Redmond, speak- 
ing at Holyhead, states 
that Irish party will 
vote for Welsh Dis- 
establishment Bill. 

Apr. 24. Parliament r-- 
assembles and begins 
consideration of the 
Parliament Bill; 26. 
Amendment to Parlia- 
ment Bill providing for 
referendum of constitu- 
tional questions to the 
electorate rejected in 
Commons by a vote of 
286 to 164. 

May 4. Lloyd-George in- 
troduces National Insur- 
ance Bill in Commons. 

May 8. British and Chi- 
nese Govts, sign an 
agreement in Peking to 
decrease Chinese pro- 
duction of opium and 
its import from India 
in equal proportions for 
seven years. 

May 15. The Parliament 
Bill passes the Commons 
by a vote of 362 to 24i. 

May 22. Lord Lans- 
downe's Parliament Bill 
passes House of Lords. 



June 22. The coronation 
of George V. and Queen 
Mary takes place ia 
Westminster Abbey. 



I9II A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



339 



France and Germany. 



1911 

Apr. 12. France: The 
Champagne riots break 
out again in the Epernay 
district. 



May_ 11. The German 
Reichstag rejects Alsace- 
Lorraine constitution 
bill; finally accepts it 
on the 26th. 

May 21. France: Sec. _of 
War killed and Premier 
Monis injured by the 
fall of an aeroplane 
at Issy-les-Molineaux; 
French relief column 
enters Fez, after policy 
of intervention is ap- 
plied. 

May 30. Germany: Reichs- 
tag passes Working- 
men's Insurance Bill. 



June 7. Germany warns 
France that Moroccan 
sovereignty nnust be 
respected. 

June 12. France an- 
nounces that she will 
act in concert with 
Spain in the Moroccan 
matter without consult- 
ing the other Powers. 

June 23. The French 
Ministry of Monis is 
defeated and resigns; 27. 
New ministry formed 
under M. Caillaux as 
premier. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 



May 29. Russia anc 
Japan express a desire 
to share in the interna 
tional loan to China 
The Pope issues an en 
cyclical condemning the 
anti-religious attitude of 
the Portuguese Repub 
lie. 



June 8. Belgium: Resig- 
nation of SchoUaert 
Cabinet on failure of 
the Education Bill. 

June 14. New ministry 
formed under M. de 
Broqueville. 

June 26. Austria: The Pre- 
mier, Baron Bienerth, 
resigns, and is succeeded 
by Baron Gautsch. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 

Apr. 8. Morocco: Fez 
falls before an attack of 
the Berbers. 

Apr. 23. Mexico: After 
varying success, the in- 
surgents and federals 
agree to sign an armis- 
tice for four days ' peace. 



May. Mexico: After in- 
terrupted negotiations 
and the capture of Jua- 
rez, articles of peace are 
signed at Juarez. 

May_ 25. Porfirio Diaz 
resigns as Pres. of Mex- 
cio and Francisco de 
la Barra is chosen as 
provisional president. 



June. Albania: The 
guerilla warfare of 
the clansmen continues. 

June 13. Persia: W. Mor- 
gan Shuster, American 
financier, placed in 
charge of Persian 

finances. 

June 15. _ Mexico: The 
International Boundary 
Commission gives Mex- 
ico a part of the Cha- 
miza tract near El Paso, 
Texas. 



340 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9II A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1911 



1911 

July 26. Universal Races 
Congress meets in Lon- 
don. 



United States. 



1911 

July 17., The Senate 
passes with amendments 
the House Bill provid- 
ing for publicity of 
campaign contributions. 

July 19. The Senate rati- 
fies the arbitration 
treaty between the 
United States and Great 
Britain. 

July 26. The Reciprocity 
Bill passed by Congress 
and signed by Pres. 
Taft. 

July 27. The LaFoUette 
compromise Wool Bill 
passed by the Senate 



Sept. 9. First aerial postal 
service in United King- 
dom instituted between 
Hendon and Windsor. 



British Empire. 



Aug. 1. The Senate passe- 
the Farmers' Free List 
Bill. 

Aug. 2. Anglo-American 
and Franco-American 
Arbitration treaties 

signed at Washington. 

Aug. 15. Pres. Taft vetoe 
bill admitting Arizona 
and New Mexico to 
statehood; recommends 
certain changes. 

Aug. 17. Pres. Taft vetoe- 
Wool Bill and Farmers' 
Free List Bill. 

Aug. 18. The Senate 
modifies the Arizona and 
New Mexico Statehood 
Bill in accordance with 
views of the President. 

Aug. 22. Pres.Taft vetoes 
Cotton Bill. 

Sept. 15. Pres. Taft be- 
gins a 15,000 mile cam- 
paign tour. 



1911 

July 5. Lord Lansdowne's 
amendment to the Par- 
liament Bill adopted ia 
the Lords by a vote c£ 
253 to 46. 

July 13. The Anglo- 
Japanese Treaty of Alli- 
ance renewed for ten 
years. 

July 21. Premier Asquith 
states in a letter to Mr. 
Balfour that he will 
advise King to create a 
sufficiently large num- 
ber of peers to carry the 
Parliament Bid. 

July 24. Canada: The 
Opposition in the Do- 
minion Parliament de- 
mands that Reciprocity 
Bill be submitted to the 
Canadian people. 

July 29. Canada: Premier 
Laurier advises the dis- 
solution of the Parlia- 
ment. 

Aug. 7. The Balfour mo- 
tion of censure on the 
Government fails by a 
vote of 246 to 346. 

Aug. 8. Commons reject 
the amendments of the 
House of Lords to Par- 
liament Bill ;_ the House 
of Lords decides not to 
insist on its amendment, 
and passes the Parlia- 
ment Bill; the House of 
Commons passes a reso- 
lution in favor of pay- 
ing members an annual 
salary of £400. 



Sept. 21. Canada: the 
general elections result 
in a victory for the Con- 
servatives and a rejec- 
tion of the Reciprocity 
Agreement with the 
United States. 



191 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



341 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

July 1. Germany: The 
Government orders 
gunboat to Agadir to 
protect German inter- 
ests in Morocco. 

July 17. It is announced 
that Germany demands 
a cession of a part of the 
French Congo for fore- 
going her claims in 
Morocco. 



Aug. 3. France: The rail- 
way men adopt a reso- 
lution against Sabotage. 

Aug. 4. It is reported 
that Herr Kinderlen- 
Waechter and M. Cam- 
bon arrive at an agree- 
ment concerning the 
Moroccan question. 



Sept. 1. France: Food 
riots in Northern France. 

Sept. 10. Germany: So- 
cialist Conference meets 
at Jena. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 

July 10. Russia informs 
Germany that she will 
support France in the 
Morocco matter. 

July 15. Turkey: A Turk- 
ish force, under Edhem 
Pasha; ambushed by 
Albanians near Ipek. 

July 31. Russia: The 
Government demands 
the dismissal of Shuster 
as Financial Agent of 
Persia. 



Aug. 3. The Albanian 
tribesmen, persuaded by 
King Nicholas of Mon- 
tenegro, accept the 
Turkish concessions. 

Aug. 24. _ Portugal: 
Manuel Arriaga elected 
President. 



Sept. 2. Portugal: New 
Cabinet formed under 
Senhor Chagas. 

Sept. 14. Russia: M. Sto- 
lypin, the Premier, mor- 
tally wounded at Kieff; 
18. Premier Stolypin 
dies; 19. M. Kokovtsoff 
appointed Prime Min- 
ister. 

Sept. 28. Italy: After 
long negotiations pre- 
sents ultimatum to Tur- 
key; 29. No satisfaction 
being obtained Italy 
declares war on Turkey; 
30. The Turkish Min- 
istry under Hakkl Bey 
resigns; Turkey appeals 
to Powers; Italy bom- 
bards Preveza, and an- 
nounces blockade of 
Tripolitan coast. 

Sept. 29. Sweden: In the 
general elections, the 
Conservatives are de- 
feated, and M. Lindman 
resigns as Premier. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 



Aug. 14. Haiti: General 
Leconte elected Presi- 
dent. 



Sept. 8. Fighting occurs 
between Peruvians and 
Bolivians atManuripe. 

Sept. Revolutionary out- 
breaks occur in China. 



342 



TABULAR VIEWS 



191 I A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1911 



1911 

Oct. 9. International 

Maritime Conference 
meets at Paris. Inter- 
national Committee of 
Cotton Growing Assoc- 
ciations meets in Berlin. 



1911 

Oct. 19. . Chairman N. W. 
Aldrich presents to the 
U. S. National Mone- 
tary Commission his 
plan for banking and 
currency reform. 



1911 

Oct. 6. Canada: Mr. Bor- 
den becomes Premier 
and forms conservative 
ministry. 

Oct. 19. Mr. Birrell out- 
lines the Government's 
proposed Irish Home 
Rule Bill. 

Oct. 23. Winston Church- 
ill becomes First Lord 
of the Admiralty and 
Reginald McKenna 

Home Secretary. 



Nov. 9. Dedication of 

granite temple erected 
over the cabin in which 
Abraham Lincoln was 
born. 



Nov. 13. The Sulzer re- 
solution providing for 
the abrogation of the 
treaty of 1832 with Rus 
sia passes House by a 
vote of 300 to 1. 

Nov. 15. Plan for the 
dissolution of the Stand 
ard Oil Company i: 
made publi.;. 



Dec. 8. King George se- 
lects position for the All 
India memorial to Ed 
ward VII. 

Deaths in 1911: Ab- 
bey, E. A.; Bigelow 
John; Clarke, Sir C. P.; 
Dilke, Sir Chas.; Dry 
den, J. P.; Frye, W. P.; 
Gilbert, Sir W.S.; Har 
Ian, J. M.; Higginson, 
T. W.; Hooker, Sir J. D. 
Houssaye, Henri; John 
son, T. L.; Komura 
Marquis J.; March, F. 
A.; Mills, R. Q.; Mor- 
ton, Paul; Pulitzer, 
Joseph; Rouvier, M.; 
Stolypin, P. A. 



Dec. 2. The McNamara 
brothers confess respon 
sibility for the e.xplosion 
which occurred in the 
building of the Los 
Angeles Times. 

Dec. 18. Pres. Taft not; 
fies the Russian Gov't 
that the treaty of 1832, 
under which Russia has 
excluded _ Jewish Amer 
ican citizens, will be 
abrogated on Dec. 31 



Nov. 4._ The Ulster Union- 
ists issue a manifesto 
refusing to accept Home 
Rule. 

Nov. 8. Mr. Balfour re- 
signs as leader of the 
Unionist party. 

Nov. 11. King George y. 
leaves England for India 
consigning the govern- 
ment of the realm to a 
commission formed of 
Prince Arthur of Con- 
naught, the Archbishop 
of Canterbury, and Lord 
Morley. 

Nov. 13. Mr. Bonar Law 
selected as leader of 
the Unionist party. 

Nov. 27. Sir Edward Grey, 
in a speech before the 
Commons concerning the 
Moroccan negotiations, 
supports the claims and 
position of France. 

Dec. 6. The Insurance 
Bill passes House of 
Commons. 

Dec. 12. Coronation Dur- 
bar at Delhi, at which 
King George V. an- 
nounces the transfer of 
the capital from Cal- 
cutta to Delhi. 

Dec. 15. The Insurance 
Bill passes House of 
Lords. 



I9II A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



343 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

Oct. 18. Germany: The 
Kaiser unveils, at Ai.\ 
la-Chapelle, statue of 
Frederick the Great. 

Oct. 25. After many 
diplomatic exchanges, 
France and Germany 
arrive at agreement con- 
cerning points of dif- 
ference in Moroccan 
controversy. 



Nov. 2. France and Ger- 
many negotiate treaty 
concerning exchange of 
territory in Africa; 4. 
The treaty agreed upon 
and signed. 

Nov. 24. Publication in 
London of the five secret 
articles of the Anglo- 
French declaration of 
1904 concerning Egypt 
and Morocco. 

Nov. 27. German Navy 
League begins campaign 
advocating the enlarge- 
ment of the naval force. 



Dec. 20. France: The 
Chamber assents to 
Franco-German agree- 
ment by a vote of 393 to 
36. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 

Oct. 3. Italy announces 

complete blockade of 

Tripolitan ports. 
Oct. 4. Said Pasha forms 

new Turkish Ministry 
Oct. 5. Italian flag raised 

at Tripoli. 
Oct. 7. Sweden: _M. Staaff 

forms new ministry. 



Nov. 3. Russia demands 
an apology for insult to 
consular officers by Per- 
sian gendartnerie. 

Nov. 5. Italy, by Royal 
Decree, annexes Tripoli 
and Cyrenaica. 

Nov. 8. The Portuguese 
Cabinet resigns. 

Nov_. 11. Portugal: New 
ministry formed under 
Senhor Vasconcelles. 



Dec. 1. Russia sends an- 
other ultimatum to Per- 
sia demanding dismissal 
of Shuster; 3. Sends 
troops into Persia. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 

Oct. 1. Mexico: General 
Francisco L Madero 
elected President. 

Oct. 14. China: Because 
of the serious revolu- 
tionary activities in 
China, Yuan Shih-kai 
is recalled from banish- 
ment and made Viceroy. 

Oct. 16. Mexico: Fight- 
ing between Maderistas 
and Zapatistas. 

Oct. 19. Persia appeals 
to Great Britain for as- 
sistance against Russia. 

Oct. 26. China: The Revo- 
lutionist leader Li- 
Huan-Hung proclaims 
a republic. 

Oct. 30. China: The Em- 
peror grants a constitu- 
tion. 

Nov. 8. Shuster charges 
both Russia and Great 
Britain with unwar- 
ranted interference in 
Persian aflfairs. 

Nov. 14. China: An im- 
perial edict commands 
Yuan Shih-kai to accept 
premiership; 26. Revo- 
lutionists attack Nan- 
king. ■ 



Dec. 1. China: Rebels 
capture Nanking; 5. 
Prince Chun, the regent, 
abdicates, and guardians 
are appointed for infant 
emperor. 

Dec. 4. Persia appeals 
to the world for aid 
against _ Russia; 22: 
Persia yields to the de- 
mands of Russia; dis- 
misses Shuster. 



344 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I912 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 



Mar. 7. Amundsen, the 
Norwegian explorer, an- 
nounces the discovery of 
the South Pole, which 
he reached on Dec. 11, 
1911. 



United States. 



1912 

Jan. 4. Pres. Taft issues 
proclamation recogniz- 
ing the admission of New 
Mexico to the American 
Union of States. 

Jan. 14. The Supreme 
Court decides that the 
amended Employers 
Liability Law is consti- 
tutional. 

Jan. 16. Pres. Taft noti- 
fies the Cuban Govern- 
ment that intervention 
will result unless the 
military authorities 

cease to interfere ir 
civil afifairs. 

Jan. 29. Clarence S. Dar 
row indicted on charge 
of bribing McNamara 
jurors. 

Feb._ 10. The Senate Com 
mittee on Privileges and 
Elections exonerates 
Senator Stephenson, of 
Wisconsin, from charges 
of corruption. 

Feb. 14. Pres. Taft pro- 
claims the admission of 
Arizona to statehood. 

Feb. 19. Supreme Court 
decides that, in accord 
ance with the constitu- 
tional guaranty, it 
function of Congress to 
determine whether 
not the adoption of the 
initiative and referen 
dum renders govern- 
ment of a State unrepub- 
lican in form. 

Feb. 25. Col. Roosevelt 
writes to seven gover 
nors that he will accept 
the Republican nomina 
tion for President. 

Mar. 2. Pres. Taft issues 
proclamation of neutral 
ity in reference to Mexi- 
co. 

Mar. 7. _ The Senate, after 
adopting certain amend- 
ments, ratifies arbitra- 
tion treaties with Great 
Britain and France. 

Mar. 14. _ Pres. Taft for- 
bids shipment of arms 
into Mexico. 



British Empire. 



1912 



Feb. 14. Bill for the dis- 
establishment of Welsh 
Church introduced in 
House of Commons. 



Mar. 1. General strike of 
coal miners _ begins in 
Great Britain; more 
than a million men stop 
work, the mines sus- 
pend _ operation, and in- 
dustries generally suffer. 

Mar. 21. Minimum Wage 
Bill passes House of 
Commons, and House 
of Lords on the 28th; 
crisis in miners' strike 
is passed. 

Mar. Suffragettes be- 
come particularly vio- 
lent,_ smashing hundreds 
of windows. 



I9I2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



345 



1912 



France and Germany. 



1912 

Jan. 10. France: As 
result of sensational 
charges of M. Clemen 
ceau, in reference to the 
conduct of the negotia- 
tions regarding Morocco 
the premier, M. Call- 
laux, and the Cabinet 
resign; 13. A new Cabi 
net formed under M. 
Poincare; 17. Violent 
outburst of anti-Italian 
feeling follows seizure 
of French liners by 
Italian warships {see 
Italy); matter later re 
ferred to arbitration. 



Feb. 1. France: War De 
partment abolishes sys 
tem of secret reports; 
10; Senate ratifies Mo 
rocco agreement bill. 

Feb. Germany: In gen 
eral elections, the Social- 
ists make remarkable 
gains. 



Mar. 11. Westphalian 
and French miners strike 
i n sympathy with 
Engish miners. 

Mar. 30. France estab- 
lishes protectorate over 
Morocco. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1912 

Jan. 12. Naval engage 
ment takes place in the 
Red Sea between Italian 
cruisers and Turkish 
gunboats, in which seven 
Turkish ships are sunk; 
17. Italian torpedo boats 
seize the French liners 
Carthage and Manouba 
alleging that they carry 
contraband; strained 
diplomatic relations be- 
tween two countries. 



Feb. 22. Italy: The Par 
liament passes a bill 
for the annexation of 
Tripoli. 



Mar. 7. Austria-Hungary: 
The Hungarian Premier, 
Count Khuen-Hedevary, 
resigns, but continues 
in power. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1912 . 

Jan. 2. China: Dr. Sun 
Yat Sen proclaims him- 
self provisional Presi- 
dent of the Republic of 
China. 

January. Mexico: Inci- 
pient revolts against the 
Madero Government 
break out. 



Feb. 2. Honduras: Gen- 
eral Bonilla assumes the 
presidency. 

Feb. 5. Santo Domingo: 
Eladio Victoria elected 
President. 

Feb. 12. China: The Em- 
peror abdicates, and a 
Republic is established} 
15. Yuan Shih-kai 
elected President by the 
National Assembly. 



Mar. 21. Paraguay: The 
Government overthrown 
by a revolution led by 
General Navero. 

Mar. 29. China: Tang- 
Shao-yi becomes first 
premier of the Republic. 



346 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I912 A.D. 



A.D. Progress of Society, etc, 



1912 



1912 

Apr. 12. Memorial _ to 
Queen Victoria unveiled 
at Cimiez. 

Apr. 16. Miss Harriet 
Quimby, a woman avi- 
ator, flies across the 
English Channel. 



May 1. New typhoid se^ 
rum submitted to the 
French Academy by 
Drs. Metchnikoff and 
Broughtnn Alcock; and 
a new medicinal treat 
ment of cancer an 
nounced by Dr. Grezda 
of Agram. 



June 8. Memorial to 
Christopher Columbus 
unveiled at Washington 
D. C. 



July 24. First Interna- 
tional Congress on Eu 
genics held in London 
Prof. Herschell Parker 
and Belmore Brown 
announce that they have 
ascended within three 
hundred feet of the 
summit of Mt. McKin 
ley. 



United States. 



1912 

Apr. 1. Wool Bill passes 
House. 

Apr. 27. Committee on 
Banking and_ Currency 
in House begin investi- 
gation of the Money 
Trust. 

Apr. 29. Inquiry ordered 
by the Senate into con- 
tributions and campaign 
funds for the years 1904- 
1908. 

May 17. Eugene V. Debs 
nominated for President 
by the Socialist National 
Convention. 

May 28. The Smith Com- 
mittee of Inquiry of the 
Senate make report on 
the sinking of the Ti 
lanic. 

May 30. Steel Bill passes 
Senate. 



June 17. President Taft 
vetoes Army Appropri- 
ation Bill. 

June 18. Republican Na- 
tional Convention meets 
in Chicago. 

June 22. President Taft 
renominated by Repub- 
licans; followers of 
Roosevelt "bolt'| and 
propose organization of 
new Progressive Party. 

June 25. Democratic 
National Convention as- 
sembles at Baltimore. 

July 2. Dr. Woodrow Wil- 
son nominated on 46th 
ballot by Democratic 
National Convention. 

July 11. House of Rep. im- 
peaches Judge Archbald. 

July 13. Senator Lorimer 
unseated. 

July 29. Lieutenant Beck- 
er, of the New York 
City Police, arrested for 
having instigated mur- 
der of Herman Rosen- 
thal; in subsequent de- 
velopments, a great 
scandal arises from al- 
leged grafting practises 
of the police. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Apr. 15. The White Star 
liner Titanic strikes ice- 
berg off the coast of New- 
foundland and sinks, 
with loss of 1513. 

Apr. 17. The proposed 
loan to China becomes 
open equally to six 
Powers: Great Britain, 
France, Germany, Japan, 
Russia, and the United 
States. 

May 2. Titanic inquiry 
opens under presidency 
of Lord Mersey. 

May 23. General strike 
proclaimed of all trans- 
port workers of London; 
ends July 29. 

May-June. Discussions 
in House of Commons 
concerning Irish Home 
Rule. 



June 12. Col. J. E. B. 
Seeley becomes Secre- 
tary of State for war in 
British Gov't. 

June 19. The House of 
Commons, by a majority 
of 63, declines to exclude 
Ulster from operation of 
Home Rule Bill. 



July 9. New _ Zealand: 
MacKensie Ministry re- 
signs, and Mr. Massey 
forms another on the 
10th. 

July 11. Great Britain 
protests against exemp- 
tion of American coast- 
wise ships in Canal Tolls 
B'll, pending in U. S. 
Congress. 



I9I2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



347 



1912 



France and Germany. 



1912 

\pr. 15. Germany: De- 
fense Bill, providing for 
great increase in naval 
and military expendi 
tures, introduced in 
Reichstag 

Apr. 17. France: Native 
Moroccan troops mu- 
tiny; 22. Order restored 
after bloody fighting. 



May 8. Germany: The 
Reichstag adopts new 
rule of practice by which 
members have right to 
interpellate ministers. 

May 13. Germany: Em- 
peror William, in pri- 
vate conversation with 
Burgomaster of Strass- 
burg, threatens to abol 
ish the constitution of 
Alsace and Lorraine and 
incorporate provinces 
with Prussia. 

May 21. Germany: De- 
fense Bill passed by 
Reichstag. 

May 23. France: M. 
Paul Deschanel elected 
President of Chamber of 
Deputies in place of M. 
Brisson (deceased). 

June 30. France: Cele- 
bration at Paris of bi- 
centenary of Rousseau. 



July 9. France: Chamber 
of Deputies accepts the 
principle of the Govern- 
ment's electoral reform 
bill; 10. Despite violent 
demonstration by Op' 
position, the bill passes 
by vote of 339 to 217 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1912 

Apr. 18. Italian warships 

bombard forts at en 

trance of Dardanelles. 
Apr. 21. Austria-Hung 

gary: George Lukacs be 

comes Hungarian Pre 

mier. 
Apr. 30. Portugal: Royal 

ist raid occurs at 

Mongao. 



May 15. King Frederick 
of Denmark dies and is 
succeeded by Christian 
X. 

May 22. Austria-Hun 
gary: On reopening of 
Hungarian Chamber 
Count Tisra is elected 
President amid scenes 
of great confusion. 



June 5._ Hungary: Scenes 
of wild disorder occur 
in Chamber when the 
opponents of the Tisra 
Army Bill are expelled 
by the police. 

June 19. Montenegro: 
General Martinovitch 
forms new Cabinet. 

June. Guerilla warfare 
between Italians and 
Arabs continues in Tri- 
poli. 



July 8. Italy: Trial of 
the Camorrists at Vi- 
terbo ends, and twenty- 
six men are convicted 
— the sentences of im- 
prisonment varying from 
five to thirty years. 

July 17. Turkey: Min- 
istry under Said Pasha 
resigns, and is succeeded, 
on i8th, by Tewfik 
Pasha; on the same day 
the last named ministry 
is overthrown and Ghazi 
Mukhtar Pasha forms 
a Cabinet. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1912 

Apr. 17. Mexico declines 
to recognize right of 
U. S. Government to 
interfere in her afiairs. 



June 28. The Chinese Pre- 
mier, Tang Shao-yi, 
resigns; succeeded by 
Lu Cheng-Nsieng. 



July 29. Japan: Mutsu- 
hito. Emperor of Japan, 
dies: he is succeeded o» 
the 30th by his soa 
Yoshihito. 



348 



TABULAR VIEWS 



191 2 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 

Aug. 14. The Duke of 
Connaught dedicates 
National Memorial to 
Nova Scotian Assembly, 
which was first opened 
in 1758. 



Sept. 4. Eighth Interna- 
tional Congress of Ap- 
plied Chemistry meets 
at Washington, D. C. 

Sept. 9. Prof. Vilhjalmar 
Stefansson returns after 
four years' exploration 
in arctic regions. 

Sept. 10. International 
Congress for Labor 
Legislation opens at 
Zurich. 

Sept. 30. Opening of the 
Pulitzer School of Jour- 
nalism at Columbia Uni- 
versity. 



United States. 



1912 

Aug. 2. The Monroe Doc- 
trine extended, by Lodge 
resolution in the Senate, 
to cover foreign corpo 
rations holding land on 
American continents; 
the Stanley Committee 
for investigating U. S. 
Steel Corporation reports 
to House of Representa- 
tives and suggests legisla- 
tion to control industrial 
combinations and trusts. 

Aug. 5. Progressive Na- 
tional^ Convention opens 
in Chicago, and on the 
7th nominates Theodore 
Roosevelt for President. 

Aug. 9. Senate passes 
Canal Tolls Bill; Presi- 
dent Taft vetoes Wool 
Bill. 

Aug. 14. Steel and Iron 
Tariff Revision Bill, 
which was vetoed by 
Pres. Taft, is passed over 
his veto by House of 
Rep., but veto is sus- 
tained in the Senate. 

Sept. 13. The United 
States Government de- 
cides to intervene ir 
Santo Domingo, be 
cause of civil war ob- 
taining there. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Aug. 19. Great Britain 
accepts the invitation of 
Count Berchtold to ex- 
change ideas relative to 
situation in Balkan 
States. 



Sept. 6. The British 
Trade Union Congress at 
Newport votes against 
Syndicalism and re-af- 
firms its support of in- 
dependent working-class 
political action. 

Sept. 19. After making 
demonstrations against 
Home Rule, Ulster 
Unionists sign a Solemn 
Covenant,^ pledging con- 
tinued resistance. 



I9I2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



349 



1912 



France and Germany. 



1912 

Aug. 17. France and Ger- 
many accept invitation 
of Count Berchtold to 
join in "conversation" 
with reference to Balkan 
affairs. 



Sept. 10. France: The 
Government announces 
that in future practically 
the entire fleet will be 
concentrated in Medi 
terranean. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1912 

Aug. 5. Frontier fights 
between Montenegrins 
and Turks. 

Aug. 8. Turkish Minister 
leaves Cettigne. 

Aug. 16. Austria: Count 
Berchtold, Austrian 

Foreign Minister, in- 
vites Powers to join 
in "conversation" on 
Balkan situation. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1912 

Aug. 7. Russia and Japan 
arrive at agreement au- 
thorizing spheres of in- 
fluence in Manchuria. 

Aug. 9. Haiti: Tancrede 
Auguste made President 
after death of Leconte. 

Aug. 19. Peru: Guillermo 
E. Billinghurst elected 
President. 



Sep. 6. Russia and China 
renew treaty of St. 
Petersburg for ten years, 

Sept. 9. Servia: The 
Tripkovitch Ministry re^ 
signs; 12. M. Pashitch 
forms new Gov't. 

Sept. 30. The Balkan 
powers, Bulgaria, Servia, 
Montenegro, and Greece, 
begin mobilization of 
troops in their respective 
capitals. 



350 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I912 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 



Nov. 22. Cambridge Uni 
varsity abolishes rule 
limiting divinity degrees 
to members of the 
Church of England. 

Nov. California, Arizona, 
Kansas, and Oregon 
grant complete suffrage 
to women 



United States. 



1912 

Oct. —The Clapp Com- 
mittee continues inves- 
tigations; 4. Ex-Presi- 
dent Ro osevelt admits 
that corporations con- 
tributed to his campaign 
fund in 1904, but denies 
that they secured any 
material advantage as a 
return. 

Oct . 6. United States ma- 
rines capture Leon, the 
greatest stronghold of 
the Nicaraguan revolu 
tionists; the insurrection 
is suppressed and order, 
for the time, restored 

Oct. 7. Trial of Lieut. 
Becker begins in New 
York City. 

Oct. 14. _ Attempted as- 
sassination of Col.Roose 
velt in Milwaukee. 

Oct. 24. Becker found 
guilty. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Oct. 22. House of Com- 
mons appoints commit- 
tee to investigate 
alleged atrocities in the 
Putumayo district of 
Peru. 



Nov. 4. Supreme Court 
formulates simplified 
rules of equity procedure 
in federal courts. 

Nov. 5. The general elec 
tion results in success of 
Wilson and Marshall, 
the Democratic nomi- 
nees for President and 
Vice-President. 



Nov. 9. James Bryce, 
ambassador to U. S., 
resigns. 

Nov. 11. Government de- 
feated by 22 votes dur- 
ing committee stage of 
Home Rule Bill. 

Nov. 28. An organized 
attempt made by suf- 
fragettes to deEtroy pil- 
lar-box mail. 



I9I2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



351 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere, 



1912 



1912 

Oct. 5. Premier Poincare 
submits proposals to 
the Powers whereby war 
in the Balkans may be 
prevented, and suggests 
joint intervention by 
Austria-Hungary and 
Russia. 

Oct. 11. Germany: Resig- 
nation of Herr Kaempf, 
President of Reichstag. 



Nov. 4. France rejects 
Turkish appeal for in- 
tervention; 6. Parlia- 
mentary commission ap- 
pointed to inquire into 
depopulation. 



1912 

Oct. 8. Montenegro, de- 
spite protest of Powers 
declares war against Tur- 
key; 9. Attacks Turkish 
forces at Podgoritza and 
captures the Planinitza 
and Detchitch moun- 
tains; 13. Bulgaria, Ser 
via, and Greece present 
notes to Turkey demand - 
ing autonomy for Mace 
donia within six months; 
18. The powers men- 
tioned declare war 
against Turkey, andtheir 
armies advance into 
Turkish territory; Peace 
treaty between Italy and 
Turkey signed at Ouchy, 
Switzerland; the Powers 
later recognize Italian 
sovereignty in Tripoli; 
22. Kirdjali captured by 
Bulgarians, Prishtina by 
Servians; Bulgarians win 
great victory at Kirk 
Killise; 24. Bulgarians 
advance on Adrianople, 
and Greeks occupy Kaz- 
hani;26. Servians occupy 
Uskub; 29-30. Great 
battle fought near Lule 
Burgas between Bul- 
garians and Turks, after 
which Turks are forced 
to retreat toward Chat 
aldja lines; 30. Ghazi 
Mukhtar Pasha resigns 
and Kiamil Pasha forms 
new government. 

Nov. 3. The Balkans: 
Turkey requests Powers 
to intervene; 5. Bui 
garians force Turks with 
in the Chataldja lines 
with great loss; 8. Salo- 
nika surrenders to the 
Crown Prince of Greece; 
13. Turkey opens peace 
negotiations with Bul- 
garia; 17. Servians cap 
ture Monastir; 21. Af 
ter short suspension of 
hostilities during the 
negotiations, the war is 
resumed, Turkey having 
declined the peace con- 
ditions offered. 

Nov. 10. Socialists in 
Vienna make demon 
stration against war in 
Balkans. 

Nov. 12. Premier Cana- 
lejas, of Spain, assas- 
sinated; 14. Count 
Romanones forms new 
Cabinet. 



1912 

Oct. 16. Mexico: Revo- 
lution breaks out in 
Vera Cruz; later sup- 
pressed, and its leader, 
Felix Diaz, is captured 
and condemned to death 
— a penalty subsequently 
revoked. 

Oct. — Peru: Diplomatic 
exchanges with United 
States with reference to 
alleged Putumayo atro- 
cities in which Peru 
protests against com- 
mission of investigation. 



Nov. 1. Cuba: Gen. Ma- 
rio G. Menocal elected 
President. 

Nov. 11. Diplomatic re- 
lations between Peru 
and Chile are resumed 
after a suspension of 
i\A years. 

Nov._ 28. Gen. Victoria 
resigns as Pres. of Santo 
Domingo, and is suc- 
ceeded by Archbishop 
Nouel. 



352 



TABULAR VIEWS 



19 1 2 A.D.- 



1912 



1913 



Progress of Society, etc 



1912 

Dec. 3. Oxford Univer 
sity abolishes rule re 
stricting divinity de^ 
grees to members of the 
Church of England. 

Deaths in 1912: Alma- 
Tadema, Sir L.; Astor, 
J. J.; Booth, Wm.; 
Brisson, Henri; Cana 
lejas, Jos6; Evans, R.D. 
Frederick VII., King of 
Denmark; Labouchere, 
Henry; Lang, Andrew; 
Lister, Baron, J.; Loy- 
son, C; Mutsuhito, Ern- 
peror of Japan; Nogi, 
M.; Rayner, Isidore; 
Sherman J. S.; Stead, 
W. T.; Weaver, J. B. 

1913 

Jan. 1. The Parcels Post 
system inaugurated 
throughout the United 
States. 



Feb. 10. It is reported 
that Capt. R. F. Scott 
the polar explorer, 
reached the South Pole 
but that, on the return 
journey, he and four 
members of the party 
perished. 



United States. 



1912 

Dec. 3. The Archbald 
impeachment trial be 
gins. 

Dec. 18. Burnett Immi- 
gration Bill with illiter 
acy test attached passes 
the House of Repre 
sentatives. 



1913 

Jan. 13. Judge Archbald 
found guilty upon five 
articles of impeachment 
and disqualified from 
ever holding public office 
in the United States. 

Jan. 23. Bill limiting cam 
paign contributions to 
^5000 passes the Senate. 



Feb. 1. Senate adopts the 
proposed amendment to 
the Constitution 
stricting Presidents to 
one term of six years. 

Feb. 3. The Income Tax 
amendment to the Con- 
stitution is ratified by 
the required number of 
States, and becomes a 
part of the organic law. 

Feb. 4. Pres. Taft vetoes 
Rivers and Harbors Ap- 
propriation Bill. 

Feb. 8. House of Rep. 
passes the Webb Liquor 
Bill; 10. Senate passes 
Webb Bill; 14. Pres. 
Taft vetoes the Immi- 
gration Bill; _ 18. The 
Senate overrides veto 
of Immigration Bill, but 
House sustains it; 28 
The Senate overrides 
the veto of the Webb 
Bill. 

Feb. Pres. Taft declines 
to recognize the Huerta 
government of Mexico — 
a policy continued by 
Pres. Wilson. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Dec. 14. South Africa: 
Premier Botha resigns; 
20. Forms new Cabinet. 

Dec. 16. Bonar Law, in 
important speech at 
Ashton- under-Tyne, 
outlines Unionist TariflE 
policy. 

Dec. 17. Meeting of the 
ambassadors of the 
Great Powers in London 
to discuss the Balkan 
situation. 

Dec. 21. British Medical 
Ass'n rejects Gov't's 
proposals regarding pro- 
visions of Insurance Act. 



1913 

Jan. 16. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes the 
House of Commons by a 
majority of 110 (first 
passage). 

Jan. 27. The Speaker of 
the House of Commons 
rules out the Woman's 
Suffrage Bill because of 
changes in the _ text 
after the first reading. 

Jan. 30. Home Rule Bill 
rejected in the House of 
Lords. 

Feb. 13. The House of 
Lords reject the Welsh 
Disestablishment Bill. 



I913 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



353 



1912 



FRANcn: AND Germany. 



1913 



1912 

Dec. 7. Germany: The 
Triple Alliance renewed 
without change. 

Dec. 26. France: Premier 
Poincare announces can- 
didature for Presidency. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1913 

Jan. 17. France: The 
National Assembly se- 
lects Raymond Poincare 
as_ President; 20. M. 
Aristide Briand, after 
resignation of M. Poin- 
care, forms new Cabinet. 



Feb. 14. Germany: 
Largely through efforts 
of Socialists, the Gov't 
acquires majority of 
stock in new petroleum 
monopoly; 27. A com- 
mittee of the Reichstag 
decides to limit the profit 
of the Gov't in oil to 5 
per cent. 

Feb. 18. France: Poin 
care inaugurated a: 
President. 



1912 

Dec. _ The Balkans: Bul- 
garia, Servia, and Mon- 
tenegro sign armistice 
with Turkey, but Greece 
abstains; 5. The signa 
tories to the armistice 
agreement appoint dele- 
gates to peace confer- 
ence at London; 16. 
Representatives of Tur- 
key and the Balkan 
States assemble in Lon- 
don for conference; 28. 
The allies reject pro- 
posals of Turkey. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1913 

Jan. 22. Turkey: The 
Gov't, decides to yield 
Adrianople; 23. The war 
party in Constantinople 
revolts, because of pro- 
posed treaty concessions-i 
and Nazim Pasha, min 
ister of war, is assas 
sinated. 

Jan. 30. The Balkan Al 
lies give notice that the 
armistice has terminated 
and that war will be 
resumed. 

Feb. The Balkans: Re 
sumption of hostilities 
by Allies and a general 
advance on Turkish 
lines. 



1912 

Dec. 4. Japan: Resigna- 
tion of the premier. 
Marquis Saionji; 19. 
Prince Katsura forma 
new Government. 



1913 

January. Serious disorder 
continues in Mexico, 



Feb. Mexico: A battle 13 
fought in the streets of 
Mexico City between 
the federal troops and 
the followers of Felix 
Diaz; 18. Pres. Madero 
is taken prisoner, and 
Victorjano Huerta is 
proclaimed provisional 
President; 23. ex-Pres. 
Madero and ex-Vice- 
Pres. Suarez killed while 
being transferred to the 
penitentiary in Mexico 
City. 

Feb._ 10. Japan: The pre- 
mier, Katsura, and hia 
Cabinet resign; he 13 
succeeded by Count 
Yomomato. 



354 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9I3 A.D 



1913 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1913 



^vlay 1. The National 
Peace Congress meets at 
St. Louis. 

May 8. First inter-de 
nominational conference 
in America meets in New 
York to consider the 
possibility of uniting all 
Christian organizations. 

May 1 2. Internationa! 
Peace Conference meets 
at Washington, D. C. 



United States. 



1913 

Mar. 1. The House over 
rides veto of the Webb 
Bill. 

Mar. 3. First territorial 
legislature of Alaska 
meets at Juneau. 

Mar. 4. Pres. Taftsignsbill 
creating Department of 
Labor; Woodrow Wilson 
inaugurated as President 
of the United States. 

Mar. 17. Pres. Wilson 
calls special session of 
Congress to revise the 
tariff law 

Mar. 18. Pres. Wilsondis- 
courages American 
Bankers from continuing 
in the six-Power Chinese 
loan group. 



Apr. 3. . The U. S. Gov't 
recognizes Republic of 
China. 

Apr. 7. Congress con- 
venes in extraordinary 
session. 

Apr. 8. Seventeenth 
Amendment to the Con- 
stitution is ratified by 
the requisite number of 
States. 

Apr. 19. Pres. Wilson 
urges the State of Cali- 
fornia to make the pio- 
posed legislation con- 
cerning ownership of 
land by aliens less ob- 
jectionable to Japan. 

Apr. 30. The Webb Anti- 
Alien Land Bill passed 
by Legislature of Cali- 
fornia. 

May 4. Gov. _ Johnson 
signs Anti-Alien Land 
Bill. 

May 8. The Underwood 
Tariff Bill passes the 
House of Represen- 
tatives by a vote of 281 
to 139. 



British Empire. 



1913 

Mar. 26. Winstcn Church- 
ill, speaking in the 
House of Commons, 
urges Great Britain and 
Germany to suspend 
naval construction for 
a year. 



Apr. 3. Mrs. Emmeline 
Pankhurst sentenced to 
three years' imprison- 
ment on charge of in- 
stigating destruction of 
property. 



I9I3 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



355 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 




Mar. 18. France: Pre- 


Mar. 6. The Balkans: 


Mar. 7. Mexico: Huerta 




mier Briand and his 


Janina, with 32,000 


denies that Madero and 




Cabinet resign. 


troops, surrenders to 


Suarez were murdered. 




Mar. 21. France: The 


Greeks; The Hungarian 


Mar. 21. Honduras: Pres. 




B a r t h o u ministry is 


Chamber enact a suf- 


Manual Bonilla dies. 




announced. 


frage law granting a 


and is succeeded by Vice- 






limited franchise to wo- 


Pres. Francisco Ber- 






men; 18. _ King George 


trand. 






of Greece is assassinated 








at Salonika; ig. Crown 








Prince Constantine is 








proclaimed King of 








Greece; 26. Adrianople, 








after prolonged siege, 








surrenders to combined 








fore? of Bulgarians and 








Servians. 








Mar. 11. Russia and 








Austria-Hungary agree 








to demobilize troops on 








the Russo-A u s t r ia n 








border. 






Apr. 18. Germany: Herr 


Apr. 23. The Balkans: 


Apr. 8. The first Parlia- 




Liebknecht, Socialist 


Montenegrin soldiers 


ment of the Chinese 




leader, causes sensation 


capture Scutari. 


Republic convenes. 




by charging the Krupps 


Apr.-May. Negotiations 


Apr. 12. Japan: The 




and other gun manu- 


instituted for peace be- 


Japanese Ambassador 




facturers with bribing 


tween Balkan allies and 


presents formal protest 




officers in the War De- 


Turkey. 


to United States against 




partment and with creat- 




the discriminatory pro- 




ing war scares in other 




visions of the proposed 




countries for the pur- 




anti-alien land legisla- 




pose of business advant- 




tion in California. 




age. 


' 








May 5. Montenegro, 


May 4. Michel Oreste 






yielding to pressure of 


elected President of 






the Powers, evacuates 


Haiti. 






Scutari. 


May 8. Bolivia: Gen. 






May 30. The Balkan 


Ismael Montes elected 






Allies and Turkey sign 


President. 






treaty of peace at 


May 10. China: The 






London. 


Gov't, accepts loan of 
$125,000,000 from the 
international banking 
syndicate. 
May. Rebellion against 
the Huerta government 
breaks out in Northern 
Mexico. 



356 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I913 A,D, 



1913 



1913 

June- July _ Celebration of 
the semi- centennial of 
the Battle of Gettys- 
burg. 



June. Alaska grants com- 
plete suffrage to women. 

July 26. Illinois grants 
partial suffrage to 
women. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Aug. 15. A memorial to 
the Pilgrim Fathers un- 
veiled at Southampton 
England. 

Aug. 20. The Universal 
Peace Congress con- 
venes at The Hague. 

Aug. 28. Dedication of 
the Palace of Peace at 
The Hague. 



Sept. 14. Prof. Malladra 
descends 1200 feet into 
the crater of Vesuvius 
and registers a tempera- 
ture of 626° F. 



Oct. 10. Pres; Wilson 
presses electric button 
which causes the blowing 
up of the Gamboa dike, 
the last obstruction to 
t he navigation from 
ocean to ocean through 
the Panama Canal. 

Oct. 14. Benjamin Alt 
man bequeaths to New 
York Citya $15,000,000 
art collection. 



United States. 



1913 

June 10. The Supreme 
Court decides that the 
States have the right to 
fix intra-state railroad 
rates so long as they do 
not make them confisca- 
tory. 

June 23. _ Pres. Wilson 
reads his message to 
Congress urging reform 
of the banking and cur- 
rency law. 

June 28. Sec. Bryan and 
Ambassador Chinda 

sign renewal of the 
arbitration _ agreement 
between United States 
and Japan. 

July 11. The Senate be 
gins an investigation of 
the alleged political acti- 
vities of the National 
Manufacturing Ass'n. 



Aug. 1. The State De- 
partment announces that 
Great Britain, Russia, 
and Turkey have de- 
clined to participate in 
the Panama-Pacific Ex- 
position. 

Aug. 4. Pres. Wilson se 
lects ex-Gov. Lind, of 
Minn., as special envoy 
to Mexico. 

Aug. 27. Pres. Wilson 
outlines before Congress 
his Mexican policy which 
among other things in- 
cludes the retirement 
from power of Huerta 
and the holding of an 
election for president. 

Sept. 9. The Underwood- 
Simmons Tariff Bill 
passes Senate; 18. The 
AdministrationCurrency 
Bill passes the House of 
Rep.; The impeachment 
trial of Gov. Sulzer 
begins. 



Oct. 16. The Sulzer Im 
peachment trial _ ends; 
he is found guilty of 
three of the offenses 
charged in the eight ar- 
ticles of impeachment; 
he is deposed as gover- 
nor, but not disqualified 
from holding office. 



British Empire. 



1913 

June 11. A committee of 
the House of Commons 
exonerates certain Cabi- 
net mernbers of wrong- 
doing in purchasing 
shares of Marconi stock. 



July 7. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes the 
House of Commons, this 
being its second passage. 

July 8. The Welsh Dis- 
establishment Bill passes 
the Commons for second 
time. 

July 14. Bill abolishing 
plural voting passes 
House of Commons. 



Sept. The Ulster de- 
monstrations continue. 

Sept. 29. Great Britain 
announces _ withdrawal 
from the international 
group of five Powers 
which was to lend money 
to China; it is alleged 
that the group is dis- 
solved. 

Oct. 22. Lloyd-George 
makes known plan of 
the Gov't, for getting 
the people back to the 
land. 



I9I3 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



357 



A.D. 


France and German y. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1913 


1913 

June 30. The bill provid- 
ing for an increase of 
the German army passes 
Reichstag. 


1913 

June 7. The Powers of 
Europe demand that 
the Balkan _ States de- 
mobilize their armies. 


1913 




July 7. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
adopts the three-year 
military service bill by 
a vote of 339 to 223. 


July 8. The Balkans: Ser- 
via, declares war against 
Bulgaria, and captures 
Istip after severe bat- 
tle; Greece declares 
war against Bulgaria; 
16. King Charles mobi- 
lizes Roumanian troops; 
20. Turkish soldiers re- 
occupy Adrianople. 


Julv. Serious revolution- 
ary outbreaks occur in 
southern China. _ 

July 15. Bulgaria: Dr. 
Danev and Cabinet re- 
sign. 




Aug. 7. The French Sen- 
ate passes the three-year 
military service law by 
a vote of 245 to 37. 


Sept. 15. The Balkans: 
Bulgaria and Turkey 
sign agreement concern- 
ing boundary. 


Aug. 10. A treaty of 
peace between Rouma- 
nia, Servia, Montenegro, 
and Greece and Bulgaria 
is signed at Bucharest. 

Aug. 18. _ Mexico: Huer- 
ta declines offer of medi- 
ation from the United 
States Government. 






Oct. 6. Russia and Japan 
recognize the Republic 
of China. 

Oct. 25. Premier Roma- 
nones of Spain resigns 
27. Eduardq Datq forms 
a Conservative ministry 
for Spain. 


Oct. _ 6. _ China: Yuan 
Shih-kai is elected per- 
manent President by 
the Chinese Parliament. 

October: Mexico. The 
Revolutionists are gen- 
erally successful; 26. 
Election held in territory 
under federal control, 
but few vote; result 
undecisive; Huerta re- 
tains executive powers. 



358 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I913 A.D. 



1913 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



1913 



Deaths in 1913: Avebury 
Lord; Bebel, A. F.; 
Brady, A. N.; Doane 
W. C; George, King of 
Greece; Katsura, Prince 
Taro; Madero, F. L; 
Miller, C. H.; Morgan 
J. P.; Nebeker, E. H.; 
Ollivier, E.; Picard, A. 
M.; Rochefort, H.; Wal- 
lace, A. R.; Wolseley, Sir 
G.J. 



1914 

Jan. 5. Henry Ford an 
nounces that the Ford 
Motor Company will 
set aside $10,000,000 
of the 1914 profits for 
the benefit of the em 
ployees, and establishes 
a minimum wage of $5 
per day for all employed, 

Feb. 13. It is reported 
from Italy that torpe- 
does have been exploded 
two miles away by ultra 
violet rays in experi 
ments conducted by the 
Government; Validity 
of experiments denied 
later. 

Feb. 26. _ The antarctic 
expedition led by Dr 
Frederick Mawson re- 
turns to Adelaide. 



1913 



Dec. 2. Pres. Wilson in 
his annual address be- 
fore Congress announces 
that he plans to follow 
a policy of "watchful 
waiting" with reference 
to Mexico. 

Dec. 19. The Senate 
passes the Glass-Owen 
Currency Bill. 



1914 

Jan. 25. The Alaska Rail- 
way Bill passes the 
Senate. 



Feb. 3. Pres. Wilson re- 
moves embargo on ship- 
ment of arms into 
Mexico. 

Feb._ 4. The Burnett Im- 
migration Bill passes 
the House of Rep. 

Feb. 9. The Senate enacts 
new military law to su- 
persede that of 1806. 

Feb. 18. The Alaska Rail- 
way Bill passes the 
House of Representa- 
tives. 



British Empire. 



1913 

Nov. 10. Prsmier As- 
quith, for the British 
Government, states that 
there has been no 
thought of intervent'on 
in the Mexican afiar?, 
and that England en- 
dorses with the utn' o t 
cordiality the American 
policy. 



Dec. 5. The British Gov- 
ernment forbids im- 
portation of arms into 
Ireland; Premier As- 
quith announces his wil- 
lingness to compromise 
the Home Rule contro- 
versy upon the prin- 
ciples expressed by Sir 
Edward Carson. 



1914 

January. Ulster opposi- 
tion to Home Rule 
evinces itself in numer- 
ous demonstrations. 



I9I3 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



359 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1913 



1914 



1913 

Nov. 5. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
rejects a woms.n suffrage 
amendment to the pro- 
posed electoral reform 
bill by a vote of 311 to 
313; Nov. 18. France: 
The electoral reform bill 
providing for propor 
tional representation, 
passes the Chamber of 
Deputies. 

Dec. 2. France: J. L 
Barthou resigns the pre 
miership of France; 8 
M. Gaston Doumergue 
forms new ministry. 

Dec. 2. Germany: Intense 
feeling of opposition 
created by clash of the 
military with the citi- 
zens of Alsace at Zabern; 
4. The Reichstag votes 
lack of confidence in 
Chancellor von Beth- 
mann-Hollweg and his 
ministry because of the 
support given the mili- 
tary authorities in Al- 
sace. 



1913 

Nov. 3. Russia: Mendel 

Beilsis tried at Kieff, 

acquitted of charge of 

killing a Christian by 

"ritual murder." 
Nov. 5. Bavaria: The 

mad King Otto is de 

posed; the regent, Prince 

Ludwig, proclaimed king 

as Ludwig III. 
Nov. 13. Greece and Tur^ 

key sign treaty of peace 

at Athens. 
Dec. 11. Switzerland: Dr 

Arthur Hoffman elected 

President. 
Dec. 14. Greece annexes 

the Island of Crete. 



1914 

Jan. 10. Germany: A 
court martial acquits 
Col. von Reuter and 
Lieut. Schad of charges 
preferred against them 
in connection with the 
Zabern affair. 

Jan. 24. The Reichstag 
orders an investigation 
of Zabern affair. 

Feb. 25. France: The 
French Senate rejects 
the Government propo- 
sition to replace direct 
taxation with an income 
tax. 



1914 

Jan. 2. Spain: King Al- 
fonso dissolves the Cor- 
tes and orders a general 
election. 

Jan. 27. Portugal: The 
Cabinet headed by Dr 
Alfonso Costa resigns. 



Feb. 8. Portugal; Ber 
nardino Machado forms 
new ministry. 

Feb. 10. Sweden: Premier 
Albert Staaff resigns 
because of differences of 
opinion in Cabinet con- 
cerning necessity of in- 
creasing means of de- 
fense in Sweden. 

Feb. 11. Russia: M. Ko- 
kovtsoff, the Premier, 
resigns; 13. M. Koremy- 
kin forms new ministry. 

Feb. 16. Sweden: Dr. 
Knut Hammar^kjold 
forms new Cabinet. 

Feb. 21. Prince William 
of Wied accepts throne 
of Albania. 



1913 

Nov. 14. Mexico: Great 
Britain, Germany, and 
other nations advise 
Huerta to yield to the 
demands of the United 
States; 27. The rebels 
capture Mazatlan. 



Dec. 9. The Mexican 
Congress declares the 
election of Oct. 26. void, 
and empowers Huerta 
to continue the adminis- 
tration of the office; 28. 
The rebels attack Oji- 
naga, the last strong- 
hold of the federals in 
the North. 

Dec. 22. King Menelik, 
of Abyssinia, reported 
to have died on Dec. 12. 



1914 

Jan. 10. Mexico: Gen. 

Villa wins the battle of 

Ojinaga. 
Jan. 11. China: Pres. 

Yuan Shih-kai dissolves 

the Chinese Parliament. 



Feb. 4. Peru: Pres. Bil- 
linghurst is deposed and 
exiled by revolutionists. 



36o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I914 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1914 



1914 



1914 

Mar. 5. Pres. Wilson 
asks Congress for repeal 
of the tolls-exemption 
clause of the Panama 
Canal Tolls Act. 

Mar. 19. Amendment 
granting woman suffrage 
defeated in Senate. 



Apr. 4. Experiments near 
Madrid, Spain, demon- 
strate t h a t _ electric 
lamps may be lighted by 
wireless current. 



Apr. 4. Sec. Daniels for- 
bids service of intoxi- 
cating liquors at the 
officers' mess in navy; 8. 
Outlines of a proposed 
treaty with Colombia 
become known, in which 
it is suggested that the 
United States is to pay 
Colombia _ $25,000,000 
for her claims to Panama 
and that Colombia is 
to have free use of the 
Canal; 14. The U. S. 
fleet is ordered to Tam- 
pico and other points on 
the Gulf of Mexico as a 
result of insults to the 
flag by the Huerta 
agents; 19. Pres. Wilson 
requests authority from 
Congress to secure repa- 
ration for insults to 
American flag; 20. The 
House approves the ac- 
tion of the Executive 
and authorizes use of the 
army and navy to secure 
reparation; 21. Vera 
Cruz is captured by 
U. S. marines, command- 
ed iDy Rear-Admiral 
Fletcher; 22. The Sen. 
ate passes resolution 
approving the course of 
the President after con 
siderable debate con 
cerning the motives to 
be ascribed for action; 
25. The U. S. accept 
offer of good offices of 
Argentina, Brazil, and 
Chile; 28. Pres. Wilson 
orders federal troops 
into Colorado because 
of civil war which virtu- 
ally obtains there. 



1914 

Mar. 2. The South Afri- 
can Assembly approves 
deportation of labor 
leaders who directed the 
late railroad strike; 5. 
The Irish Home Rule 
Bill is introduced for 
third passage in the 
House of Commons; 
9. Premier Asquith pro- 
poses temporary exclu- 
sion of Ulster from the 
operation of the Home 
Rule Bill; 19. The Op- 
position rejects the As- 
quith compromise pro- 
positions; 24. Resigna- 
tions of Army officers 
check movement upon 
Ulster; King George 
criticized when officers 
are reinstated, but As- 
quith assumes responsi- 
bility and states that no 
assurance of permanent 
exemption _ from duty 
has been given to recal- 
citrant officers; 30. As- 
quith accepts resigna- 
tion of Col. J. E. B. 
Seeley, and assumes the 
portfolio of war himself; 
announces that he will 
retire temporarily from 
Parliament and stand 
for reelection. 

Apr. Warlike prepara- 
tions for opposition to 
Home Rule continue in 
Ulster. 

Aj)r. 8. Premier Asquith 
is reelected to House of 
Commons, unopposed, 
by his constituency of 
East Fife, Scotland. 

Apr. 28. Certain British 
officers again refuse to 
lead their troops against 
Ulster. 



I914 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



361 



1914 



France and Germany. 



1914 

Mar. 16. The slaying of 
Gaston Calmette editor 
of the Paris Figaro, by 
the ^ wife of Finance 
Minister Caillaux causes 
crisis in French Cabinet 
and great sensation 
throughout Prance. 



Apr. 1. France: The Com- 
mittee investigating the 
Rochette affair censure 
Caillaux and Monis; 3. 
The Chamber refuses to 
prosecute Caillaux and 
Monis. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1914 

Mar. 1. Albania: Epirus 
declares itsindependence 
and a rebellion breaks 
out. 

Mar. 3. Swedish parlia^ 
ment dissolved as £ 
result of dissensions 
concerning proposed in 
crease of armaments and 
new election ordered; 
new election (in April) 
results in success of Con 
servatives who represent 
those _ desiring greater 
defensive means. 

Mar. 8. Italy: The Pre- 
mier, Signor Giolitti, 
resigns. 

Mar. 13. Italy: Signor 
Salandra invited to form 
new Government. 

Mar. 14. Serviaand Tur- 
key sign a peace treaty 
at Constantinople. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1914 

Mar. 21. Mexico: Gen. 
Villa makes the long-ex- 
pected attack on Tor- 
reon; fighting continues 
throughout March. 

Mar. 23. Japan: The 
Emperor Yoshihito pro- 
rogues Diet because of 
continued deadlock con- 
cerning naval appropria- 
tion bill. 



Apr. 2. Mexico: The re- 
bels under Gen. Villa 
capture Torreon after 
eleven days of fighting. 

Apr. 7. Japan: Viscount 
Kejoura informs the 
Emperor of his inability 
to form new ministry; 
Count Okuma, on the 
15th, succeeds in form- 
ing new Government. 

Apr. 10. Mexico: A party 
of United States marines, 
landing for supplies, are 
arrested in Tampico, 
and subjected to insults; 
Huerta apologizes brief- 
ly for arrest of marines; 
19. Huerta _ refuses to 
salute _ United States 
filag within the time 
alloted, t. e., by six 
o'clock of that day; 23. 
Gen. Bustillos becomes 
president of Venezuela; 
24. The rebels capture 
Monterey; 27. Huerta 
accejpts offer of media- 
tion from the A. B. C. 
Powers. 



362 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9I4 A.D. 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1914 



May 14. Anglo-American 
Exposition at Shepherd ' s 
Bush, London, is for- 
mally opened. 



June 8. Thirty-seven 

nations are represented 
at the International 
Business Conference at 
Paris. 

June 16. By will, James 
Campbell, bequeaths 
$33,000,000 to found 
hospital and medical 
school in connection 
with St. Louis Univer- 
sity. 



United States. 



1914 

May 6. The administra- 
tion's Anti-trust Bill is 
introduced in House of 
Representatives. 

May 14. Chas. S. Mellen 
testifies before Interstate 
Commerce Commission 
concerning financial and 
political transactions of 
the New York and New 
Haven Railroad. 



June I. The House of 
Rep. vote unanimously 
to exempt labor organ- 
izations from prosecu- 
tion under the Sherman 
Anti-Trust Law, 



June 11. The Senate 
passes the Panama 
Canal Tolls Repeal Law. 

June 25. The H. B. Claf- 
lin & Co., merchants of 
New York, fail with lia- 
bilities of 530,000,000. 



July 11. The House of 
Representatives passes 
the Hay Bill, creatiiip 
an aviation service in 
the Army Signal Corps. 



Great Britain & Pr.\.n-ce 



1914 

May 12. Premier Asquith 
announces that in case 
the Home Rule Bill 
passes a third time, he 
will introduce amend- 
ments looking toward 
satisfactory settlement 
of Ulster demands. 

May 25. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes House 
of Commons. 

May 29. The Canadian 
Pacific Railroad ship 
Empress of Irdand is 
struck in the St. Law- 
rence River by the col- 
lier Slorslad and sunk, 
causing death of 1024 
persons; later investiga- 
tions place entire respon- 
sibility for accident on 
the Storstaa. 

June 2. The French Min- 
istry resigns; 7. M. A. 
F. Ribot forms Cabinet, 
but on the first division, 
June 12, is defeated by 
a vote of 262 to 306; 
13. M. R6n6 Viviani 
heads new Cabinet as 
premier. 



FOR EVENTS IN THE GREAT WAR 

Julyl. The Ulster Volun- 
teers succeed in landing 
arms and ammunition 
despite the vigilance of 
the authorities; 10. Ul- 
ster organizes "provi- 
sional government, "giv- 
ing Sir Edward Carson 
power to call the Volun- 
teers to arms. 

July 27. _ Sir Edward 
Grey, in an attempt to 
avert a general Euro- 
pean war, seeks to con- 
vene a conference of the 
interested Powers at 
London; the effort is 
unsuccessful. 



I9I4 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



363 



A.D. 


Germany and Austria. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1914 


1914 


1914 

May 28. Albania; The 
rebels bombard the capi- 
tal, Durazzo, and King 
William takes refuge 
aboard warship of Italy. 


1914 

May 5. The South Ameri- 
can mediators announce 
that a peace conference 
will be held at Niagara 
Falls, Canada. 

May 13. Mexico: Rebels 
capture Tampico. 

May 23. Japan ratifies 
the new arbitration 
treaty with the U. S. 

June 2. Mexico: The 
Mexican delegates at 
Niagara announce that 
Huerta is willing to 
resign; 24. The rebels 
capture Zacatecas. 

July 9. Guadalajara 
taken by the rebels; 
15. Gen. Huerta re- 
signs the presidency and 
is succeeded by Sefior 
Francisco Carbajal. 



SEE SPECIAL CHRONOLOGY, PAGES 4O4 TO 451 



364 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I914 A.D. 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain & France. 



Deaths in 1914: 

Amend, E. B.; Aoki 
Viscount S. ; Bacon, A 
O; Baer, G. F.; Bertil 
Ion, A.; Buckner, S. B. 
Chamberlain, Joseph 
Collier, Price; Couzins 
Phcebe; Cullom, S. M. 
Deroulede, Paul; De 
Vinne, Theodore; Dra 
per, Eben S.; Fels, Jo 
seph; Gill, Sir David 
Ginn, Edwin; Gris 
wold, Putnam; Keyse, 
Paul; Holland, J. P.; 
Ito, Count; Japan, 
Dowager Empress of; 
Keith, B. F.; Kossuth, 
Francis; McBurney, 
Charles; Marchesi, 
Mme. ; Mercalli, G. ; 
Mistral, Frederic ; M itch- 
ell, S. Weir; Nordica, 
Mme.; Pius X., Pope; 
Riis, Jacob; Stevenson, 
Adlai E.; Strathcona, 
Lord; von Suttner, Bar- 
oness; Swan, Sir J. W. ; 
Tenniel, Sir John; Wal- 
lace, A. R. ; Westing- 
house, George. 



Aug. 3. Pres. Wilson 
offers the good offices 
of the_ United States 
in mediating the differ- 
ences between the Euro- 
pean nations at war. 

Aug. 11. Senate passes 
the emergency ship bill 
admitting foreign-built 
vessels to the United 
States registry. 

Aug. 29. House of Repre- 
sentatives passes bill 
providing for the crea 
tion of a Federal bureau 
for war risk marine in- 
surance. 

Aug. — . Many conven 
tions held in Southern 
States to devise means 
for alleviation of condi- 
tions incident to the low 
price of cotton due to 
the European war. 



1914 

July 27. France: Mme. 
Caillaux acquitted. 

July 29. British fleet 
leaves Portsmouth un- 
der sealed orders. 

July 30. Great Britain 
declines to pledge neu- 
trality on the basis of 
terms offered by Ger- 
many which were in 
effect that Germany 
would guarantee the in- 
tegrity of continental 
France, but not of the 
French colonies. 



r9i4 A.D- 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



365 



Germany and Axjstria. 



1914 



1914 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1914 



The World, elsewhere. 



1914 



Aug. 17. Belgium: Gov 
ernment announces re- 
moval of capital from 
Brussels to Antwerp. 



Sept. 1. Russia: The Czar 
changes name of capital 
from St. Petersburg to 
Petrograd. 



Aug. 15. Mexico: Provi- 
sional President Carba- 
jal resigns after appoint- 
ing General Carranza 
as Secretary of Foreign 
Aflfairs; Japan sends 
Germany an ultimatum, 
demanding the evacua- 
tion and surrender of 
Kiao-chow and the with- 
drawal of German war- 
ships from eastern wat- 
ers; Japan promises 
eventually to restore 
Kiao-chow to China. 



Aug. 21. General Car- 
ranza enters Mexico 
City, and in his inaugu- 
ral address announces 
a programme of justice 
and reform. 

Aug. 23. Japan declares 
war on Germany : Japan 
blockades Kiao-chow. 



Dec. 18. Egypt declared 
I a British protectorate. 



366 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I915 A.D. 



1915 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Jan. 14. Alabama adopts 
prohibition. 

Jan. 25. First trans-con- 
tinental telephonic com- 
munication under direc- 
tion of Ale.\ander Bell. 

Jan. 30. S. Dakota abol- 
ishes the death penalty. 

Feb. 6. Arkansas adopts 
prohibition. 

Feb. 7. Wireless commu- 
nication between mov- 
ing trains established by 
Lackawanna R. R. 

Feb. 12. AtThe Hague, 
representatives of the 
United States, Holland, 
and China sign anti- 
opium protocol. 

— Iowa adopts woman 
suffrage. 
Iowa adopts prohibition. 

Feb. 20._ Panama Pacific 
Exposition opened. 

Feb. 23. Nevada^ adopts 
'Easy Divorce.'' 

Mar. 2. Idaho and Utah 
adopt prohibition. 

Mar. 6. North Dakota 
abolishes death penalty. 



April 30. Satisfactory 
wireless communication 
by day established be- 
tween Washington and 
Panama Canal Zone. 

May 23. Thomas A. Edi- 
son announces invention 
of the telescribe, an ap- 
paratus for recording 
telephone conversations. 



June 5. New Danish Con- 
stitution gives suffrage 
to women. 



United States. 



1915 



Apr. 14. New York abol- 
ishes the office of coro- 
ner. 



June 7. William J. Bryan, 
Secretary of State, re- 
signs. 

June 19. Superdread- 
nought A mono launched 
at New York Navy 
Yard. 

June 23. Robert Lansing 
appointed Secretary of 
State. 



Great Britain & Prance. 



1915 

Jan. 4. London Stock 
Exchange reopens, hav- 
ing been closed since 
July 30. 

Jan. 7. France abolishes 
sale of absinthe. 



I9I5 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



367 



1915 



Jan. 13. Austria: Count 
Berchtold resigns Aus- 
tro-Hungarian Minister 
of Foreign Affairs Office 



Jan. 26. Germany seizes 
food supply by official 
edict. 



Germany and Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Mar. 6. Greece: Venize- 
los, Greek Premier, re- 
signs. 



May 13. Salandra M n- 
istry in Italy resigns. 

May 17. Jaago Chagas, 
Premier of Portugal, 
severely wounded by a 
Senator. 

May 26. General Snkhom- 
linoff, Russian Minister 
of War, resigns. 



June 5. Denmark: New 
Danish Constitution 
signed by King Chris- 
tian, giving suffrage to 
women and reducing the 
political power of land- 
owners. 



1915 



Jan. 12. Mexico: Ex- 
President Gutierrez sur- 
renders to Carranza. 



Jan. 16. Constitutional 
leaders select as Presi- 
dent Colonel Garzza. 



Jan. 29. Peruvian Min- 
istry resigns. 



Mar. 1. Viera elected 
President of Uruguay. 

Mar. 3. China extends 
for 99 years to Japan 
Russia's lease of Dalny 
and Port Arthur. 

Apr. 23. Danish Diet 
adopts woman suffrage 
amendment. 



June 27. Mexico: Gener- 
als Huerta and Orozco, 
charged with planning 
revolt for Mexico, ar- 
rested by U. S. officials 
near the border. 



368 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I915 A.D. 



1915 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1915 

July 1. Prohibition be- 
comes effective in Ala- 
bama. 



July 16. Panama Canal 
used for first time by U. 
S. warships. 

July 21. Prohibition 
adopted by voters of Al- 
berta Province, Canada. 

July 30. Becker executed 
at Sing Sing. 



August 17. Leo Frank 
lynched at Marietta, Ga 

Aug. 24. Eastman Kodak 
Co. dissolved by U. S. 
District Attorney at 
Buffalo, as an illegal 
combination in restraint 
of trade. 

Sept. 4. Discovery of ex- 
tracting dyes from coal 
tar announced. 

Sept. 14. So. Carolina 
adopts prohibition (to 
take effect Jan. l", 1916) . 

Sept. 17. Vilhjalmar Ste- 
fansson, Arctic explorer, 
after an absence of 18 
months, reports discov- 
ery of new arctic land 
northwest of Prince Pat- 
rick Island. 

Sept. 29. Wireless tele- 
phonic conversation es- 
tablished between Vir- 
ginia and Honolulu, a 
distance of nearly 6000 
miles. 



Oct. 19. Woman suffrage 
rejected in New Jersey 
by 50,000 majority. 



United States. 



1915 

July 2. Senate reception 
room in U. S. Capitol 
wrecked by bomb. 

July 3. Frank Holt, a 
German sympathizer 
seriously wounds J. P. 
Morgan, after having ex- 
ploded a bomb in the 
Capitol at Washington. 

July &. U. S. takes con- 
trol of Sayville wirelesB 
station. 

July 21-22. Big strike of 
oil workers at Bayonne, 
N.J. 



Aug. 10. Government 
tablishes national camp 
at Plattsburg, N. Y., for 
the military training of 
citizens. 



Sept. 16. Treaty between 
U. S. and Haiti, signed 
at Port au Prince, pro- 
vides for American su- 
pervision over Haitian 
finances and police. 



Oct. 6. Pres. Wilson's en- 
gagement to Mrs. GaU 
announced. 



Oct. 20. U. S. declares an 
embargo on arms for 
Mexico, except those 
destined for Carranza 
forces. 



Great Britain &France. 



Oct. 13. Foreign Minister 
Delcass6, of France, 
resigns. 

Oct. 18. Sir Edward Car- 
son resigns from British 
Cabinet. 



Oct. 28. Premier Viviani 
of France, resigns. 



I915 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



369 



Germany and Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Oct. 5. Premier Venizelos 
of Greece resigns. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1915 

July 14. Floods in south- 
ern China drown 80,000. 

July 21. Chile: Juan 
Luis San Fuentes elected 
President of Chile. 

July 27. Haiti: Dr. 

Rosalbo Bobo leads new 
revolution in Haiti; e.x- 
Pres. Orestes Zamor 
and 160 political prison- 
ers executed. 

July 29. Japanese Min- 
ister of Interior, Oura, 
resigns under charges. 



Aug. 19. Mexico: Gen. 
Villa accepts the good 
offices of the U. S. and 
other American repub- 
lics. 



Oct. 19. Mexico: The 
U. S. and eight Ameri- 
can republics formally 
recognize Gen. Carranza 
as leader of the prevail- 
ing power in Mexico. 



370 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I915 AD. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1915 

Nov. 2. Woman Suffrage 
reiected in New York by 
188,000; in Mass., bv 
133,000; and in Penn- 
sylvania by 53,000. 

Ohio rejects prohibi- 
tion by 35,000. 

Nov. 29. Wireless opera- 
tor at Honolulu picks up 
messages at distance of 
9000 miles. 

Deaths in 191.5: Adams, 
Charles Francis ;Aldrich, 
Nelson W. ; Alexander, 
John V.'.; Bitter, Karl; 
Bullen, Frank T.;Crane, 
Walter; Creelman, James 
T. ; Comstock, Anthony ; 
Diaz, Porfirio; Ehrlich, 
Dr. Paul; Fabre, Jean 
Henri; Flint, Dr. Austin; 
Forman, Justus Miles; 
Frohman, Charles; 

Fuller, Frank; Fuller, 
Paul; Gregory, Eliot; 
Gross, Hans; Guild, 
Curtis; Hardie, James 
K. ; Harper, John Wes 
ley; Herreshoff, John 
Brown; Hervieu, Paul; 
Hubbard, Elbert; Ivins, 
William; Joseffy, Ra 
fael; Klein, Charles; 
Leschetizky, Theodore; 
Long, John D.; Ludlow, 
Rear- Admiral Nicoll; 
" Maartens Maartens"; 
Phillips, Stephen; Pitou, 
August; Putnam, J. 
Bishop; Ridder, Her- 
man; Robertson, Mor- 
gan; Rossa, Jeremiah 
O'Donovan; Rostand, 
Eugene; Schlechter, 
Solomon; Smith, F. Hop- 
kinson; Storv, Thomas 
Waldo; Tracy, Benj. F. 
Tupper, Sir Charles 
Vanderbilt, Alfred G. 
Washington, Booker T. 
Wilder, Marshall P. 
Witte, Count Sergius 
Woodruff, Col. Charles 
Edw. 



United States. 



Dec. 2. Four officials of 
the Hamburg-American 
Line convicted in court 
of conspiring to furnish 
false manifests to vessels 
engaged in supplying 
German Warships. 

Dec. 4. Henry Ford and 
his peace party sail for 
Europe. 



Gre.'^t Britain & France. 



Nov. 11. Great Britain 
closes Suez Can.il to 
merchant ships. 

Nov. 13. Winston Church- 
ill resigns from British 
Cabinet. 



I9I5 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



371 



1915 



Germany and Austria. 



1915 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1915 

Nov. 3. Zaimis resigns 
Greek ministry. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Nov. 10. Y o s h i h i t o 
crowned Emperor of 
Japan. 



Dec. 6. Spanish Cabinet 
resigns. 



372 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I916 A.D. 



1916 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1916 

Jan. 8. The Committee 
on Suffrage in the United 
States Senate reported 
favorably an amend 
ment to the Constitu- 
tion providing equal 
suffrage. 



Feb. 2. United States 
House of Representa 
fives adopted the Keat 
ing Child Labor Bill pro 
hibiting interstate ship 
ment of the products of 
child labor. 



Feb. 10. United States 
Secretary of War Lind 
ley M. Garrison resigned 



Feb. 18. United States 
Senate ratified treaty 
with Nicaragua, under 
which United States se 
cured two naval bases 
and the right to build a 
canal across Nicaragua, 
in return for $3,000,000. 



Mar. 7. Newton D. Bak- 
er was nominated as 
Secretary of War; nomi- 
nation confirmed by the 
United States Senate. 



United States. 



Jan. 10. Nineteen Ameri 
can employes.of a min 
ing company were taken 
from a train near Chi- 
huahua, Mexico, and 
shot by Villa bandits. 



Great Britain & France. 



1916 



Mar. 16. Gen. Gallieni 
resigned as Minister of 
War in Prance; suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Roques. 



I916 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



373 



Germany and Austria. 



1916 



1916 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Jan. 13. Tidal wave and 
excessive rains in Hol- 
land flooded many 
towns. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1916 



Jan. 12. Alfred Bazuerizo 
Moreno was elected 
President of Ecuador. 

Jan. 13. Gen. Victoriano 
Huerta died in Texas. 



Feb. 22. Russian Duma 
opened, attended, for 
the first time in its his 
tory, by the Czar. 



Mar 



29. Gen. Chouva- 
iev became Minister 
of War in Russia, suc- 
ceeding Gen. Polivanov. 



Mar. 29. United States 
cavalry, under Col. 
Dodd. were engaged in 
a fight with Villa troops 
at San Geronimo, Guer- 
rero, Mexico. 

Mar. 31. Gen. Oshima 
became Minister of War 
in Japan, succeeding 
Lieut. -Gen. Uka. 



374 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I916 A.D. 



1916 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



1916 

Apr. 15. Panama Canal 
reopened for traffic. 



May 20. Victor Carls- 
trom piloted a Curtiss 
biplane from Newport 
News. Va.. to New York 
in 4 hours, 1 minute, 
without a stop, covering 
between ,350 and 400 
miles, and establishing 
longest andfastest cross- 
country record in Amer- 
ica. 



1916 

Apr. 17. Capt. Franz 
von Papen, Military 
Attache of the German 
E mbassy at Washington ; 
Capt. Boy-Ed, former 
German Naval Attach^; 
Capt. Hans Tauscher 
and others indicted by 
United States Federal 
Grand Jury for conspir- 
acy to destroy Welland 
Canal. 



May 15. Gov. Whitman 
signed five preparedness 
measures, including bills 
providing for compul 
sory physical and mili 
tary training in the pub lie 
schools and empowering 
the Governor to draft 
for military duty at any 
time all able-bodied 
male citizens of the State 
of New York between the 
ages of 18 and 45. 



CiRE.'iT Britain &France. 



Apr. 22. Sir Roger Case- 
ment, Irish Nationalist 
with others, taken pris- 
oner by British naval 
forces when an attempt 
was made by a German 
auxiliary cruiser to land 
arms and ammunition 
m Ireland. 

.Apr. 24. Revolt in Ire- 



land. 
Apr. 27. 
clared 
land. 

May 7. 



Martial law de- 
throughout Ire- 



The new canal 
at Marseilles, France, 
connecting the Rhone 
with the sea was opened. 

May 10. Baron _ Wim- 
borne resigned his post 
as Lord Lieutenant of 
Ireland. 

May 12. James Connoby, 
commander-in-chief of 
the Irish Revolution, 
executed in Dublin. 



May 25. The British Mili- 
tary Service Bill, calling 
to the colors all males 
between the ages of 18 
and 41 in Great Britain 
(Ireland exempt), be- 
came law by the signa- 
ture of King George. 



I916 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



375 



Germany and Austria. | Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 



1916 



May 31, Gen. Carranza 
demanded the with- 
drawal of American 
troops from Mexico, 



376 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I916 A.D 



1916 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1916 

June 1. The nomination 
of Louis D. Brandeis as 
an Associate Justice of 
the United States Su- 
preme Court was con- 
firmed bv the Senate. 

June 2. ' The United 
States House of Repre- 
sentatives passed the 
Naval Appropriation 
Bill. 

June 3. President Wilson 
signed the Army Reor- 
ganization Bill. 

June 4. Mr. Brandeis 
took his seat as Associ- 
ate Justice of the United 
States Supreme Court. 



United States. 



1916 



June 10. Charles Evans 
Hughes and Charles 
Warren Fairbanks nomi- 
nated for_ President and 
Vice-President, respec- 
tively, by the Republican 
National Convention. 
Mr. Hughes resigned as 
Associate Justice of the 
United States Supreme 
Court and accepted the 
nomination. Theodore 
Roosevelt and John M. 
Parker nominated for 
President and Vice-Pres- 
ident, respectively, ^ by 
the Progressive Nation- 
al Convention. Mr. 
Roosevelt declined condi- 
tionally. 

June 15. Woodrow Wil- 
son and Thomas R. Mar- 
shall nominated bj; the 
Democratic National 
Convention for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, 
respectively. 

June 18. President Wil- 
son called out the organ- 
ized militia of forty- five 
States and the District 
of Columbia for service 
on the Mexican border, 
the National Guard of 
Texas, Arizona, and New 
Mexico already being in 
service. 

June 26. The United 
States House of Repre- 
sentatives passed the 
largest army budget in 
its history, approximate- 
ly $182,000,000. 



Great Britain & France. 



1916 



June 16. The French 
Chamber of Deputies, 
entered upon the first 
secret session to be held 
under the Third Repub- 



June 26. Sir Roger Case- 
ment went on trial for 
high treason in the Lord 
Chief Justice's court, 
London. 

June 29. Roger Case- 
ment was found guilty 
by a jury and sentenced 
by Viscount Reading, 
Lord Chief Justice of 
England, to be hanged 
for high treason. 



I916 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



377 



Germany and Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1916 



1916 

June 6. Yuan Shi-kai, 
President of the Chinese 
Republic, died. Vice- 
President Li Yuan-hung 
elevated to the Presi- 
dency. 



June 30. The Russian 
Duma passed the bill 
permanently prohibiting 
the sale of drink con 
taining more than one 
and one-half per cent 
of alcohol. 



The World, elsewhere. 



June 12. Hipolito Iri- 
goyen was chosen Presi- 
dent of the Argentine 
Republic by the Electo- 
ral College. Pelagia 
Luna was chosen for 
the Vice-Presidency. 



June 17. American troops 
again enter Mexico. 
The Carranza Consul 
at Brownsville, Tex., 
Gen. Alfredo Ricaut, 
issued an ultimatum to 
United States Gen. 
James Parker that un- 
less the troops were 
withdrawn an attack 
would be made upon 
them by Carranza 
troops. 

June 22. Reports received 
in London of a, serious 
uprising against the 
Turks in Arabia and 
the capture of the rebels 
of the holy city of 
Mecca. 



378 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I916 A.D. 



1916 



Progress of Society, etc, 



1916 



Sept. 4. The Lincoln Me- 
morial at Hodgenville, 
Ky., marking the birth- 
place of Abraham Lin- 
coln, was presented to 
the Nation by the Lin- 
coln Farm Association, 
President Wilson deliv- 
ering the speech of ac- 
ceptance. 



Sept. 11. With the loss of 
eleven lives, the second 
attempt to bridge the St. 
Lawrence River at Que- 
bec resulted in a failure 
when the massive centre 
span, weighing 5100 
tons, suddenly collapsed 
and fell into the river. 



United States. 



1916 

July 6. Thomas MottOs 
borne was reinstated as 
Warden of Sing Sing 
Prison. 

July 16. Gen. Cipriano 
Castro, ex-President of 
Venezuela, was excluded 
from the United States 
on the ground of moral 
turpitude. 

July 18. Abram I. Elkus 
was nominated by Presi- 
dent Wilson for the post 
of Ambassador to Tur- 
key. 

July 30. Two explosions 
of munitions on Black 
Tom Island, Jersey 
City, N. J., caused the 
loss of a few lives and 
several million dollars 
in property. 



Aug. 4. Secretary Lans- 
ing and Danish Minister 
Constantin Brun signed 
the treaty for the pur- 
chase of the Danish 
West Indies by the 
United States for S25,- 
000,000. 

Aug. 2-3. _ The merchant 
submarine Deutschland 
arrived in Germany 
from America. 

Sept. 1. President Wil- 
son signed the Child 
Labor Bill. 



Sept. 7. The first step to- 
ward demobilization of 
the 100,000-odd Nation- 
al Guardsmen called into 
Federal servicefor duty 
along the Mexican bor- 
der was taken when or- 
ders were given by Sec- 
retary of War Baker for 
mustering out the 15,000 
guardsmen recently or- 
dered to home stations. 



GreatBritain & France. 



1916 



Aug. 3. Roger Casement 
was hanged in Penton- 
ville Prison. London, for 
high treason. 



I916 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



379 



Germany and Austria. 



1916 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1916 

July 2. Russian Duma 
passes bill according 
peasants full civil rights. 



luly 13. Spain suspended 
constitutional guaran- 
tees and proclaimed 
martial law throughout 
the country because of 
the railroad strike. 



July 21. Spain revoked 
its declaration of martial 



The World, elsewhere. 



.A.ug. 13. The ^tna Ob- 
servatory reported that 
the centre of the crater 
of Mount ^tna. 1200 
feet deep, was in full 
eruption. 



Sept. 13. The Zaimis 
Ministry resigns in 
Greece. 



Sept. 16. A new Cabinet 
was formed in Greece 
headed by Nikolas Kalo- 
geropoulos. 



380 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I916 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1916 

Oct. 31. Virginia became 
the eighteenth Prohibi- 
tion State as the new 
"dry" law went into 
effect at midnight. 

Nov. 9._ The Nobel Prize 
for Literature for 1915 
was awarded to Romain 
Rolland, the French 
playwright and novelist, 
and that for 1916 to the 
Swedish poet, Vernar 
Heidenstam. 

Nov. 19. Ruth Law, in a 
Curtiss airplane, broke 
the American long-dis- 
tance continuous flight 
record. She flew from 
Chicago to Hornell. 668 
miles, without alighting, 
breaking the record 
made 17 days before by 
Victor Carlstrom. 

Deathsinl916: Boissevain, 
Mrs. Inez M.; Boldt, 
George C; Cannon, 
James G. ; Davis, Henry 
Gassaway; Davis, Rich- 
ard Harding; Echegaray, 
Don Jos6; Ellis, Edward 
S.; Ellis. Mrs. Havelock; 
Faguet, Emile; Franz 
Joseph, Emperor of Aus- 
tria; Frankau, Mrs. 
Julia ("Frank Danby "); 
Fuller, Anna; Gilder, 
Jeannette L.; Gratt, 
Robert; Green, Hetty; 
Hill, James J.; Huerta 
Gen. Victoriano; Jacobs, 
Dr. Joseph; James, 
Henry; Kellogg, Clara 
Louise; Kitchener, Earl; 
London, Jack; Low, 
Seth; Lowell, Dr. Perci- 
val; Maxim, Hiram; 
Metchnikoff, Prof. EHe; 
Mosby, Col. John S. 
Miinsterberg, Hugo 

Odell, Benj. B.; Ranger, 
Henry Ward; Rehan, 
Ada; Riley, James Whit- 
comb; Ringling, Al. : 
Salvini, Thomaso; Sien- 
kiewicz, Henry; Slicer. 
Rev. Thomas R. ; Sylva, 
Carmen ; Tosti, Sir Fran- 
cesco P. 



United States. 



Nov. 6. Pres. Wilson re- 
elected President of the 
U. S. 



Great Britain &France. 



I916 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



381 



1916 



Germany and Austria. 



1916 



Nov. 9. Chancellor von 
Bethmann-Hollweg an- 
nounced that after the 
war Germany would co- 
operate in an endeavor 
to find a practical means 
for procuring a lasting 
peace by means of an in- 
ternational league. 

Nov. 21. Francis Joseph, 
Emperor of Austria and 
King of Hungary, died 
at Schonbrunn Castle, 
near Vienna, at the age 
of eighty-six. His neph- 
ew. Archduke Charles 
Francis Joseph, succeed- 
ed him on the throne. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1916 



Nov. 24. Petrograd an- 
nounced the resignation 
of the Russian Prem- 
ier. Boris Vladimirovitch 
Sturmer. 

Nov. _ 25. Mr. Neratoff, 
Assistant Russian Min- 
ister of Foreign Affairs, 
was appointed Foreign 
Minister to succeed Mr. 
Sturmer. 



Dec. 14. Edmund Schul- 
thess was elected Presi- 
dent of the Swiss Con- 
federation. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1916 

Oct. 1. Emiliano Cha- 
morro was elected Presi- 
dent of Nicaragua. 

Oct. 3. Count Okuma, 
Prime Minister of Japan, 
resigned. 



Oct. 30. Gen. Feng Kwo- 
Chang was elected Vice 
President of the Chinese 
Republic by the Parlia- 
ment. 



Nov. 7. WuTing Fang 
became Minister of For- 
eign Affairs of China. 



382 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I917 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1917 1917 



Jan. 8. The United States 
Supreme Court upheld 
the constitutionality of 
the Webb-Kenyon law 
prohibiting the shipment 
of liquor from "wet" 
into "dry" States. 

Jan. 11. The Senate 
passed a bill prohibiting 
the sending of liquor 
advertisements by mail 
into "dry " territory. 



Jan. 23. North Dakota 
adopts woman suffrage. 



Feb. 2. Oregon and Ten 
nessee adopt prohibi 
tion. 

Feb. 9. Indiana adopts 
prohibition. 

Feb. 21. The House 
adopted the Senate 
measure forbidding ship- 
ment of intoxicating li 
quors into States which 
prohibit the manufac 
ture and sale: thus nine 
teen States become 
"bone dry." 

Feb. 28. The House 
passed the Senate bill 
making the District of 
Columbia "dry" from 
November 1, 1917. 



1917 

Jan. 3. President Wilson 
nominated Lieut. -Col. 
Chester Harding for 
Governor of the Panama 
Canal Zone, succeeding 
Major-Gen. Goethals. 



Mar. 11. The New York 
Senate, following action 
by the House, agreed to 
submit a woman suffrage 
amendment to the vot- 
ers at the 1917 election. 



United States. 



Great Britain & France. 



Jan. 17. Danish West In- 
dies pass to sovereignty 
of United States. 

Jan. 28. The War De- 
partment announced 
that the Pershing expe- 
dition had been ordered 
to withdraw from Mexi' 



Feb. 16. Thomas Patten 
appointed Postmaster 
for New York. 



Mar. 5. President Wilson 
took public oath of office 
for his second term and 
delivered his inaugural 
address. 
Mar. 8. The Senate aban- 
doned its long stand- 
ing rule permitting un- 
limited debate. 
— American marines landed 
at Santiago, Cuba, at 
the request of the Civil 
Government. 
Mar. 9. The President 
called the Sixty-fifth 
Congress to meet in ex- 
tra session on April 
16th. 



1917 



I917 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



383 



Germany and Austria. 



1917 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1917 



The World, elsewhere. 



1917 

Jan. 26. Severe earth- 
quake in Malay Archi- 
pelago (300 killed). 

Jan. 27. The President 
of Costa Rica, Alfred 
Gonzales, was deposed 
by the military forces. 
Minister of War Fred- 
erico Tinoc?. became the 
administrative head. 



Mar. 29. Owing to gener- 
al strike, martial law is 
proclaimed in Spain. 



Mar. 11. Mexico held 
elections for President 
and members of the 
Chamber of Deputies 
and the Senate. Car- 
ranza was elected Presi- 
dent without opposi- 
tion. 



384 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I917 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1917 



United States. 



Apr.17. The Governor of 
New Hampshire signed 
a bill establishing pro- 
hibition, effective May 
1, 1918. 



1917 

Apr. 4. The New York 
Legislature completed 
the passage of a bill 
creating a State con- 
stabulary. 



June 19. Trading in cot- 
ton for future delivery 
on the New York Cotton 
Exchange reached 27 
cents a pound, the high- 
est price since 1871. 



Great Britain &FRANCE. 



1917 



June 15. The British 
Government decided to 
release all prisoners 
taken in the Irish Re- 
bellion of April, 1916. 



July 12. Armed citizens 
of Bisbee, Ariz., escort- 
ed to the border 1200 
striking miners who they 
alleged to be I. W. W.'s. 

July 14. One thousand 
foreign born miners were 
driven from the Flat 
River (Mo.) district by 
armed American miners 
as a protest against 
labor competition. 



Aug. 1. The Senate, by a 
vote of 65 to 20, adopted 
a resolution for submit- 
ting an amendment to 
the Federal Constitution 
prohibiting the manu- 
facture, sale, transporta- 
tion, importation, or ex- 
portation of intoxicating 
liquors. It was pro- 
vided that the article 
shall be inoperative un 
less ratified within six 
years. 

Aug. 26. Donald B. Mac 
Millan, explorer, reached 
North Sydney, N. S., on 
his homeward bound 
trip, after nearly four 
years' exploring in the 
Arctic regions. 



Aug. 28. Ten suffragette 
pickets were arrested in 
front of the White House, 
Washington, D. C. 



igij A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



385 



Germany and Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World., elsewhere. 



1917 



1917 



Apr. 4. The Russian Pro 
visional Government re 
pealed all laws abridging 
religious freedom. 



May 1. Carranza took 
the oath of office as 
President of Mexico, 
the first Constitutional 
President in four years. 



June 9. The Premier of 
Spain. Marquis Manuel 
Garcia Prieto, tendered 
his resignation. 

June 12. Eduardo Dato 
formed a Ministry in 
Spain, with the purpose 
of observing neutrality 
and devoting attention 
to economic problems. 



July 12. The attempt to 
restore the monarchy 
in China came to an 
end with the defeat of 
the forces of Gen. Chang 
Hsun, by Republican 
armies under Gen. Tuan 
Chi-jui (Premier), en- 
tering Peking. 



Aug. 16. Jos6 Gutierrez 
Guerra was inaugurated 
President of Bolivia. 



386 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I917 A.D. 



1917 



Progress OF Society, etc. 



United States. 



Sept. 10. Suffrage lost in 
Maine by a vote of 31 
807 to 17,0.35. 

Sept. 20. The central 
span of the cantilever 
bridge over the St. Law 
rence River at Quebec 
was successfully placed. 
Two former efforts — in 
1916-1917— failed with 
fatal results. 

Oct. 18. Mobs of children 
attacked seven New 
York City schools in 
protest against the Gary 
system. 



Oct. 19. New York's first woman 
subway guard. Miss Catharine 
Moloney of Brooklyn, began work 
for the Brooklyn Rapid Transit 
Company. 

Oct. 25. New York City Federal 
Food Administrator Arthur Wil- 
liams urged on housewives two 
meatless and wheatless days a 
week. 

In an address to 100 members of 
the New York State Woman Suf- 
frage party in the_ White House, 
President Wilson indorsed equal 
suffrage by States. He said: "I 
am very glad to add my voice to 
those which are urging the people 
of the great State of New York 
to set a great example by voting 
for Woman Suffrage." 

Oct. 27. Twenty thousand women 
marched in a Suffrage parade in 
New York City. 

Nov. 2. Lieut. Hanson McCann 
of the United States Naval Forces 
at Newport News, Va., flew with 
a seaman, Charles Allen, from 
Newport News to Duquoin, 111., 
a total distance of 1023 miles, in 
a little less than ten hours. One 
stop was made. 

Nov. 6. John F. Hylan defeated 
John Purroy Mitchel in New York 
City, carrying the entire Tam- 
many ticket with him. 

Woman Suffrage won in New 
York State and lost in Ohio. 

Gov. Samuel W. McCall was 
chosen Governor of Massachu- 
setts for a third term. 

The Republicans gained three 
seats in Congress, electing candl 
dates in Connecticut, MassachU' 
setts, and Pennsylvania. 



1917 

Sept. 1. Suffragettes 

abandoned picketing of 

White House. 



Great Britain& France. 



I917 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



387 



Germany and Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1917 



388 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I917 A.D. 



1917 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1917 

Dec. 4. The New Quebec Bridge 
one of the longest cantilever 
spanned structures in the world 
was opened to traffic. 

Dec. 6. Over 1000 persons were 
killed in and about Halifax, N. S., 
by the explosion of 3000 tons of 
high explosives on board the 
steamship Monl Blanc in Halifax 
Harbor, when it was rammed by 
the Belgian Relief steamer Imo. 
Thousands were injured. At 
the north end of the city two 
square miles of territory was laid 
waste by the blast. Fires started 
simultaneously all over the city, 
raging until they burned out. 
The shock of the explosion was 
felt 150 miles distant. Three 
ships were sunk in the harbor. 



Deaths in 1917: Beckwith, James 
Carroll; Bona vita, Capt. Jack; 
Brady, James Buchanan ("Dia- 
mond Jim"); Carreno, Mme. 
Teresa; Choate, Joseph H. ; Cody 
Col. Wm. F. ("Buffalo Bill"); 
de Reszke, Edouard; Dewey, 
Admiral George; Fitzsimmons, 
Robert ("Bob"); Herschel, Sir 
Wm. James; Liliuokalani, Queen; 
Maude, Maj. F. Stanley; Rodin, 
Auguste; Seligmann, Isaac; Stu- 
art, Ruth McEnery; Sultan of 
Egypt (Hussein Kemal) ; Tree, 
Sir Herbert Beerbohm; Winter, 
William. 



1917 



Dec. 30. Coldest 
day in New 
York CityinSS 
years, 13° be- 
low zero. 

L i g h 1 1 e s s 
nights decreed 
for New York 
City. 



Great BRITAIN& France. 



1917 



I917 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



389 



Germany and Austria. 



1917 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1917 

Dec. 20. Australia de- 
feats conscription in 
referendum vote. 

Dec. 26-29. Earthquakes 
destroy Guatemala 
City. 



390 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I918 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



191S 



1918 



Jan. 7. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendment ratified 
by Mississippi. 



Jan. 11. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendment ratified 
by Virginia. 



Jan. 14. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendment ratified 
by Kentucky. 



Jan. 26. Federal prohibi 
tion amendment ratified 
by North Dakota. 



Feb. 12. First holiday in 
theatrical annals, when 
all theatres in New York 
City were closed. 

Feb. 13. Federal prohibi 
tion amendment ratified 
by Maryland. 



United States. 



1918 

Jan. 2. Seventy public 
schools in New York 
City closed for lack of 
coal. 



Jan. 9. Pres. Wilson an- 
nounces support of Fed- 
eral woman suffrage 
am.endment. 



Jan. 13. Southern States 
sufTer worst blizzard in 
their history. 



Jan. 24. Burleson con- 
firmed as Postmaster 
General. 

Jan. 26. Food restric- 
tion decree by Food Ad- 
ministrator Hoover. 

Jan. 30. Secretary Lans- 
ing announces draft 
agreement with Great 
Britain and Canada. 

Feb. 4. Federal registra- 
tion of alien Germans 
begins. 

Feb. 5. Gen. March ap- 
pointed Chief of Staff. 



Jan. 7. Earl Reading ap- 
pointed special ambas- 
sador to U. S. 



Jan. 13. Joseph Caillaux 
arrested in Paris for 
treason. 



Jan. 21. Sir Edward Car- 
son resigns from British 
Cabinet. 



Feb. 15. Special export 
and import license re- 
quired. 

Feb. 26. Hurricane sweeps 
New York City. 



Mar. 3. Meatless 
reduced. 



days 



Feb. 4. Court-martial of 
Paul Bolo Pacha opened 
at Paris. 



Feb. 14. Bolo Pacha con- 
victed of treason and 
sentenced to death. 



Mar. 5. Sinn Fein volun- 
teers take Kiltamagh 
County Mayo, Ireland. 



IQiS A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 



391 



191S 



German -i and Austria. 



Jan. 16. Premier Wekerle 
of Hungary and his 
Cabinet resign. 



Jan. 21. Austrian Cabinet 
resigns because of e.xten 
sion of Peace strikes. 

Jan. 25. Extensive strikes 
begin in Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1918 

Jan. 3. Canadian men in 
first draft under Mili- 
tary Service Act, called. 

Jan. 8. Austialian Na- 
tionalist Government 



Jan. 17. Switzerland rec- 
ognizes independence of 
Finland. 



Jan. 30. Russian-Polish 
troops declare war on 
Bolsheviki. Bolsheviki 
occupy Kief. 

Feb. 6. Rumanian Cabi 
net resigns on receipt of 
German ultimatum de 
manding opening of 
peace negotiations, 

Feb. 8. Trotzky resigns 
as Russian Foreign Min 
ister. 



Feb. 19. Aland Islands 
occupied by Sweden. 

Feb. 23. Petrograd under 
martial law. 

Feb. 28. Spanish Cabinet 
resigns. 



Feb. 1. Argentina recalls 
military attaches from 
Berlin and Vienna. 



Feb. 10. Sultan Abdul 
Hamid dies in Constan- 
tinople. 

Feb. 15. Canadian Gov- 
ernment announces de- 
cision to extend suffrage 
to all women. 

Feb. 18. Viscount Ishii 
of Japan appointed Am- 
bassador to U. S. 

Feb. 19. Mexico imposes 
special tax on oil land. 

Feb. 28. Canadian sol- 
diers refuse to listen 
to W. J. Bryan on pro- 
hibition. 

Mar. 2. Porto Rico goes 
dry. 

Mar. 3. Alvez elected 
President of Brazil. 



392 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I918 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc 



1918 1918 



United States. 



Mar. 9. Indian state pro 
hibition law declared 
unconstitutional. 
— Daylight savingsched- 
ule begins in France. 

Mar. 12. Maryland state 
wide prohibition bill de- 
feated. 

Rhode Island rejects 
Federal prohibition 

amendment. 

Mar. 15. Woman suffrage 
defeated in Mississippi 

Mar. 20. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendmentrejected 
in New York. 



1918 

Mar. 6. Fritz Kreisler 
barred from playing m 
West Orange, N. J. 



Great Britain &France. 



1918 



Mar. 10. Sec. Baker of 
U. S. arrives in France. 



Mar. 19. Pres. Wilson 
signs Daylight Saving 
bill. 



Mar. 23. Rose Pastor 
Stokes arrested, charged 
with violation of Espio 
nage Act. 



Mar. 31. Daylight saving 
starts in United States. 

Apr. 2. In Indiana state 
wide prohibition goes 
into effect. 

— Federal prohibition 
amendment ratified by 
Massachusetts. 



Mar. 27. Britain and 
France declare that ob- 
ligations of Imperial 
Russian Government 
are binding on any sub- 
sequent Russian Gov- 
ernment. 



Apr. 5. Dr. Carl Muck, 
leader of Boston Sym- 
ph ony interned as enemy 
alien. 

Apr. 6. Third Liberty 
loan begins. 



Apr. 16. Charles M. 
Schwab appointed Di- 
rector-General of Emer- 
gency Fleet Corporation. 
— Sec. Baker returns to 
United States. 



Apr. 20. U. S. takes con- 
trol of Philadelphia po- 
lice to protect soldiers 
and sailors from vice. 

Apr. 25. Si. Paul sinks at 
her pier in N. Y. 



Apr. 7. Bolo Pacha con- 
fesses. 

Apr. 12. British Com- 
mons retains Irish con- 
scription in Man-Power 
bill. 



Apr. 17. Bolo Pacha exe- 
cuted at Vincennes. 

Apr. 18. Viscount Milner 
succeeds Earl of Derby 
as Secretary of War in 
British Cabinet. 



IQiS A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



393 



1918 



Germany and Austria. 



1918 



Apr. 15. Count Czernin, 
Austrian Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, resigns. 

Apr. 17. Baron de Radecz 
succeeds Count Czernin 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1918 

Mar. 3. Treaty of Brest 

Litovsk. 
Mar. 9. Spanish Cabinet 

again resigns. 



Mar. 14. Russian Council 
ot Soviets ratifies treaty 
of Brest-Litovsk. 



Mar. 22. Maura Cabinet 
formed in Spain. 



Apr. 9. Trotzky appointed 
Bolshevist Minister of 
War and Marine. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1918 



Feb. 26. Japan announces 
no armed intervention 
for the present in Siberia. 

Mar. 29. Draft riots in 
Quebec. 



Apr. 1. Anti-Draft riots 
suppressed in Quebec. 



Apr. 28. Sidonio Paes 
elected President of 
Portugal. 



394 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1918 

Mayl. Prohibition effec 

tive in New Hampshire 

and Michigan. 



May 15. Army fliers car- 
rying mail fly from N. Y. 
to Washington in 3 hrs. 
22 min. 

— New State barge canal 
linking N. Y. City with 
Great Lakes opens. 
— Regular air mail ser- 
vice between N. Y. City 
and Washington ini- 
tiated. 



United States. 



191S 



May 4. Third Liberty 

loan ends. 
May 5. The Tuchahce 

built in 27 days, 

launched. 

May 13. Anti-loafing bill 
in effect in New York. 



May 23. Federal prohibi 
tion amendment reject 
ed by Louisiana. 

May 24. Federal prohibi 
tion amendment ratified 
by Arizona. 

May 28. Aerial mail be- 
tween London and Paris 
begins. 



June 3. Aerial mail ser- 
vice, between N.Y., Bos- 
ton, and Montreal ini- 
tiated. 



May 20. President signs 
draft bill affecting men 
reaching 21 since June 
5, 1917. 

May 21. Director Gen. 
McAdoo relieves every 
railroad president from 
duty. 

May 23. Rose Pastor 
Stokes found guilty. 



May 28. American R. R. 

Express organized. 
May 31. Rose Pastor 

Stokes sentenced to 10 

years. 



June 5. Registration day 
for new draft. 

June 7. Federal Grand 
Jury indicts seven as al- 
leged spies, among them 
Jeremiah O'Leary and 
John T. Ryan. 



June 13. 
rested. 



O'Learj' ar- 



Great Britain &France. 



1913 



May 6. Field Marshal 
French appointed Lord 
Lieutenant of Ireland. 



May 18. 500 Sinn Feiners 
an ested in Ireland and 
sent to England. 



June 20. Britain abandons 
Irish home-rule and 
conscription measures. 



igiS A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



395 



1918 



Germany and Austria. 



1918 



May 13. Germany recog 
nizes independence of 
Lithuania. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



May 28. First Danish 
Rigsdag, under equal 
suffrage opened. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1918 



May 23. Naval conven- 
tion between China and 
Japan signed at Pekin. 



May 25. Mexico severs 
relations with Cuba. 



June 4. Baron deBroque- 
ville resigns as Belgian 
Premier, succeeded by 
M. Cooreman. 



June 19. 40,000 armed 
peasants revolt in Kief 



June 3. Pres. Valdez of 
Panama dies. 



396 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9I8 A.D. 



1918 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1918 

June 21. New star dis- 
covered in the constel- 
lation Aquda. 

June 26. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendment ratified 
by Georgia. 
— Prohibition effective 
in Texas. 



United States. 



Aug. 8. Federal prohibi- 
tion amendment ratified 
by Louisiana. 



June 27. Drawing of men 
registered on June 5 
begins. 

June 30. Eugene V. Debs 
arrested for alleged vio- 
lation of Espionage Act 



July 3. Senator Tillman 
of South Carolina dies. 



luly 6. Former Mayor 
John Purroy_ Mitchel 
killed by fall in his air- 
plane. 

July 24. Lightless nights 
for New York City go 
into effect. 

July 28. Wheat restric 
tions removed. 



Aug. 6. Col. Henry Wat- 
terson retires from ac- 
tive newspaper work. 



Aug. 9. Restrictions on 
use of meat abolished. 



Aug. 17. 100 I. W. W.'s 
convicted at Chicago of 
conspiracy to obstruct 
the war. 



Aug. 23. Draft register 
day for those who have 
become 21 since June 5. 

Aug. 27. Ambassador 
Page resigns because of 
ill health. 

Aug. 28. Senator Ollie M 
James, of Kentucky 
dies. 



Great Britain &France. 



1918 



July 3. Lord Rhondda, 
British Food Controllei 
dies in London. 



Aug. 6. Gen. Foch re- 
warded with baton of 
Marshal of France. 



Aug. 13. Britain formally 
recognizes the Czecho- 
slovaks as an allied 
nation. 



I918 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



397 



191S 



July 3. German Reich- 
stag ratifies peace treaty 
with Rumania. 



Germany and Austria. 



July 18. Hungarian Diet 

rejects woman suffrage 

measure. 
July 2rt. Baron von Hus 

sarek appointed Premier 

of Austria. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1918 

June 21. M. Voldarsky 
Bolshevist commission- 
er, assassinated in Petro- 
grad. 



July 4. Dutch Cabinet 
resigns. 



July 7. Russian Bolshe- 
vist army mobilized. 

July 17. Nicholas II., de 
posed Czar of Russia, 
executed at Ekaterin 
burg. ( This is not certain 
hut probable.] 



July 27. Duke Adolph 
Frederick of Mecklen- 
burg accepts throne of 
Finland. 

July 30. Field Marsha 
von Eichorn, German 
commander in Ukraine 
assassinated at Kief. 



The World, elsewhere. 



July 3. Mohammed V. 
dies in Constantinople. 



July 6. Mohammed VI. 
proclaimed Sultan of 
Turkey. 

— Guam devastated by 
typhoon. 



Aug.l. Peruvian Cabinet 

resigns. 
Aug. 3. Cuban Congress 

empowers President to 

send military force to 

France. 



Aug. 7. Suarez inau- 
gurated President of 
Colombia. 



Aug. 30. Lenine seriously 
wounded in Moscow by 



Aug. 14. 
Japan. 



Food riots In 



398 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Progress of Society, etc 



1918 

Sept.-Jan. Severe influ- 
enza epidemic sweeps 
throughout U. S. 

Sept.l. First" motorless" 
Sunday in New York 
City. 



Sept. 10. First postal air- 
plane trip between Chi- 
cago and New York. 



Oct. 27. Clocks in U. S. 
set back one hour in ac- 
cordance with Daylight 
Saving law. 



Nov. 5. Ohio, Florida, 
Minnesota, Wyoming, 
and Vermont vote"dry." 
California, Missouri, 
Minnesota "wet." 



United States. 



1918 



Sept. 2. U. S. recognizes 
Czecho-Slovak govern- 
ment. 

Sept. 6. Senate passes 
Food Stimulation bill 
prescribing total prohi- 
bition from July 1, 1919. 



Sept. 12. Men of 18 to 20 
and 32 to 45 registered 
under Man Power Act. 

Sept. 14. Eugene V. Debs 
sentenced to 10 5'ears' 
imprisonment. 

Sept. 18. President pro- 
claims _ closing of all 
breweries on Dec. 1. 

Sept. 23. House adopts 
prohibition amendment 
to Food Stimulation bill. 

Sept. 28. Fourth Liberty 
loan opened. 

Sept. 30. Draft lottery 
for new classes held at 
Washington. 



Oct. 1. Senate rejects wo- 
man suffrage amend- 
ment. 

Oct. 17. Motorless Sun- 
day law rescinded. 

Oct. 19. Fourth Liberty 
loan ended. 



Nov. 7. "False 
day," in U. S. 



GreatBritain& France. 



1918 



Nov. 12. Lord North- 
cliffe resigns from Brit- 
ish Cabinet. 



I918 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



399 



1918 



Germany and Austria. 



Sept. 7. First installment 
of war indemnity paid 
to Germany by Russia. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Sept. 23. German Social 
Democratic party de 
clares for peace without 
annexations or indemni- 
ties. 



Sept. 28. Peace demon- 
strations occur in Berlin 



The World, elsewhere. 



1918 



Sept. 6. Hsu Shih Chang 
elected President of 
China. 



Sept. 21. Japanese Cabi- 
net resigns. 



Oct. 11. Emperor sum 
mens all rulers of Ger 
man Federal States to 
Berlin for conference 



Nov. 9. The Chancellor 
announces intention of 
the Kaiser to abdicate 



Nov. 11. King of Saxony 
deposed. 

Nov. 12. Emperor 
Charles of Austria abdi- 
cates. 

— German Austria pro- 
claimed part of German 
Republic. i 



Oct. 4. King Ferdinand 
of Bulgaria abdicates in 
favor of Crown Prince 
Boris. 



Nov. 2. King Boris of 
Bulgaria abdicates. 



Nov. 8. King Wilhelm II. 
of Wurttemberg abdi- 
cates. 



Nov. 10. The late Ger 
man EmperorandCrown 
Prince enter Holland 



Oct. 11. Earthquake in 
Porto Rico. 



400 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1918 



Deaths in 1918: Abdul Ha- 
mid II.; Arnold, Rich- 
ard; Barnabee, Henry 
Clay ; Bavaria, Queen of, 
Maria Theresa; Bennett, 
James Gordon; Boyd 
Carpenter, Rt. Rev. Wil- 
liam; Castle, Vernon; 
Collier, Robert J.; Cui, 
Cesar; Debussy, Claude 
Achille; Donovan, Mike; 
Dougherty, J. Hamp- 
den; Dufferin and Alva, 
Marquis of; Emmet, 
Thos. Addis; Fairbanks, 
Charles W.; Gladden, 
Rev. Dr. Washington; 
Greenhut, Capt. Joseph 
B.; Gulick, Dr. Luther 
H.; Held, Anna; Ire 
land, John, Archbishop; 
Keith, A. Paul; Kobb6, 
Gustav; Lee, Tom; 
Lufbery, Major Raoul; 
Martin, Don; McCrae, 
Lieut. Col. John; Mc- 
Govern, Terry; Mitchel, 
John Purroy; Moham- 
med v.; Muschenheim, 
William C; Redmond, 
JohnE.; Resnati, Capt. 
Antonio; Roebling, 
Charles G. ; Roosevelt, 
Quentin; SaffonofI, 
Wassilly; Savage, Rev. 
Dr. Minot; Searle, Rev. 
George M. ; Spring-Rice, 
Sir Cecil; Sullivan, John 
L.; Tillman, Benjamin 
R.; Van Wyck, Robert 
A.; Wagner, Charles; 
White, Andrew D.; 
Young, Mrs. Ella Flagg. 



United States. 



1918 

Nov._ 14 
resigns, 
broke.' 

Nov. 15. 



Sec. McAdoo 
"tired and 



First U. S. de- 
mobilization order. _ 

— U. S. discontinues 
censorship. 



Nov. 21. President signs 
Food Stimulation bill 
with prohibition clause. 

Nov. 22. Lightless nights' 
ban lifted. 

Dec. 2. First large unit 
of returned American 
troops arrives in New- 
York. 

Dec. 4. Pres. Wilson and 
party sail for Peace Con- 
ference. 

Dec. 5. Carter Glass 
nominated Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Dec. 8. Steel harbor net 
removed at New York. 



Great Britain &France. 



Nov. 17. American forces 
begin their march to- 
ward Germany. 

Nov. 20. 20 German sub- 
marines surrendered to 
British. 



Nov. 22. _ Lord Robert 
Cecil resigns from Brit- 
ish Cabinet. 



Dec. 8. Gen. Petain re- 
warded with baton of 
Marshal of France. 

Dec. 13. Pres. Wilson 
arrives at Brest. 



igi8 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



401 



Germany and Austria. 



1918 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1918 191S 

Nov. 15. Germany ap- 
peals to U. S. to save 
German people from 
starvation. 



Nov. 28. Bavaria breaks 
relations with Berlin 

Nov. 29. Kaiser formally 
abdicates. 



Dec. 1. American troops 
cross Prussian frontier. 
— German Crown Prince 
renounces right to 
throne. 



Nov. 17. Sweden decides 
to grant woman suffrage. 
— Hungarian Republic 
proclaimed at Prague 



Nov. 29. Republic of 
Lithuania proclaimed. 



Dec. 2. King of Monte- 
negro deposed. 



Dec. 9. Denmark and 
Norway sever relations 
with Russia. 



Dec. 13. Gen. Manner- 

heim elected President 

of Finland. 
Dec. 14. Pres. Paes of 

Portugal assassinated. 
Dec. 16. Poland severs 

diplomatic relations with 

Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1918 



Nov. 23. Anti-Peruvian 
riots occur in Chile. 



Nov. 28. Peru withdraws 
her consuls from Chile. 



THE FORFEIT 



ED GERMAN COLONIES 




*' ^yiBOLOMON IS. 

[tilSAMOA 



f HE colonial regions taken from Cermany under the peace treaty, their corresponding numbers on llio niiip. 
the League of Nations, and their area and population are as follows; 



'o. ,Sf;. Miles- 

it) Togo, new status undetermined .'!3,700 

(2) Kamerun, new status undeter- 
mined 191,130 

(3) Southwest Africa, mandate to 

Union of South Africa 322,450 

H) East Africa, mandate to great 

Britain 384,180 

(5) Kiao-chau, to Japan 200 



opulatioii 


No. 


1,000,000 


(6) 


4,000,000 


(7) 
(8) 


300,000 




7,000,000 


(9) 


100,000 


(10) 



Caroline, Pclew, and Marianne 

Islands, mandate to Japan 

Marshall Island, mandate to Japan 
Kaiser A\'ilhelm's Land and His- 
marck Archipelago, mandate to Aus- 
tralia 

Solomon Islands, mandate to Aus- 
tralia 

Samoa, mandate to New Zealand 



,li>|,OMli. 



v/, Mih-.i I'npultttion 



urn 

l.)0 



4,500 
1,000 



5I).00(I 
20,1100 



375,000 



100,000 
50,000 



CHRONOLOGY OF THE GREAT WAR 

1914-1919 



403 



June 28. 


July 23. 


25. 


28. 


29. 


30. 


31. 


Aug. 1. 



CHRONOLOGY OF 

1914- 



Preliminary Events. 



Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. 

Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. 

Serbian reply; Austrian Minister leaves Belgrade. 

Austria declares war on Serbia. 

Russia begins to mobilize. 

Interview in Berlin between Sir E. Goschen and Bethmann-Hollweg 

Sir Edward Grey proposes a council. 

Germany declares state of war; issues ultimatum to Russia and France 
Germany declares war on Russia. France mobilized. 
Moratorium proclaimed by Great Britain. 
King Albert of Belgium appeals to Great Britain. 
Sir Edward Grey's famous speech in House of Commons. 
France declares state of war exists with Germany. 
Great Britain declares war on Germany, after ultimatum regarding 

neutrality of Belgium. 
President Wilson declares neutrality of United States. 
Austria declares war on Russia. 



404 



THE GREAT WAR 

1919 



Western Front. 



Eastern Front. 



Military Operations 
elsewhere. 



Aug. 2. Germany invades 
Luxemburg and France. 

Aug. 3. Germany invades 
Belgium. 



Aug. 4. Bombardment of 
Li^ge begun. Engage- 
ments between French 
and Germans at Belfort. 



July 29. Austrians bom 
bard Belgrade. 



Aug. 2. Russians cross 
German frontier. 



Aug. 4. Russians defeated 
in attack on Memel; 
Serbs defeat Austrians 
near Semendria. 



Aug. 2. Fight between 
German and Russian 
cruisers oflf Libau. 



Aug. 5. British third flo- 
tilla has battle with 
Germans in the North 
Sea. 



405 



4o6 


CHRONOLOGY OF 


i 
1 
I 

I914 A.D, 




Diplomatic 


Military Operations 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


AND 


on- 


ON 




Internal Affairs, 


Western Front. 


Eastern Front. 


1914 


1914 


1914 

Aug. 4-26. Belgium over- 


1914 




Aug 6. Austria declares 


run by Germans. 






war on Russia. 


.A.UR. 9. Li6ge captured. 
French occupy MuUhau- 
sen. 






Aug. 10. France declares 


Aug. 10. Austrians enter 






war on Austria. 


Alsace. 






Aug. 12. Gt. Britain de- 








clares war on Austria. 








Aug. 15. Japanese ulti- 








matum to Germany. 


Aug. l6. British expedi- 
tionary force landed in 
France. 






Aug. 17. Belgian Gov't 


Aug. 17. Germans take 


Aug. 18. Russia completes 




removed to Antwerp. 


Louvain. 








mobilization and invades 






."Vug. 20. Brussels cap- 


East Prussia. 






tured bv Germans. 






Aug. 23. Japan declares 


Aug. 21-23. Bailie of 


Aug. 25-Dec. 15. Rus- 




war on Germany. 


Mons-Charleroi. Dogged 


sians overrun Galicia. 






retreat of British and 


Lemberg taken (Sept. 2) ; 






French. 


Przemysl first attacked 






Aug. 24. Germans take 


(Sept. 16) ; siege broken 






Namur. 


(Oct. 12-Nov. 12); fall 
of Przemysl (May 17, 
1915). 






Aug. 26. Louvain de- 


Aug. 26. Russians severe- 






stroyed by Germans. 


ly defeated at battle of 






Aug. 27. Ostend occupied 


Tannenberg, East Prus- 






by British marines. 


sia. 




Aug. 31. Name of St. 


Aug. 31. Allies line al ng 


Aug. 31. Russians rout 




Petersburg changed to 


Seine, Marne,and Meuse 


four army corps near 




Petrograd. 


rivers. 

Sept. 1. Germans occupy 
Soissons and Amiens. 


Lemberg. Russians' re- 
verses in East Prussia. 

Sept. 2. Severe defeat of 




Sept. 3. French Govern- 




Austrians at Lemberg. 




ment temporarily moved 




Sept. 3. Russians take 




to Bordeaux. 




Lemberg. 




Sept. 5. Great Britain, 








France, and Russia sign 


Sept. 6-10. Battle of the 






treaty not to make peace 


Marne. Germans reach 






separately. 


supreme point of their 
advance ; driven back by 
French to the Aisne. 
Battle line then remains 
practically the same for 
three years (300 miles). 
Trench warfare begins. 
Sept. 7. Germans take 
Maubeuge. 






Sept. 9. Rulers of 700 In- 


Sept. 9. Germans occupy 






dian native states offer 


Antwerp. 


Sept. 10. Serbs capture 




services to Britain. 




Semlin. 




Sept. 13. Belgian Govern- 


Sept. 13. Germans take 






ment withdraws to 


Ghent. 


Sept. 16. Russians driven 




Havre, France. 




from East Prussia. 






Sept. 23. Germans take 


Sept. 23. Russians occupy 






St. Mihiel. 


Soldau. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



407 



1914 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



Aug. 7. H. M. S. Am 
phton sunk by a mine. 

Aug. 9. German U-15 
sunk by British cruiser 
Birmingham. 

Aug. 12. Goeben and Bres- 
lau sold to Turkey. 



Aug. 27. Raiser Wilhelm 

der Grosse sunk off Rio 

de Oro. 
Aug. 28. British naval 

victory in Heligoland 

Bight. 



Sept. 5. H. M. S. Path 
finder sunk by sub 
marine. Loss 259. 

Sept. 7. Oceanic wrecked 
and sunk off Scotland. 



Sept. 11. Russian cruiser 
Pallada sunk by sub 
marine. Loss 568. 

Sept. 13. German cruiser 
Hela sunk by British 
submarine. 

Sept._ 22. Three British 
cruisers, Aboukir, Hague, 
and Crecy, sunk by sub- 
marine. 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



Aug. 23. Tsing-Tau bom- 
barded by Japanese. 



Aug. 26. Allies conquer 
Togoland in Africa. 



Aug. 29. German Samoa 
surrendered to a New 
Zealand force. 



Sept. 10. Gen. Botha 
dispatches forces against 
German Southwest 
Africa. 

Sept. 11. An Australian 
expedition captures New 
Guinea. 



Sept. 27. Successful inva- 
sion of German South- 
west Africa by Gen. 
Botha. 



4o8 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I914 A.D. 





Diplomatic 


Military Operations 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


AND 


ON 


ON 




Internal Affairs. 


Western Front. 


Eastern Front. 


1914 


1914 


1914 

Oct. 9. Germans enter 

Antwerp. 
Oct. 11. First airplane 

bombardment of Paris. 
Oct. 16-28. Battle of the 


1914 






Yser in Flanders. 


Oct. 21-28. German 






Oct. 17- Nov. 17. First 


armies driven back 




Oct. 21. Russia forbids 


Battle of Ypres (decisive 


in Poland. 




sale of alcohol during 


day Oct. 31st). 


Oct. 26. Germans evacu- 




war. 




ate Lodz. 






Nov. 1. Germans take 


Nov. 1. Germans con- 






Messines. 


tinue retreat in Poland. 






Nov. 2. British line 








pierced near N e u v e 








Chapelle. 


Nov. 4. 15,000 Austrian 
prisoners captured in 




Nov. 5. Gt. Britain de- 




retreat from Warsaw. 




clares war on Turkey. 




Nov.lO-Dec. 14. Austrian 






Nov. 11. Germans oc- 


invasion of Serbia (Bel- 






cupy Dixmude. 


grade taken Dec. 2; re- 




Nov. 13. U. S. declares 




captured by Serbians, 




neutrality of Panama 




Dec. 14). 




Canal Zone. 








Nov. 14. Death of Lord 








Roberts. 


Nov. 15. Germans pushed 

back across Yser. 
Nov. 17. End of First 








Battle of Ypres. 


Nov. 23. Hindenburg's 

advance on Warsaw 

checked. 
Nov. 29. Russians win 

victory near Cracow. 
Dec. 2. Germans rally in 

Poland. 
Dec. 8. Russians again 




Dec. 9. French Govern- 


Dec. 15. Allies gains light 


evacuate Lodz. 
Dec. 15. Austrians con- 




ment returns to Paris. 
Dec. 17. Egypt declared 


advantages all along 


centrating along the 




Western front. 


Vistula. 




a British protectorate. 




Dec. 20. Cracow relieved. 


1915 


1915 


1915 


1915 






Jan. 4. Steinbach cap- 


Jan. 1-Feb. 15. Russians 




Jan. 7. France forbids sale 


tured by the French. 


attempt to cross Car- 




of absinthe during war. 


Jan. 8. Fighting actively 


pathians. 




Jan. 10. Austrian Foreign 


resumed in Belgium. 






Minister resigns. 


Jan. 14. German success 








near Soissons. 


Jan. 18. Russians re-oc- 
cupy Plotzk. 

Jan. 25. Second Russian 
invasion of East Prussia. 






Jan. 30. Germans checked 








by British at La Bass6e. 


Feb. 3. Russians make 




Feb. 4. Germany pro- 




progress in the Mlawa 




claims "war-zone" 




regions and in the Car- 




around British Isles 




pathians. 




after Feb. 18. 




Feb. 7. Russians cross 




Feb. 10. Pres. Wilson 




the Bzura. 




writes "strict accounta- 








bility note." 




Feb. 26. Great battle in 






Feb. 28. Germans use 


progress from Warsaw 






"liquid fire." 


to Grodno. 



I914 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



409 







THE War 


Military Operations 


A.D. 




AT 


AT 






Sea. 


Other Points. 


1914 


1914 


1914 

Oct. 26. French steamer 
Admiral Cauieaume, ref- 
ugee ship, sunk by sub- 


1914 






marine. 


Oct. 28. De Wet's rebel- 
lion in South Africa. 






Nov. 1. German naval 








victory in the Pacific off 








the coast of Chile. 








Nov. 3. German naval 








raid into British waters. 








Allied fleets bombard 








Dardanelles. 


Nov. 7. Fall of Tsing- 
tau to Japanese. 






Nov. 10. German cruiser 








Emden caught and de- 








stroyed at Cocos Island. 


Nov. 15. Turkish forts 
at southern end of Red 
Sea captured by Indian 
troops. 

Nov. 21. Basra on Per- 
sian _ Gulf occupied by 






Nov. 26. H. M. S. Bul- 


British. 






wark blows up. 800 lost. 


Dec. 1. Gen. DeWet cap- 
tured. 






Dec. 8. British naval vic- 


Dec. 8. South African 






tory off Falkland Islands. 


rebellion collapses. 






Dec. 13. Turkish warship 








Messudiyeh torpedoed 








by British submarine at 








Dardanelles. 








Dec. 16. German war- 








ships bombard Hartle- 
pool, Scarborough, and 
Whitby. 


Dec. 24. First German 
air-raid on England. 






1915 


1915 






Jan. 1. H. M. S. Formid- 


Jan. 5. Complete defeat 






able torpedoed and sunk. 


of the Turkish army in 
the Caucasus; 80,000 






Jan. 24. British naval vic- 


Turks put out of action. 






tory in North Sea off 


Jan. 18. Russians invade 






Doggerbank. 


Turkish territory. 






Jan. 28. American mer- 








chantman William P. 








Frye sunk by German 








cruiser. 


Feb. 2. Turks attempt to 
cross Suez Canal but are 






Feb. 18. German official 


driven back. 






"blockade" of Gt. Brit- 


Feb. 5. Turks retire from 






ain commences. 


Suez Canal. 






Feb. 19. Anglo - French 








squadrons bomb Dar- 


Feb. 24. British South 






danelles, Commence- 


African forces occupy 






ment of Dardanelles 


Garub. 




1 


campaign. 





410 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I915 A.D. 



1915 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1915 

Mar. 1. Gt. Britain de- 
clares blockade of Ger- 
many. 



Apr. 22. German warning 
against embarkation on 
vessels for Gt. Britain. 



May 1. Warning of Ger 
man Embassy against 
sailing for England pub 
lished. (Lusiiania sails 
at noon.) 



May 10. Germany sends a 
message of " sympathy ' ' 
for loss of American lives 
on the Lusitania. Pres. 
Wilson makes "too 
proud to fight" speech. 

May 13. Ynst " Lusiiania 
note." 

May 23. Italy declares 
war on Austria. 

May 28. Germany a.n- 
s^wers" Lusitania note." 



June 1. Germany's note 
about Gulflighl. 



June 8. Bryan resigns as 
Secretary of State. 

June 9. Second "Lusi- 
tania note." 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1915 

Mar. 10. British capture 
Neuve Chapelle. 

Mar. 13. Severe counter- 
attack at Neuve Cha- 
pelle repulsed by British. 



Apr. 17-May 17. Second 
Battle of Ypres. 

Apr. 23. Gas first em 
ployed. Germans fail to 
break British lines (Ca- 
nadians). 



May 5. Germans attain 
footing on Hill 60 but 
are practically dislodged 
on May 6. 



May 9-June. Battle of 
Artois (near La Bassee). 



June 6. French capture 
most of famous "Laby- 
rinth ' 'north of theAisne, 



Military Operations 

on 

Eastern Front. 



Mar. 22. Russians cap- 
ture Przemysl after siege 
of 6 months; 120,000 
prisoners. 

Apr. 2. Russians continue 
attacks in Carpathians. 



Apr. 26. Allied landing 
on Gallipoli peninsula. 

Apr. 30. Germans invade 
Baltic Provinces of Rus- 
sia. 



May 3. Teutons break 
through Russian line in 
Carpathians. 



May 2. Battle of the 
Dunajec. Russians re- 
tire in the Carpathians. 

May 8. Germans occupy 
Libau, on Baltic. 



June 3. Przemysl retaken 
by Germans and Austri- 

ans. 



June 22. Teutons recap- 
ture Lemberg. 



I9I5 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



411 





Italian Front 


The War 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


at 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1915 


1915 


191.^ 

Mar. 14. German cruiser 
Dresden sunk. 

Mar. 18. Battle between 
Allied fleets and forts of 
Dardanelles. 3 of fleet 
sunk. 

Mar. 28. Falaba sunk 
(111 lives lost, 1 Ameri- 
can). 

May 1. Gulflight sunk by 
submarine. 

May 7. Lusitania tor- 
pedoed and sunk (1154 


1915 

Mar. 6. Small British 

force defeated in valley 

of the Tigris. 

Apr. 26. Allies land on 
Gallipoli. 






lives lost, 114 Ameri- 


May 12. Gen. Botha oc- 






cans). 


cupies capital of Ger- 






May 13. H. M. S. Goliath 


man Southwest Africa. 






torpedoed in Darda- 








nelles; 500 lost. 


May 20. Allies capture 
heights of Krithia on 
Gallipoli. 






May 25. Nebraskan at- 








tacked by submarine. 








May 26. Triumph torpe- 








doed off Gallipoli. 








May 27. Majestic torpe- 








doed off Gallipoli. 


May 31. Zeppelins raid 
London. 




June 1. Italian advance 








in Trentino. 








June 2. Italians cross 








Isonzo. 




June 4. Allies attack in 
Gallipoli, gaining nearly 




June 9. Montfalcone oc- 




3 miles. 




cupied by Italians, cut- 








ting railroad to Trieste. 







412 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I915 A.D. 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



July S. Germany pledges 
safety of U. S. vessels in 
"war-zone " under speci- 
fied conditions. 



July 15. Germany "ex 

presses regret " over Ne- 

braskan affair. 
July 21. Third "Lust 

tania note." 
July 28. The Pope sends 

peace note to the bel 

ligerents. 



Aug. 15. National regis 
tration in Gt. Britain. 

Aug. 20. Italy declares 
war on Turkey. 

Aug. 24. Germany "ex 
presses regret" regard 
ing American lives lost 
on Arabic. 

Sept. 1. German note as 
sures U. S. that no more 
lives will be sunk with 
out warning. 

Sept. 7. Germany reports 
on Arabic sinking. 

Sept. 8. U. S. demands 
recall of Austrian Am 
bassador, Dr. Dumba. 

Sept. 22. _ Bulgaria begins 
to mobilize. 



Oct. 4. Russian ultima 
turn to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 5. Germany disavows 
sinking of Arabic, pre- 
pared to pay indemnities 

Oct. 14. Gt. Britain de- 
clares war on Bulgaria. 

Oct. 24. Entente to Greece 
requesting security for 
Allied troops in Mace 
donia. 

Dec. 4. U. S. demands re 
call of German attaches, 
Boy-Ed and von Papen 

Dec. 10. Boy-Ed and von 
Papen recalled. 



1915 

July 2-12. Crown Prince 
carries on a series of 
furious attacks in the 
Argonne. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Aug. 9. British win near 
Hooge. 



Sept. 25.-Oct. French 
in Champagne fail. 

Sept. 27. British progress 
near Loos. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



July 12-Sept. 18. Gernian 
conquest of Russian 
Poland. Germans cap- 
ture Lubin (July 31), 
Warsaw (Aug. 4), Ivan- 
gorod (Aug. 5), Kovno 
(Aug. 17), Brest-Litovsk 
(Aug. 25), Vilna (Sept. 
18). 

July 14. Germans take 
offensive at Riga. 

Aug. 4. Warsaw captured 
by Germans. 

Aug. 5. Ivangorod occu- 
pied by Germans. 



Aug. 17. Fall of Kovno. 
Aug. 19. Fall of Novo 
Georgievsk. 

Aug. 25. Fall of Brest- 
Litovsk. 



Sept. 3. Fall of Grodno. 

Sept. 8. German defeat 
near Tarnopol. 

Sept. 18. Fall of Vilna; 
end of Russian retreat. 



Dec. 15. Sir Douglas Haig 
succeeds Sir John French 
in command of British 
Army in France and 
Belgium. 



I9I5 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR 



413 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



Sept. 30. Germans mass 
on Serbian frontier. 

Oct. 2. Bulgarian forces 
gather on Serbian fron 
tier. 

Oct. 6-Dec. 2. Austro 
German- Bulgarian con 
quest of Serbia. Fall of 
Nish (Nov. 5), of Pris- 
rend (Nov. 30), of Mo- 
nastir (Dec. 2). 

Oct. 9. Teutons occupy 
Belgrade. 

Oct. 11. Bulgarians enter 
Serbia. 

Nov. 1. Fall of Kraguie- 
vatz, theSerbianarsenal. 

Nov. 16. Fall of Prilip. 

Nov. 20. Fall of Novi 
Bazar. 

Dec. 2. Fall of Monastir. 
Dec. 8. Bulgarian attack 

in Macedonia. 
Dec. 11. Bulgarians lose 

8000 men at Furka 
Dec. 13. Allies occupy 

Salonika. 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



1915 

July 1. Armenian torpe- 
doed off Cornish coast. 
German squadron bom- 
bards Windau on Baltic 
coast. 

July 2. Naval action in 
Baltic between Russian 
and German warships. 
Naval engagement be- 
tween German and Rus- 
sian battleships. 

Aug. 2. German trans- 
port sunk in Baltic by 
British submarine. 

Aug. 8. German naval 
defeat in the Gulf of 
Riga. 

Aug. 14. Turkish trans- 
port in the Dardanelles. 

Aug. 18. Russian naval 
victory in the Gulf of 
Riga. 

Aug. 19. Arabic sunk by 
submarine (16 killed; 2 
Americans). 

Aug. 26. German sub- 
marine destroyed off 
Ostend by British air- 
plane. 

Sept. 2. Four Turkish 
transports sunk by Brit 
ish submarines. 

Sept. 4. Hesperian sunk 
by submarine (26 lost; 
1 American). 



July 15. Conquest of Ger- 
man South Africa com- 
pleted. 

July 24. Allies defeat 
Turks on the Euphrates. 



Oct. 21. Britishfleet bom- 
bards Dedeagatch. 

Oct. 23. German cruiser 
PrinzAdalbert torpedoed 
in Baltic. 

Nov. 7. German cruiser 
Undine sunk off Sweden 
by British submarine 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



Sept.l. Allies win success 
in Gallipoli. 



Sept. 8. Zeppelin raids 

on London. 
Sept. 28. Turks defeated 

at Kut-el-Amara. 

Oct. 5. Allied forces land 
at Salonika at invitation 
of Greek Government 



Dec. 30. Persia sunk in 
Mediterranean. 



Nov. 10. Russian forces 
advance on Teheran. 

Nov. 22. Battle of Ctesi- 
phon; Turks routed. 

Dec. 1. British forces re- 
treat to Kut-el-Amara. 

Dec. 13. British defeat 
Arabs on western fron- 
tier of Egypt. 

Dec. 17. Russians occupy 
Hamadan (Persia). 

Dec. 19. British forces 
withdrawing from Galli- 
poli. 



414 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I916 A.D. 



1916 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1916 

Jan. 18. U. S. note to 
governments regarding 
submarine warfare. 



Feb. 10. Germany sends 
warning that she will 
treat armed merchant 
vessels as warships. 

Feb. 16. German note ac- 
knowledges liability in 
Lusitania affair. 

Feb. 24. President Wilson 
refuses to advise Ameri- 
can citizens not to travel 
on armed merchant 
ships. 



Mar. 8. Germany declares 
war on Portugal. 



Mar. 27-29. U. S. in 
structs Ambassador in 
Berlin to inquire into 
sinking of Sussex and 
other vessels. 

Apr. 10. Germany replies 
to U. S. notes on sinking 
of Sussex. 

Apr. 18. U. S. delivers 
what is considered an uL 
timatum that unless Ger- 
many abandons present 
method of submarine 
warfare U. S. will sever 
diplomatic relations. 

Apr. 19. Pres. Wilson ad 
dresses Congress on rela 
tions with Germany. 

Apr.24-Mayl. Insurrec- 
tion in Ireland. 

May 4. German reply re 
garding Sussex in the 
main meets U. S. de- 
mands. 

May 24. Conscription 
bill passed in Gt. Britain. 



June 21. U. S. demands 
apology and reparation 
from Austria for sinking 
of Pelrolile. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Jan. 28. Germans gain at 
Frise on the Somme. 



Feb. 21-July. Battle oj 
Verdun. Germans take 
Fort Douaumont (Feb. 
25). Great losses of 
Germans with but little 
result. 

Mar. 2. British retake 
"International trench" 
near Ypres. 

Mar. 14. Fresh German 
attack westof the Meuse 

Mar. 27. ' British win at 
St. Eloi. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1916 



Feb. 27. Gen. Kuropat- 
kin appointed to chief 
command of Russian 
armies on northern 
front. 



May 21. British lose 
trenches on Vimy Ridge, 
French gain footing in 
Fort Douaumont. 

May 24. Germans again 
take Douaumont. 



June 4. Germans win ad- 
vance toward Zillebeke. 

June 8. Vaux taken by 
Germans. 



June 4-30. Russian offen- 
sive in Volhynia and 
Bukowina. Czernowitz 
taken (June 17); all 
Bukowina overrun. 

June 8. Russians enter 
Lutsk. 



I916 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



415 





It.\lian Front 


The V7ar 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


at 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1916 


1916 


1916 


1916 

Jan. 8. Complete evacua- 




Jan. 11. French land at 




tion of Gallipoli by 




Corfu; Greeks protest. 




British. 
Jan. 13. Fall of Cettinje, 






Jan. 18. Allied fleet again 


capital of Montenegro. 






bombs Dedeagatch. 






Jan. 25. Austrians take 








San Giovanni di Medua. 








Feb. 12. Austrian air raid 








on Adriatic coast of 








Italy. 


Feb. 13. H. M. S. Are- 








thusa wrecked by mine. 


Feb. 14. Beduin cam- 
paign in Egypt collapses. 




Feb. 16. Fall of Erzerum 




Feb. 16. Kamerun (Afri- 




to Russians. 


Feb. 26. French trans- 
port Provence II sunk 
in Mediterranean; near- 


ca) captured. 






ly 1000 lost. 


Feb. 27. Russians cap- 
ture Kermanshah (Per- 
sia). 






Mar. 16. Admiral von 








Tirpitz resigns. 


Mar. 19. Russians enter 
Ispahan (Persia). 






Mar. 24. Sussex is tor- 








pedoed and sunk with- 








out warning (80 killed 








including Americans). 


Apr. 9. British defeated 
on the Tigris. 

Apr. 17. Russians cap- 
ture Trebizond. 

Apr. 29. Gen. Town- 
shend surrenders to 
Turks at Kut-el-Amara. 






May 8. White Star steam- 








er Cymric sunk. 






May 16-June 3. Great 








Austrian attack on 




May 19. Russians join 




Italians through the 




British on the Tigris 




Trentino. 




and advance toward 






May 31. Naval battle off 


Kut-el-Amara. 






Jutland, several impor- 








tant ships lost on both 








sides. Victory conceded 








to British. 








June 5. Lord Kitchener 








and staff drowned when 








Hampshire strikes rrine 








off Orkney Islands. 





4i6 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I916 A.D. 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Aug. 2. Roger Casement 

executed for treason. 
Aug. 23. Capt. Fryatt 

shot by Germans after 

court-martial. 
Aug. 27. Italy declares 

war on Germany. 

Rumania declares war 

onAustria and Germany. 
Aug. 30. Turkey declares 

war on Rumania. 

Von Hindenburg ap 

pointed Chief of the 

German General Staff. 



Sept. 11. M. Zaimis, the 
Greek Premier resigns. 

Sept. 16. New Greek 
Cabinet formed. 

Sept. 19. Allies declare 
blockade of Greek coast. 



1916 

Julyl-Nov. Battleofthe 

Somme. Allies fail to 

break German lines. 
July 2. Friscourt taken. 
July 4. Germans take 

Thiaumont for fourth 

time. 
July 7. Second stage of 

British advance on the 

Somme. 
July 15. Delville Wood 

taken by British. 
July 20. French widely 

extend their gains north 

and south of the Somme. 
July 25. British take 

Pozieres. 



Aug. 3. French retake 
Fleury. 



Aug. 20. Fiorina captured 
by Belgians. 

Aug. 25. Defeat of Prus- 
sian Guards at Guille- 
mont. 



Eastern Front 

also 
Balkan Front. 



1916 



Sept. 6. French score suc- 
cess at Verdun. 

Sept. 15. "Tanks" first 

used by British near 

Combles. 
Sept. 16. French capture 

Vermandovillers, Denie 

court, and Berry. 



Oct. 4. 
signs. 



Greek Cabinet re- 



Nov. 21. Emperor Franz 
Joseph of Austria dies. 

Nov. 29. U. S. protests 
against deportation of 
Belgians. 



Oct. 26. French close in 
on Vaux Fort. 

Nov. 1. Germans evacu 

ate Vaux Fort. 
Nov. 7. French take 

Chaulnes. 
Nov. 13. Great battle 

opens on the Ancre. 



July 17. In a series of j 
battles fought in Vol- 
hynia, Russians break 
salient opposite Vladi- 
mir-Volhynsk on a front 
of 12 miles and take 
13,000 prisoners. 

July 23. Russians com- 
plete conquest of Ar- 
menia. 

July 30. Brodi captured 
by Russians. 

Aug. 11. Russians take 
Stanislaw. 

Aug. 27-Jan. 15. Ru- 
mania crushed [Fall of 
Bucharest (Dec. 6), Do- 
brudja (Jan. 2), Foscani 
(Jan. 2)]. 

Sept. 1. Fresh Russian 
advance begun into the 
Bukowina. 

Sept. 5. Russians achieve 
victory near Halicz. 

Sept. 8. Rumanians oc- 
cupy Orsova on Danube. 

Sept. 12. Russian and 
Rumanian armies form 
junction in the South 
Bukowina. 



Oct, 2. Mackensen 
checked in the Do- 
brudja. 



Nov. 15. Serbs gain in 

Tchema. 
Nov. 19. Monastir falls 

to Allies. 



9l6 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



417 





Italian Front The War 


Military Operations 


.D. 


ALSO i AT 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


916 


1916 

July 2. Italians press for- 
ward on Carso. 


1916 

July 10. German sub- 
marine D eut'schland 


1916 




July 12. Italians make 


reaches Baltimore with 






good advance in Adige 


cargo. 






valley. 




Aug. 4. Turkish force re- 




Aug. 6-Sept. New Italian 




pulsed by British near 




offensive drives out Aus- 




Rouani, nearSuez Canal. 




trians and wins Gorizia 








(Aug. 9). 








Aug. 7. Italians win great 








success on the Isonzo 








front. 








Aug. 13. Italians cross 








Vallone. 




Aug. 28. British warships 




Aug. 29. Rumanians con- 




bombard Kavala. 




trol passes in Transyl- 








vania Alps. 


Sept. 2. Allied warships 
seize three German ves- 
sels at Pireeus. 






Sept. 10. British on 


Sept. 10. Italian dread- 






Salonika front cross 


nought Leonardo da Vin- 






the Struma. 


ci lost. 






Sept. 19. Italian success 








on the Carso. 








Greek Army Corps 








captured at Kavala by 








Germans and deported 








to Germany. 


Oct. 4. French transport 
Gallia sunk by sub- 
marine. 






Oct. 8. Rumanian forces 


Franconia sunk in 






in Southern Transylva- 


Mediterranean. 






nia withdrawn to fron- 


Oct. 8. German sub- 






tier. 


marine sinks vessels off 






Oct. 10. Italian army 


U. S. coast. 






gains further success in 








the Carso. 








Nov. 1. Italian advance 








on the Julian front. 


Nov. 6. Arabia sunk by 
submarine without warn- 
ing. 

Nov. 21. Hospital ship 
Britannic sunk in .i^gean. 





4i8 


CHRONOLOGY OF 


I916 A.D. 


! 


Diplomatic 


Military Operations Eastern Front 


A.D. 


AND 


ON _ als^ 




Internal Affairs. 


Western Front. 


Balkan Front. 


1916 


1916 

Dec. 5-6. Asquith min- 
istry resigns in Gt. Brit- 
ain. Lloyd George new- 
Prime Minister. 

Dec. 12. German peace 
offer. Refused (Dec. 
30). as "empty and in- 
sincere." 

Dec. 20. Pres. Wilson's 


1916 


1916 




"Peace Note" (dated 


Dec. 27. Germans win at 




Dec. 18). Germany re- 




Kmnie over Russians. 




plies (Dec. 26). Allies 
reply (Jan. 10). 


Dec. 30. Sir Douglas 






Hsig made Field Mar- 








shal. 




1917 


1917 

Jan. 10. Allied govern- 
ments state terms of 
peace. 

Jan. 22. President Wilson 
gives to Senate his views 
on peace. 

Jan. 31. Germany an- 
nounces unrestricted 
submarine warfare. 

Feb. 3. U. S. severs dip- 


1917 


1917 




lomatic relations with 


Feb. 4. Grandcourt, on 






Germany; Bernstorff 


the south of the Ancre, 






dismissed. 


taken by British. ' 




Feb. 12. U. S. will not 


1 




negotiate with Germany 








until submarine order 








is withdrawn. 


Feb. 17. British advance 
on the Ancre. 


Feb. 18. Italians and 
French join in Albania, 
cutting off Greece from 
Central Powers. 




Feb. 21. New British 








blockade order pub- 








lished. 








Feb. 26. Pres. Wilson 








asks Congress for author- 








ity to arm merchant 








ships. 








Feb. 28. "Zimmermann 








note " revealed. 







I916 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



419 



A.D. 


Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 


The War 
at 
Sea. 


Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points 


1916 


1916 

Dec. 1. Admiral du Four- 
net lands troops at 
Athens. 

Dec. 3. Battle of Arges. 


1916 

Dec. 4. Caledonia torpe- 
doed. 


1916 






Dec. 17. British trans- 
port-ship Russian sunk 
in the Mediterranean. 


Dec. 23. British cavalry 
attack on Turks at 
Magdhaba. 


1917 


1917 

Jan. 7. Germans take 
Foscani by storm. 


1917 

Jan. 7. Cornwallis sunk 
in the Mediterranean. 


1917 






Jan. 29. H. M. S. iawren- 
tic sunk off Irish coast. 

Jan. 31. Germany an- 
nounces unrestricted 
submarine warfare. 


Jan. 23. British attack 
on Turks near Kut. 

Feb. 15. British drive 
Turks from Dahrabend. 






Feb. 25. Laconic torpe- 
doed; French transport 
Alhos torpedoed; Bel- 
gian relief ship Euphra- 
tes sunk. 


Feb. 24. Kut-el-Amara 
retaken by British (cam- 
paign begun Dec. 13). 

Sauna-i-Yat evacu- 
ated. 




•■ 







420 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I917 A.D 



y 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1917 



Count Zeppelin 



Mar. 9. 
dies. 

Mar. 11-15. Revolution 
in Russia, leading to ab- 
dication of Czar (March 
15). Provisional gov- 
ernment formed under 
Prince Lvoff and M.Mil- 
yukoff. 

March 12. Armed guard 
placed on all American 
merchant vessels. 

Mar. 13. China breaks off 
relations with Germany. 

Mar. 15. Czar of Russia 
abdicates. 



Mar. 22. U. S. formally 
recognizes new govern- 
ment of Russia. 

Mar. 27. Minister Whit^ 
lock and American con 
suls withdrawn from 
Belgium. 

Apr. 2. President Wilson 

asks Congress to declare 

state of war with Ger 

many. 
Apr. 6. U. S. declares war 

on Germany. 

Cuba declares war on 

Germany. 
Apr. 8. U. S. severs 

diplomatic relations with 

Austria. 



Apr. 20. Turkey severs 
relations with U. S. 



Apr. 27. Guatemala 
breaks off relations with 
Germany. 



Apr. 29. Gen. P6tain ap 
pointed Chief of Staff of 
French army. 



1917 

Mar. 1. British take 
Gomtnecourt. 

Mar. 4. It is announced 
that British have taken 
over entire Somme front. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Mar. 17-19. Retirement 
Germans to "Hinden- 
burg line." Evacuation 
of 1300 square miles 
of French territory on 
front of 100 miles, from 
Arras to Soissons. 

Mar. 17. British 
Bapaume. 

March 18. British 
Peronne, Nesles, 



take 



take 
and 



Chaulnes. French take 

Noyon. 

Mar. 20. Allied advance 

toward Cambrai 



Apr. 9-May 14. BatlU 
of Arras. British sue 
cesses (Vimy Ridge tak- 
en April 9). 

Apr. 16-May 6. Battle 
of the Aisne between 
Soissons and Rheims. 



Apr. 23. British advance 
on the Scarpa. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1917 



Apr. 28. British 
Arlieux. 



take 



917 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



421 





Italian Front 


The War 


Military Operations 


\.n. 


ALSO 


at 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1917 


1917 

Mar. 26. French take 
2000 prisoners at Mona- 


1917 

Mar. 19. French dread- 
nought Danion sunk in 
Mediterranean. 

Mar. 21. British hospital 
ship Asturias torpedoed. 


1917 

Mar. 4. British reach 

Bakuba. 
Mar. 11. Bagdad taken 

by British. 




stir. 


Apr. 2. American liner 
Aztec sunk. 

Apr. 20. German destroy- 


Mar. 27. British win com- 
plete victory over Turks 
at Goza. 






ers raid Dover. 


Apr. 24. Turks retreat 
to Jebel Hamrin. 




Apr. 25. British advance 








on the Dorian front near 








Salonika. 







422 


CHRONOLOGY OF 


I917 A.D. 




Diplomatic 


Military Operations 


Eastern Front 


A.D. 


AND 


ON 


ALSO 




Internal Affairs. 


Western Front. 


Balkan Front. 


1917 


1917 

May 6. War Council at 

Paris. 
May 8. Liberia breaks o5 


1917 

May 4-5. French ad- 
vance near Craonne. 


1917 




relations with Germany. 


May 15. Gen. P6tain 
succeeds Gen. Nivelle 
as commander-in chief 






May 17. Russian Provi- 


of French armies. 




v-^ 


sional Government re- 
constructed. Kerensky 
(formerly Minister of 
■Justice) becomes Min- 
ister of War. Milyu- 
kofi resigns. 

May 18. Pres. Wilson 
signs Selective Service 
Act. 

June 2. Independence of 
Albania proclaimed. 


June 7. British blow up 
Messines Ridge south 






June 12. King Constan- 


of Ypres and capture 






tine of Greece forced to 


7500 German prisoners. 






abdicate. 








June 15. Subscriptions 








for First Liberty Loan 








close. 


June 24. British advance 






June 29. Greece enters 


near Lens. 






war against Germany 


June 26. First American 






and her Allies. 


troops reach France. 


July 1. Russian armies 
led in person by Keren- 
sky begin short-line of- 
fensive in Galicia end- 
ing in disastrous retreat 
(July 19-Aug. 3). 




July 4. Resignation of 








Bethmann - HoUweg as 




July 8. Austrian front 




German Chancellor. 




west of Stanislaw broken. 




Michaelis Chancellor 




July 10. Russians cap- 




(July 14). 




ture Halicz. 






July 16. French win back 


July 16. Russian retreat 






important positions at 


begins. 






Hill 304. 






July 20. First drawing at 








Washington for names in 








Selective Service draft. 




July 23. Germans recap- 




Kerensky becomes 




ture Halicz and Stanis- 




Premier of Russia on re- 


July 31. Battle of Flanders 


law. 




signation of Prince Lvoff. 


(Passchendaele Ridge); 








British successes. 


Aug. 9. Mackensen 




Aug. 10. Food Control 




crosses the Susitsa. and 




Bill passed in U. S. 




opens new offensive in 




Aug. 14. China declares 




Rumania. 




war on Germany. 








Aug. 15. Peace proposals 


Aug. 15. Canadians cap- 






of Pope Benedict re- 


ture Hill 70, dominating 






vealed (dated Aug. 1). 
U. S. replies (Aug. 27). 


Lens. 






Aug. 20-24. French at- 






Germany and Austria 


tacks at Verdun recap- 






(Sept. 21). 


ture high ground lost in 
1916. 
Aug. 21. Canadians enter 
Lens. 





I917 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



423 





Italian Front 


The War 


M1LIT.A.RY Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


at 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1917 


1917 

May 15-Sept. 15. Great 
Italian offensive on 
Isonzo front (Carso Pla- 
teau). Capture of Gori- 
zia(Aug. 9), Monte Santo 
(Aug. 24), Monte San 
Gabriele (Sept. 14). 


1917 

May 4. American de- 
stroyers begin co-oper- 
ation with British Navy 
in war zone. 

May 26. Hospital ship 
Dover Caslle sunk in 
Mediterranean. 

June 2. British transport 
Cameronian sunk in 


1917 

May 1. British defeat 
Turks at Jebel Hamrin. 




June 10. Italian offensive 


Mediterranean. 






on Trentino. Capture 








Pass of Agnelio. 








June 12. French force 


, 


June 13. Airplane raid 




landed at Corinth. 




on London; 157 killed, 
432 injured. 
June 15. Airplane raid 
on London; 104 killed. 




June 17. Advance by Ital- 








ians on Carso Plateau. 


June 23. P. and 0. liner 
Mongolia sunk off Bom- 
bay. 


June 29. Gen. AUenby 
assumes command in 
Palestine. 




July 9. Russians evacuate 


July 9. H. M. S. Van- 






Mesopotamia. 


guard blown up, 700 
lost. 

July .30. Mutiny in Ger- 
man fleet at Wilhelms- 
haven and Kiel. (Second 
mutiny Sept. 2.) 

H. M. S. Ariadne tor- 
pedoed. 

Aug. 11. City of Athens 
sunk by mine off Cape 
Town. 


July 10. Turkish forces 
on the Euphrates de- 
feated. 




Aug. 19. New Italian 








drive on the Isonzo. 








Monte Santo captured 








(Aug. 24). 







424 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I917 A.D. 



1917 1917 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



V 



Sept. 8. The Luxburg de- 
spatches ("Sfurlos Ver- 
senkt") revealed by U. S. 

Sept. 15. Russia pro- 
claimed a republic. 



Oct. 26. Brazil declares 

war on Germany. 
Oct. 27. Second Liberty 

Loan (U. S.) closed. 
Oct. 30. Von Hertling 

succeeds Michaelis 

German Chancellor. 



Nov. 7. Overthrow of 
Kerensky and Provi 
sional Government of 
Russia by Bolsheviki 

Nov. 13. Clemenceau 

succeeds Ribot 
French Premier. 



Nov. 29. First plenary 
session of Inter-Allied 
War Council in Paris. 
Col. House chairman of 
American delegation. 



Dec. 5. Pres. Wilson in 
message to Congress ad- 
vises war on Austria. 

Dec. 6-9. Armed revolt 
overthrows pro-Ally ad- 
ministration in Portugal. 

Dec. 7. U. S. declares war 
on Austria. 

Dec. 13. Berlin announces 
armistice negotiation be- 
gins withRussia,Dec.l4. 

Dec. 14. Cuba declares 
war on Austria. 

Dec. 15. Armistice agree- 
ment between Central 
Powers and Russian Bol- 
shevik governmenl 
signed at Brest-Litovsk. 

Dec. 25. France and Ger- 
many agree to exchange 
prisoners of 48 years or 
over. 

Dec. 31. British Food 
Controller rations sugar. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Eastern Front 

also 
Balkan Front. 



1917 



Sept. 20-26. British at 
tack on six-mile front 
east of Ypres. 

Oct. 23.-26. French drive 
north of the Aisne wins 
important positions, in- 
cluding Malmaison Fort. 



Nov. 2. Germans retreat 
fromChemin des Dames, 
north of the Aisne. 

Nov. 3. First clash be- 
tween German and 
American soldiers. 

Nov. 22. -Dec. 13. Batde 
of Cambrai. Successful 
surprise attack near 
Cambrai by British un- 
der Gen. Byng, on Nov. 
22 (employs "tanks" 
for first time to break 
down wire entangle- 
ments instead of usual 
artillery preparations). 
Bourlon Wood dominat- 
ing Cambrai taken on 
Nov. 26. Surprise 
counter-attack by Ger- 
mans, Dec. 2, forces 
British to give up fourth 
of ground gained. Ger^ 
man attacks Dec. 13, 
partially successful. 

Dec. 4. German gain 
British trenches at 
Ypres. 



1917 

Sept. 3. Riga captured 

by Germans. 
Sept. 10-13. Attempted 

offensive of Russians. 
Sept. 12. Germans occupy 

Oesel and Dago Islands 

(Gulf of Riga). 



Nov. 20. Hindenburg 
line smashed on 10-mile 
front facing Cambrai 
to a depth of four or 
five miles. 



Dec. 30. Fighting re- 
newed on Cambrai front. 



I917 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



425 





Italian Front 


The War 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


AT 


at 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1917 


1917 


1917 

Sept. 1. Sea fight off Jut- 
land; four German mine 
sweepers destroyed. 

Oct. 1. H. M. S. Drake 
torpedoed. 

Oct. 17. Russians de- 


1917 




Oct. 24-Dec. Great Ger- 


feated in naval engage- 






man-Austrian counter- 


ment in Gulf of Riga. 






drive into Italy. Ital- 








ians driven back. to Piave 








River, Asiago Plateau, 








and Brenta River. 








Nov. 3. French troops 








arrive in Italy. 








Nov. 4. Austrians force 








passage of the Taglia- 








mento. 








British troops reach 
Italy. 
Nov. 7. Italians retire to 










Nov. 7. British take 




the Piave. 




Gaza. 
Nov. 8. Turks evacuate 




Nov. 12. Italians evacu- 




Wadi Hesi and Ascalon. 




ate Fonzaso. 








Nov. 16. Austrians take 








Mt. Prasalau. 


Nov. 17. Fight in North 
Sea between eight cruis- 








ers. 


Nov. 18. British forces 
in Palestine take Jaffa. 

Dec. 1. German East 
Africa clear of enemy. 






Dec. 6. U. S. destroyer 


Dec. 6. Explosion of 






Jacob Jones sunk by 


munition's vessels wreck 






submarine. Loss of 60 


Halifax. 






men. 






Dec. 14. Austro-German 


Dec. 9. Italians torpedo 


Dec. 9. Jerusalem cap- 




forces on Italian front 


two Austrian battleships 


tured by British, ad- 




win a sector. 


at Trieste. 


vancing from Egypt. 




Dec. 19. Italians recap- 


Dec. 12. convoy of neu- 






ture whole of Mt. Aso- 


tral vessels attacked by 






lone. 


German destroyers. 






Dec. 24. Germans break 








through Italian positions 


Dec. 17. German raid in 






in Asiago section, but 


North Sea destroys con- 


Dec. 18. Airplane raid 




are stopped by coun- 


veyed merchant fleet. 


on London. 




ter-attacks near Buso 


Dec. 26. Admiral Wemyss 






Monte Salbella. 


succeeds Sir John Jelli- 


Dec. 27. Turkish army 




Dec. 25. Germans take 


coe as First Lord of Ad- 


defeated by British in 




Col del Rosso and 9000 


miralty in Gt. Britain. 


attempt to take Jeru- 




prisoners. 




salem. 




Dec. 30. In Monte Tom- 


Dec. 30. British trans- 


Dec. 30. British occupy 




ba section, Italy, French 


port torpedoed in Medi- 


Bireh near Jerusalem. 




forces penetrate German 


terranean with loss of 






lines. 


800 lives. 





426 


CHRONOLOGY OF 


I918 A.D. 




Diplomatic 


Military Operations 


Eastern Front 


A.D. 


AND 


ON 


also 




Internal Affairs. 


Western Front. 


Balkan Front. 


1918 


1918 


1918 


19 IS 




Jan. 8. Italian Govern- 


Jan. 2. Germans repulsed 






ment prohibits making 


between Lens and St. 






or sale of cake, confec- 


Quentin with heavy 






tionery, or pastry. 


losses. 






Jan. 13. French War Min- 








ister puts postal and 








telegraph under military 








central. 








Jan. 13. Former Premier 








Caillaux arrested in Paris 








on charge of treason. 








Jan. 21. Sir Edward Car- 








son resigns from British 








Cabinet. 








Jan. 22. Meatless days in 


Jan. 23. Germans gain 






England. 


footing in Nieuport. 






Jan. 25. von Hertling in 








Reichstag outlines Ger- 








many's peace terms. 








Jan. 26. Hungarian Cabi- 








net resigns. 








Jan. 28. France decrees 




Jan. 28. Rumanians cap- 




bread ration. 




ture Kishineflf, capital of 




Jan. 31. It is announced 


Jan. 31. It is announced 


Bessarabia. 




that Americans hold first 


that Americans hold 






line trenches. 


first line trenches. 
Feb. 3. Germans bom- 






Feb. 4. Trial in Paris of 


bard American line in 






Bolo Pacha for treason. 


Lorraine sector. 






Feb. 6. Mackensen sends 








ultimatum to Rumanian 


Feb. 8. French repulse 






Government. Ruma- 


German attacks north 






nian Cabinet resipns. 


of Chemin des Dames. 




\ 


Feb. 9. Central Powers 








and Ukraine sign peace 








treaty. Russia declares 








state of war over and or- 








ders demobilization. 








Feb. 12. British Govern- 








ment refuses to recog- 








nize the Brest-Litovsk 








peace. 








Feb. 14. Paris court-mar- 




Feb. 15. Germany re- 




tial finds Bolo Pacha 




news war on Russia. 




guilt}^ and sentences him 








to death. 




Feb. 21. Germans enter 


L 


,. Russia changes to new 




Russia. Minsk taken, 


'' style calendar. 


Feb. 22. American troops 


also Rovno. 




Feb. 23. U. S. Embassy 


in Chemin des Dames 






leaves Petrograd. 


sector. 






Feb. 24. London reports 








that Bolshevist leaders 








in Russia have accepted 




Feb. 25. Reval and PskoflE 




German peace condi- 




fall to Germans. 




tions. 








British troops sent to 








Ireland to suppress out- 








breaks. 








Feb. 26. Rumania decides 








to make peace with Cen- 








tral Powers. 








Feb. 27. Japan proposes 








joint military operations 








with Allies in Siberia. 







I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



427 



1918 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 

Jan. 2. Teutons repulsed 
with heavy losses in 
thrust for Venice. 



The War 
at 
Sea. 



Jan. 24. Germans in Italy 
move back defence lines 
from Piave River. 



Jan. 28. Italian offensive 
captures Col del Rosso, 
Col d'Echele, and 1500 
prisoners. 

Jan. 29. Italians break 
Teuton lines east of Asi 
ago Plateau; take Monte 
di Val Bella and 2600 
prisoners. 



Feb. 2. Germans repulsed 
at Monte di Val Bella 



Feb. 11. West of Brenta 
River Italians shatter 
violent Austrian attack. 



1918 



Jan. 7. Mutiny at Kiel 
German naval base. 

Jan. 9. British hospita 
ship Rewa torpedoed in 
British Channel. 

Jan. 20. British announce 
sinking in action of 
Turkish cruiser Medulla 
and beaching of former 
Goeben. 

Jan. 20. Ostend bom- 
barded by Allied naval 
forces. 

Jan. 21. Louvain sunk in 
Mediterranean. 



Jan. 27. Andania torpe- 
doed off Irish coast. 



Military Operations 

at 

Other Points. 



1918 



Jan. 21. Washington re- 
ports desertion of 
160.000 Turkish troops. 



Feb. 5. American steam 
er Alamanse sunk by tor 
pedo. 

Tuscania, transport' 
ing American soldiers 
sunk off Irish coast, loss 
101. 



Feb. 21. 
sunk. 



Philadelphian 



Feb. 26. British hospital 
ship Glenart Castle tor- 
pedoed in Bristo Chan- 
nel; 166 doctors, nurses, 
and orderlies lost. 



Jan. 29. Allied aviators 
attack Zeebrugge. 

German planes raid 
London. 

Jan. 30. British line in 
Palestine advances to- 
ward Antioch. 



Feb. 16. In battle for 

Kieff, Bolsheviki defeat 

Ukrainians. 
Feb. 19. British advance 

on Jericho. 
Feb. 21. British troops 

in Palestine take Jericho. 



Feb. 24. Turks recapture 
Trebizond. 



428 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D, 



A.D. 


Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 


Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 


Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 


1918 


1918 


1918 


1918 




Mar. 4. Germany and 
Finland sign treaty. 




Mar. 1. Germans reach 
Dnieper River. 




Mar. 5. Rumania signs 
preliminary treaty with 
Central Powers. 


Mar. 5. Rainbow Divi- 
sion repels German raid 
in Lorraine sector. 

Mar. 8. In Ypres-Dix- 
mude sector Germans 
attack; English counter- 
attack. 






Mar. 9. Russian capital 
moves from Petrograd 
to Moscow. 


Mar. 10. Americans are on 
Lorraine front, in Cham- 
pagne, in Alsace, near 
Luneville, and in Aisne 
sector. 

Mar. 11. Americans go 
"over the top" at Toul. 


Mar. 13. German troops 
enter Odessa and control 
Black Sea. 






Mar. 14. Americans make 
first permanent advance 
northeast of Badonvil- 


Mar. 14. Germans oc- 
cupy Abo, on Finland 
coast. 






lers. 








Mar. 17. Belgians take 
over Flanders coast sec- 
tor. 






Mar. 18. Gt. Britain and 
U. S. take over Dutch 
shipping in U. S. and 
British ports. 


Mar. 19. French pene- 
trate German lines near 
Rheims. 


Mar. 19. German forces, 
ignoring armistice, con- 
tinue advance into Rus- 
sia. 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



429 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



1918 



The War 
at 
Sea. 



Mat. 1. H. M. S. Culga 
rian sunk off Irish coast , 



Mar. 10. Guildford Castle, 
British hospital ship, 
torpedoed in Channel. 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



1918 



Mar. 1.' Bolsheviki win 
battle near Rostof-on- 
Don. 



Mar. 2. Kieff occupied 
by German and Ukrain- 
ian troops. 



Mar. 7. German planes 
raid London at night. 



Mar. 10. British advance 
in Mesopotamia. 



Mar. 11. German air- 
raid on Paris. 

Turks recapture Erze- 
rum from Armenians. 



430 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Intkrnal Affairs. 



1918 



Mar. 23. Gen. Zup- 
pelli succeeds Gen. 
Aldieri as Italian 
War Minister. 



Mar. 27. Lloyd 
George appeals for 
American reinforce- 
ments. 



Mar. 29. Foch chosen 

I commander- in-chief 

of all Allied forces 



Apr. 5. U. S. Army at 
end of first year to 
tals 1,500,000 men. 



Apr. 9. Man - Power 
bill introduced 
House of Commons 
in England. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Beginning of Germany's last 



1918 
Mar. 21 
drive. 

Germans move west from a sixty 
mile base-line inclosed by VimyR;dge 
and the Arras salient on the north 
to the Oise-Ailette watershed on 
the south, obliterating the Cambrai 
salient. 
Mar. 22-25. They penetrate beyond 
Croisilles, Bapaume, Peronne, Bril. 
and northwest of Noyon and claim 
the capture of 75,000 men and 600 
guns. French reports place the ene 
my's loss at 600,000 — the German 
maximum at Verdun, 1916-17. 
Mar. 23-25. Demoralization of the 
Fifth British Army under General 
Gough. Gen. Carey with a scratch 
division keeps it in touch with Gen 
Byng's Third Army on the north, over 
an eight-mile gap, and the French 
Gen. Fayolle saves it in the south over 
a thirty-mile gap, between it and the 
Sixth French Army 
Mar. 29. French counter-attacks regain 
eight square miles between Noyon 
and Lassigny. The enemy envelops 
Montdidier. 
Mar. 29-Apr. 1. Enemy consolidates 
his positions embracing a salient of 
800 square miles with its vertex on 
the Somme, six miles east of Amiens 
His attacks to envelop Albert success- 
ful 
Apr. 4-7. Germans take strategic posi- 
tion of Hamel on the Somme sector 
but are defeated by the French at 
Casel and by the British at Villers 
Bretonneux. The enemy is also un 
successful in his attacks between the 
Luce and the Avre. 
Apr. 9. Between Ypres and Arras, forty 
miles apart, the Germans strike on a 
twelve-mile front between Givenchy 
and Fleurbaix. 
Apr. 10-11. They penetrate between 
Armentieres and Messines and de- 
velop as far as Hollebeke, four miles 
southeast of Ypres, enveloping the 
towns of Armentieres and Estaires 
and part of Messines Ridge. 
Apr. 12. Field Marshal Haig issues 
special order of the day, ''All positions 
must be held to the last man.'' 
Apr. 12-17. Penetration reaches Locon 
in the south, the Nieppe Forest in the 
center, and Baiileul in the north, 
thereby threatening the rest of the 
ridge — Mont Rouge and Mont Kem- 
mel. The salient now represents 220 
square miles of newly gained territory. 
France calls men Apr. 17-19. British voluntarily retire 
of 19. I from Passchendaele Ridge. 



Apr. 16. Bolo Pacha 
executed. 



Eastern Front 

also 
Balkan Front. 



1918 



Mar. 31. Ger- 
mans continue 
advance in 
Ukraine; take 
Poltava and 
burn it. 



Apr. 10. Ger- 
man troops, at 
L i m b u r g 
mutiny. 



Apr. 13. 
man 
occupy 
singfors 
land. 



Ger- 

troops 

Hel- 

Fin- 



I918 AD. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



431 



Itali.\n Front 

.\LSO 

Balkan Front. 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



Military Operations 
at 
Other Points. 



1918 



Mar. 23. Paris first bom- 
barded by long range 
gun from distance of 
75 miles. 



Mar. 28. Entire Turkish 
force in area of Hit, in 
Mesopotamia, is cap 
tured or destroyed. 



Apr. 1. German naval 
forces land and take 
Hango in Southern Fin 
land. 



Apr. 1. British advance 
beyond Anah and threat- 
en Aleppo. 



Apr. 11. British troops 
continue advance in 
Palestine. 



Apr. 22. Zeebrugge, Ger- 
man destroyer and sub 
marine base, is block 
aded by British. 



Apr. 27. British capture 
Kirfa in Mesopotamia. 



432 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 AD. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 



Apr. 27. French Gov 

ernment declares 

meatless days. 
May 1. Allies meet 

in conference at Ver^ 

sailles. 
May 6. Rumania 

signs peace treaty 

with Central Powers. 
May 7. Nicaragua 

declares war on Ger 

many. 
May 18. Sinn Feiners 

in Ireland, arrest 

ed as pro-Germans 

deported. 

May 23. First sitting 
of Russo-Ukrainian 
peace conference. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Apr. 18-24. Germans struggle with the 
British for the possession of Villers 
Bretonneux. 

Apr. 24-27. The Germans force the 
French and British from Mont Kem- 
mel. 

May 12. The French recapture Hill 44 
on the north flank of Mont Kemmel 
thereby completing a series of ma 
nceuvres which henceforth places the 
Germans on the defensive in the Lys 
salient. 

May 27. On a forty-mile front between 
Noyon and Rheims the Germans 
strike south with twenty-five divisions 
or 325,000 men and a large auxiliary 
force of tanks and poison gas shells 
overrun the Chemin des Dames and 
cross the Aisne on an eighteen-mile 
front. 

May 28. The Allies deploy east and 
west — east to the Brouillet-Savigny 
Thillois line protecting Rheims and 
west down the Oise and the Aisne. 

May 29. Germans make a sudden ad 
vance from the west of the salient, 
enveloping Soissons. 

May 30. Germans reach the Marne 
between Ch4teau-Thierry and Dor 
mans on a six-mile front. 

June 1. Germans work up the Marne a 
couple of miles beyond Dormans and 
consolidate their positions on the west 
between the Oise Canal and Soissons 

June 6-12. American marines bend 
back the German line north of Cha- 
teau-Thierry — from Grandeles, Cham 
pillon, and Clerembant Wood east to 
Bussiares and Bouresches. 

June 9. The Germans on the twenty 
mile base, west of their attack begun 
on the 27th ult., and embracing the 
front between Noyon and Montdidier 
advance only two and a half miles 
before they are counter-attacked by 
the French near Hautebraye, between 
the Oise and the Aisne. 

June 10. Enemy takes villages of Mery 
Belloy. and St. Maur, and debouches 
from Thiescourt Wood. 

June 11. With four new divisions the 
Germans reach Aronde, on the west 
descend the Matz in the centre; en 
velop the Ourscamps Forest on the 
east. But here, having made their 
maximum penetration of seven and a 
half miles, they are held up and driven 
back by the French, who captured 
1000 prisoners. 

June 13-14. The French heavily at- 
tack at the centre and drive the enemy 
beyond Courcelles and Croix Ricard. 



Eastern Ffont 

also 
Balkan Front. 



May 1. Sebas- 
topol occupied 
bv Germans. 



May 19. Ger- 
man troops 
occupv Bjorko 
in Guif of Fin- 
land. 



igiS A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR 



433 





Italian Front 


The War 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


at 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


1918 


1918 


1918 


1918 




M ay 1 . Legions of Czechs 




May 1. British advance 




and Slavs join Italy and 




in Palestine. 




fight against Austria. 








May 10. Italians capture 








Monte Corno. 


May 17. Russian trans- 
port with 3000 on board 
sunk by German sub- 
marine ; only a few saved. 


May 19. Mussulman and 
Bolshevik forces battle 






May 23. British trans- 


at Baku, on Caspian 






port Moldavia sunk off 


Sea. 






English coast. 








May 25-June 14. Ger- 








man submarines sink 19 








ships off U. S. coast. 






May 26. Italian troops 


May 26. British trans- 






break through the Teu- 


port Leasowe Castle sunk 






ton defensive at Capo 


by submarine in Medi- 






Sile on lower Piave 


terranean. 






front. 








May 27. Italians advance 








near Prente. 


May 31. President Lin- 
coln, U. S. transport, 
torpedoed and sunk. 


June 8. Czecho-Slovak 
troops reach Vladi- 
vostok. 

June 14. Tabriz, in Per- 
sia, 200 miles northeast 
of Mosul, captured by 
the Turks. 



434 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



1918 a.d" 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 



1918 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

June 16. The enemy attempts to cross 
the Matz. near its junction with the 
Oise, and is driven back with heavy 
casualties. 

June 17. The enemy turns on a heavy 
shower of shells over the south bank 
of the Marne, but does not try to cross. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



July 1. Americans take Vaux, near 
Chateau-Thierry . 



July 4. Australians 
take Hameil. 



and Americans 



IQiS A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



435 



1918 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 

June 15-16. The Austrian 
offensive counter-attacks 
on the Asiago Plateau 
and Monte Grappa in 
the north, crosses the 
Piave to II Montello, 
Zenson, and the Old 
Piave, from Capo Sile 
south. 



June 19. French counter 
attacks on the Asiago 
Plateau render Bertigo 
and Pennas; Italian 
counter-attacks, Casta- 
lunga. Italian pressure 
begins to tell on II Mon- 
tello, at Zenson and 
south over the Capo Sile 
sector, aided by the aug- 
menting river floods and 
naval floats. 

June 22-23. The Italians 
develop a counter-offen- 
sive from II Montello to 
th'i sea which renders 
5000 prisoners in three 
days. 

June 25-26. The Austri 
ans are forced back across 
the Piave from II Mon 
tello and the Zenson sec 
tor. 

June 29. Monte dl Val 
bella and Sasso Rosso 
(Asiago) taken by the 
Italians; also 833 prison 
ers. 

June 30. Col del Rosso and 
Col dl Chelo (Echele' 
are taken by Italians. 

July 1-4. Raids in Monte 
Grappa region render the 
Italians 569 prisoners. 

July 6. Last of the Aus 
trians are driven across 
the Piave from the delta 
which they have occu- 
pied since November, 
with a total loss since 
June 15 of between 250,- 
000 and 270,000 men, of 
whom over 20,000 are 
prisoners; the Austrians 
had on June 20 claimed 
35,000 prisoners. 



1918 



The War 
A a 
Sea. 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



1918 



July 1. U. S. transport 
Covington sunk. 



July 7. Czecho-Slovak 
forces advance into Si- 
beria, defeat Bolsheviki 
and capture Chita, an 
important town on the 
Trans-Siberian railroad. 



436 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 

July 9. German For- 
eign Minister re- 
signs. 

July 10. Socialists in 
Reichstag refuse to 
vote for budget. 

July 12. Czar Nicho- 
las reported killed by 
Bolsheviki. 

July 14. Agreements 
signed between Ger- 
many and Gt. Brit 
ain regarding ex- 
change of prisoners 

July 15. Hayti de- 
clares war on Ger 
many. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



July 19. 

declares war on Ger- 
many. 

July 21. Austrian 

Premier resigns with 
Cabinet. 



July 24. British niu 
nition workers 
strike. 



-Aug. 5. Russian and 
Finnish delegates 
meet in Berlin to 
draw peace agree 
ment. 



1918 

July 15. Americans are attacked at 
Vaux, northwest of Chateau-Thierry, 
and southeast between Fossoy and 
Mazj', losing ground here, which is 
later recovered, and the enemy driven 
back across the Marne. At Bligny, 
southwest of Rheims, the Italians are 
driven east ; at Prunay , east of Rheims 
the French give ground. 
July 16. Germans develop their posi- 
tions on the south bank of the Marne, 
east of Mazy and south of Dormans 
The penetration at Bligny is de- 
veloped south to the Marne; that at 
Prunay is deepened. 
July 17. From Bligny the edge of the 
Montague Forest is reached, but the 
pocket of Prunay is closed. 
July 18. French and American detach- 
ments under Gen. Mangin attack the 
right wing of the Crown Prince be 
tween Soissons and Chiteau-Thierry 
on a twenty-eight-mile front with a 
penetration of six miles as far as the 
! River Crise. 
Honduras July 19. Italian detachments on the 
east of the salient, northwest of the 
Mountain cf Rheims recover Bouilly. 
In these two days (July 18-19) the 
Allies take 17,000 prisoners. 
July 23. Save the plateau south of 
Soissons the entire sector northwest, 
of Chateau-Thierry is recovered by 
the Allies. In the centre they have 
crossed the Marne, threatening 
Jaulgonne. On the east they have 
advanced to within two miles of 
the Fismes-Chatillon highway. The 
booty from July 18 amounts to 25,000 
prisoners and over 400 guns. 
July 2.3-25. The enemy makes violent 

counter-attacks, which are repulsed. 
Aug. 2. French occupy Soissons and 
report total number of prisoners since 
July 15 on the Marne and Cham- 
pagne fronts to be 33,400. British 
detachments in the Plessier-Hulen 
region take the height north of Grand 
Rozoy and reach Cramoiselle. 

Germans retreat north of the Vesle. 
Aug. 5. Germans withdraw from front 

line trenches north of La Bass6e. 
Aug. 7. British General Plumer with 
the Second Army launches attack on 
the Lawe River from a five-mile base 
and a penetration of 1000 yards. 
Aug. S. _ The British General Rawlin 
son, with the French generals, Debe- 
ney and Humbert on his right, begins 
an advance on the plateau south of 
the Somme against the army of von 
der Marwitz. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



I9l8 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



437 





Italian Front 


The War 


Military Operations 


A.D. 


ALSO 


AT 


AT 




Balkan Front. 


Sea. 


Other Points. 


191S 


1918 


191S 

July 11. U. S. supply ship 
Weslover sunk. 


1918 

July 8. Nikolsk captured 
by Czecho-Slovaks. 

July 13. Turkish attacks 
on the Jordan routed. 




July 17. British detach- 


July 17. Carpalhia sunk. 






ment inflicts heavy loss- 








es on Austrian garrison 


July 19. Cruiser San 






southeast of town of 


Diego sunk by mine. 






Asiago. 








July 20. Italians reoccupy 


July 20. Juslicia sunk by 






Corno di Cabento and 


torpedo. 






Monte Stabiel, north 








of the Adamello glacier. 








on the western frontier 








of Trentino, below the 








Tonale Pass. 








July 22. Austrians start 








heavy bombardment in 








the Tonale region, in the 








Brento Valley, and on 








the lower Piave. 


July 2.3. Marmora sunk. 






.* 


Aug. 3. British ambul- 
ance transport Warilda, 
with 600 wounded and 
ill, sunk by submarine, 
loss 123. 


Aug. 5. U. S. troops land 
at Archangel. 

Aug. 8. Allies detach- 
ments move south and 
attack Bolsheviki forces. 



438 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 



Aug. 11. Counter re- 
volution in Russia 
grows. Bolshevist 
leaders prepare for 
flight. 

Aug. 12. German 

ambassador flees 
from Moscow. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



Aug. 28. Retirement 
of Ambassador Page. 



1918 

Aug. 10. Rawlinson has advanced nine 
miles; Debeney crosses the Avre; 
Humbert, south of Montdidier, moves 
toward Roye, turning the flank of 
von Hutier on the Lassigny massif. 

Aug. 10-11. Montdidier and Lassigny 
massif are captured by Humbert ; the 
number of prisoners since Aug. 8 have 
amounted to 40,000. 

Aug. 18. Rawlinson is within one mile 
of Roye; a circling movement by the 
French is in progress southeast of 
Lassigny occupying Canny -sur-Matz. 
Similar attack is made over £ 
four-mile front west of Armentieres 
forcing the Germans back between 
Bailleul and Vieux Berquin. 

Aug. 19. The French overrun the Las 

signy massif, advance on the Roye 

highway, and take Le Hamel. 

British recover Mont Kemmel. 

Aug. 20. General Mangin advances 
between the Oise and the Aisne to a 
depth of three miles. 

Aug. 21. On Rawlinson's left General 
Byng with the Third British Army 
and the American 30th Division be 
gin an offensive north of the Ancre 
and reach Beaucourt, Bucquoy. Ab 
lainzeville, and Moyenneville. South 
of the Oise General Mangin advances 
to Cuts, Camelin, and Pontoise, out 
flanking Noyon. 

Aug. 22. Between the Ancre and the 
Somme.from north of Bray to Albert 
the British penetrate two miles. 

Aug. 23. British on a thirty-mile front 
from Mercatel (five miles south of 
Arras) to Lihons, take a large number 
of towns stretching from Gommecourt, 
north of the Somme, to ChuignoUe, 
south of it, and penetrate German 
lines two miles. 

Aug. 24. British carry Thiepval Ridge 
and Grandcourt, and open the whole 
road from Albert to Bapaume. 

Aug. 25-26. British advance in the 
north, along the Scarpe, and in the 
centre, take Suzanne and Cappy , near 
the Somme. Byng crosses the Hin- 
denburg line between Arras and Ba- 
paume. 

Aug. 27. Roye taken by General De- 
beney. 
Aug. 28. Americans with Mangin 
move in force against Fismes and 
enemy's bridgehead near the Vesle- 
Aisne junction. 



E.\stern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



439 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



Military Operations 

.\T 

Other Points. 



1918 



1918 



1918 

Aug. 9. More vessels 

sunk off coast of U. S. 

by submarines. 



Aug. 11. Nine U. S. fish 
ing boats sunk by sub- 
marine. 



1918 

Aug. 9. Gen. Otani of 
Japanese Army named 
to command U. S. and 
Allied troops in Siberia. 



Aug. 15. First U. S. con- 
tingent lands in Siberia. 



Aug. 17. French cruiser 
Dopetit Thouras sunk. 



Aug._ 22. Belgian relief 
ship Gasconier sunk. 



440 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



Aug. 31. Lenine, Bol 
shevist Premier 
wounded twice by 
assailant. 



Sept. 4. All Ameri 
cans in Petrograd 
reported safe. 



Sept. 9. Bolsheviki 
hold all British and 
French consuls. 



Sept. 15. Germany 
makes peace offer to 
Belgium. 

Sept. 16. Czecho- 

slovaks appeal for 
allied help. 



Sept. 18. U. S. rejects 
Austria's peace pro- 
posals. 

Sept. 21. Japanese 
Cabinet resigns. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Aug. 28-29. German retreat from the 
Scarpe to above the Aisne on a front 
of forty miles; the British take Ba 
paume and the French Noyon. Gen 
eral Mangin's centre crosses the Ai 
lette. Americans (3d Division) with 
Mangin drive the Germans out of 
Juvigny,_ exposing the enemy line, 
St. Gobain-Aisne. 

Aug. 30. The French take Mont St. 
Simeon, which exposes the Noyon 
spur and opens the way up the Oise 

Enemy retreats on a twenty-mile 
front, evacuating Bailleul. 



Sept. 1. Peronne taken by the British, 
who cross the Drocourt - Queant 
"switch line" the next day. 

Sept. 2. American detachments cap 
ture Voormezeele; British gain Neuve 
Eglise and command Wytschaete from 
the west. 

Sept. 5-6. Americans with Mangin 
press the enemy back between Vieil 
Arcy and Villers-en-Praveres. 

Sept. 5-11. Germans fall back from 
the Vesle to the Aisne. 

Sept. 12. Great progress made by the 
British toward Cambrai, capturing 
Havrincourt, Moeuvres, and Tres 
cault. 

First American Army, under Major 
Gen. Hunter Liggett, assaults the 
famous St. Mihiel salient between 
Verdun and Metz, recovers an area 
of 200 square miles, releases the Ver- 
dun-Toul-Nancy railway, and cap 
tures 20,000 prisoners and over 100 
guns. 

Sept. 15. Approaches to the Bassin de 
Briey iron region reached and the 
right wing of the First Army under 
fire from Metz forts. 

Sept. 16. General Mangin thrusts 
against the St. Gobain Forest and 
the Chemin des Dames. 

Sept. 17. Americans gain points at 
Ronvaux, Manheulles, Pintheville, 
Haumont, and north of Vandieres. 

Sept. 18. Rawlinson's Fourth British 
Army and Debeney's First French 
Army expose the outer centre defenses 
of the Hindenburg line northwest of 
St. Quentin. 

Sept. 25. American 30th, 38th, and 
27th Divisions advance from a 14- 
mile front in the direction of Cambrai, 
crossing the Canal du Nord and rami- 
fications of the Hindenburg line 
taking 6000 prisoners, which are in- 
creased to 10,000 on the following day. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



Sept. 14. The 
Allied French, 
British, Serb- 
ian, _ Monte- 
negrin, Italian, 
and Greek 
troops on the 
M acedo n ian 
front, began 
on offensive, 
launching his 
attack between 
the River Var- 
dar and Lake 
Doiran. 

Sept. 20. Front 
of attack in- 
creased to 100 
miles, with an 
average daily 
of 5000 prison- 
ers. A penetra- 
tion of forty 
miles north has 
been made up 
the Vardar to- 
ward U s k u b 
and toward the 
Bulgar town of 
Strumnitza. 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



441 



1918 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



The War 
at 
Sea. 



1918 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



1918 



Sept. 5. Mi. Vernon tor- 
pedoed but not sunk. 



Sept. 18. In four days 
Bulgsrs and Germans 
have been forced back 
ten miles on a twenty- 
mile front and have lost 
in prisoners 4000 men 
and 50 guns. 



Sept. 15. Galway Castle 
sunk; 120 lost. 



Sept. 18. Buena Ventura 
torpedoed. 



Sept. 1. British advance 
in Macedonia, west of 
Vardar River. 



Sept. 11. Bolsheviki de- 
feated by Czecho-Slo- 
vaks near Ekaterinburg. 



Sept. 20. Ticonderoga 
sunk by submarinewith- 
out warning. 



Sept. 19. General Allenby 
in command of the 
Anglo-Egyptian Army 
and French detachments 
attacks Turkish posi- 
tions on sixteen-mile 
front from Rafat to the 
sea. In three days he 
encircles the Seventh 
and Eighth Turkish Ar- 
mies under the German 
General Liman von San- 
ders and captures 80,000 
prisoners and 500 guns. 
On his right the Arab 
Army under Hussien I, 
King of Hedjaz, does 
the same to the Fourth 
Turkish Army. 



Sept. 23. In Palestine 
British and allied Arabs 
take 25,000 prisoners. 



442 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



Sept. 27. Bulgaria 
appeals to British 
Government for ar 
mistice. 
Sept. 28. _ Von Hertl 
ing resigns as Ger 
man Chancellor. 



Sept. 30. Bulgaria 
signs armistice 
Allies' terms. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Sept. 26. First American Army begins 
a great offensive covering a thirty-mile 
front from the Meuse west through 
the Argonne Forest; the French 
Fourth Army, under General Gouraud, 
from the Argonne west to the Suippe, 
a front of twenty miles. The Ameri- 
cans advance from five to six miles, 
taking Gercourt, Guicy, Montfaucon, 
Cheppy, and Verennes; the French 
three or four miles, taking Servon, 
the Butte de Mesnil, and Navarin 
Farm. The Germans in two days 
lose 10,000 in prisoners. 

Sept. 28. Americans advancing down 
the Oise come in contact with the Ger- 
man Kriemhilde line, with its bridge- 
head at Brieulles. The French cap- 
ture the strategic positions of Somme- 

Py. 

With the British fleet bombard- 
ing the German coastal defences 
from Nieuport to Zeebrugge, on the 
North Sea. the Belgian Army, with 
the Second British Army, under Gen- 
eral Plumer, and the Fifth, under 
General Birdwood, later ''Oct. 2) to 
be reinforced by the Sixth French un 
der General Degoutte, attacked the 
front in Flanders — at first from Dix 
mude to the Passchendaele Ridge 
north of Ypres, and then south to the 
Lille sector — and capture 4000 prison- 
ers and an immense amount of sup 
plies. 
Sept. 29. Americans with Rawlinson on 
their right press forward on a thirty 
mile front from before St. Quentin to 
the Sens6e Canal, taking Bellecourt 
and Nauroy. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



Sept. 29-30. Dixmude and Roulers 
and many smaller towns fall to the 
Belgians; the British overrun Pas- 
schendaele Ridge. 

Sept. 30. Gouraud advances to within 
five miles of Vouziers. The Ameri- 
cans take Apremont. 



1918 

Sept. 23-26. Ser- 
b i a n s and 
French cross 
the Vardar in 
the direction 
of Krivolak ; 
French cavalry 
occupy Prilep. 
Ishtib and Vel- 
es barriers cap- 
tured by Ser- 
bians. British 
open the road 
to Strumnitza, 
which they en- 
teronthe26th. 
Italian, 
French, and 
Greeks invest 
Kichevo. 

Sept. 25. Bul- 
gars retreat in 
Macedonia on 
130 mile front. 

Sept. 26. Bul- 
garia asks for 
suspension of 
hostilities, 
which is re- 
jected, but re- 
sults in her 
capitulation on 
September 30, 
amounting to 
unconditional 
surrender. 

Whole of Mo- 
nastir- Prilep - 
Gardsko road 
in hand of Al- 
lies. 

Serbs and 
British cap- 
ture V e 1 e s, 
Kochana, and 
Strumitza. 



Sept. 30. Bul- 
garia quits. 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



443 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



The War 
at 
Sea. 



Military Operations 

AT 

Other Points. 



1918 



Sept. 27. British take 
5000 more prisoners in 
Palestine. 



Sept. 29. Ten thousand 
Turks surrender to Brit- 
ish at Gaza in Palestine. 



444 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



Oct. 5. Austrian 
Prime Minister re- 
signs. 

King Ferdinand 
of Bulgaria abdicates 
in favor of his son 
Boris. 

Bulgaria demobil- 
izes. 

Oct. 6. German 
Chancellor sends 
note to Wilson re- 
questing him to aid 
in securing peace and 
stating that Ger- 
many will accept the 
fourteen terms as 
outlined by Pres. 
Wilson on Jan. 28, 
1918, and requestingi 
an immediate ar- 
mistice. I 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 



Oct. 2. Lille as objective of envelop- 
ment movement; Belgians go beyond 
Roulers taking Hooglede and Hand- 
zeeme; British capture Rolleghemca- 
pelle and advance on La Bassee Canal 
threatening Lens from the northwest 
and reoccupying Armentieres. 

Debeney's troops occupy St. 
Quentin. 

Oct. 3. Lens and coal fields evacuated 
by the Germans. 

Oct. 3-13. Allies consolidate their lines 
from the sea to beyond Lille. 

Oct. 4. Americans cross the Kriem 
hildeline. The French advance north 
of Auberive. 

Oct. 5. The French advance for three 
miles down the Suippe River; the 
Americans extend rupture of Kriem 
hilde line beyond Romagne. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 

Oct. 1. As the war 
on this front 
against Aus- 
tria - Hungary 
still continues 
an Italo-Am- 
erican naval 
expedition de- 
stroys the 
enemy naval 
base of Du- 
razzo, Albania, 
while the town 
itself is occu- 
pied by Italian 
troops on the 
13th. Italians 
take Be rat. 
Serbians cut 
the Orient 
Railway at 
Nish, thereby 
destroying 
land communi- 
cation between 
BerlinandCon- 
stantinople. 



I918 A.D- 



THE GREAT WAR. 



445 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



1918 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



Oct. 6. Oiranto sinks by 
collision; 364 U. S. sol- 
diers lost. 



Military Operations 

at 
Other Points. 



1918 

Oct. 1. Damascus occu- 
pied by British cavalry. 



Oct. 3. General Marshall, 
with the Anglo-Indian 
Army in Mesopotamia, 
advances up the Tigris 
against Mosul. 



Oct. 6. Zahlek and Ra- 
yak. 30 miles northwest 
of Damascus, occupied 
by Allenby. 



446 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 



Oct. 8. Pres. "Wilson 
replies to German 
peace note asking 
assurance that they 
will accept the terms 
as outlined by him. 



Oct. 12. German re- 
ply accepts Wilson's 
terms. 



Oct. 14. Pres. Wilson 
replies to Germany's 
peace offer, specify- 
ing details. 

Oct. 15. Turkey noti- 
fies Austria she will 
make separate peace 
with Entente. 

Revolt in Bohe- 
mia against Austria. 

Martial law pro- 
claimed. 



Oct. 18. C z e c h o- 
Slovak council for- 
mally declares inde- 
pendence. 



Oct. 19. Armistice re- 
fused Austria, 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Oct. 7. Berry-au-Bac, ten miles north 
of Rheims, and five southeast of 
Craonne — the great German supply 
station between Laon and Rethel 
captured by Allies. 



Oct. 9. Cambrai occupied by the Allies. 

Oct. 10. British capture Le Gateau. 

Oct. 12. Second American Army, un- 
der Major-Gen. Robert L. Bullard, 
attacks northwest of Verdun. 

Mangin has reoccupied nearly 
the entire length of the Chemin des 
Dames. 

Oct. 13. Mangin takes the enemy 
strongholds of La Fere and Laon. 

Oct. 14. Belgian, French, and British 
attack in Flanders from Dixmude to 
Wervicq. On the Aisne, twelve miles 
east of Laon. the French take Sissonne 
on the Hunding line. 

Oct. 15. In Flanders the British take 
Menin. Southwest of Lille they cross 
Haute Deule Canal. North of the 
Aisne French take Olizy and Termes, 
near Grand Pr6. First American 
Army takes Hill 299 and storms St. 
Georges. 

Oct. 16. Second British Army captures 
Wervicq, Comines, Halluin, and We 
velghem in Lys Valley, Flanders; on 
its left Belgians and French take In- 
gelmunster and Lechtervelde, and 
outflank Thourout. First American 
Army takes Grand Pr6 at vertex of 
Argonne Forest. 

Oct. 17. Fall of Ostend, Lille, and 
Douai; Ostend occupied by British 
naval forces under Sir Roger Keyes; 
Fifth British Army enters Lilli; First 
British Army, under Home, en- 
ters Douai. Anglo-French attack 
from Le Gateau to the Oise carries 
the line of the Selle and part of Le 
Gateau. First American Army wins 
control of the Cote de Ghatillon. 

Oct. 18. Blankenberghe occupied in 
advance of Belgians on Bruges; 
French advance on Ghent; Sensee 
crossed north of Courtrai; Americans 
with British capture Wassigny and 
Ribeauville. American First Army 
captures Bantheville; the French 
Fourth crosses Aisne. 

Oct. 19. Zeebrugge and Bruges occu- 
pied by the Belgians; First British 
Army captures Denain. French pen 
etrate the Hunding line, betweenthe 
Oise and the Serre, First American 
Army loses and regains Bantheville. 



Eastern Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 



Oct. 12. Serbs 
capture Nish. 



Oct. 14. Italian 
troops in 
Albania enter 
Eibasan and 
invest Tirana. 



[QlS A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



447 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 1918 



Oct. 15. U. S. transport 
America sinks at pier, 



Oct. 19. Foch orders the 
Italian Chief of General 
Staff, General Diaz, to 
attack the Austro-Hun 
garian armies. 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



1918 



Military Operations 

at 

Other Points. 



1918 

Oct. 7. Allenby occupies 

Sidon and the French 

Beirut. 



Oct. 13. Tripolis on the 
Syrian coast occupied 
by Allenby. 



Oct. 15. AUenby's cavalry 
occupies Horns, within 
100 miles of Aleppo. 



448 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



Oct. 21. Socialist 

papers in Germany 
demand abdication 
of Kaiser. 



Oct. 28. Austria- 

Hungary sends note 
accepting all Allied 
terms including free- 
dom of the Czecho- 
slovaks ; is ready for 
armistice. 



Military Operatiows 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Oct. 20. With the Belgian coast clear 
of the enemy he retreats from the 
Dutch frontier to the south of Valen- 
ciennes; British Second Army on the 
road to Brussels. 

Oct. 21. Fifth British Army reaches 
Tournai. First British Army enters 
Valenciennes suburbs. 

Oct. 22. Franco-Belgian attack on Lys 
Canal toward Ghent takes 11,000 
prisoners. French advance on Serre 
front reduces La Fere salient and 
captures Chalandry and Grandlup. 

Oct. 23. Third and Fourth British 
Armies advance four miles on twenty- 
mile front between the Scheldt and 
Le Cateau; on their left the First, 
between Valenciennes and Tournai, 
takes Bruay, Bleharies, and Espain. 
First American Army breaks through 
Freya defenses. 

Oct. 24. Third and Fourth British Ar 
mies, between the Scheldt and the 
Sambre, advance within a mile of the 
Valenciennes-Metz railway. 

Oct. 25. First British Army north of 
Valenciennes goes through Raismes 
Forest into the Conde loop of the 
Scheldt; the Third gains an eight 
mile stretch on the Valenciennes 
Avesnes railway. French attack be- 
tween the Oise and the Serre, Souche, 
and Aisne on a twenty-five-mile front, 

Oct. 26. British take Artres and 
Famars, and Englefontaine, south of 
Valenciennes. First French Army 
under Debeney, crosses the Peron 
and advances between Sissonne and 
Cha,teau-Porcien. _ Germans begin a 
retreat toward Hirson, between the 
Oise and Serre. First American 
Army employs sixteen-inch naval 
guns against the Mezieres-Metz sup 
ply railway. 

Oct. 31. American 30th Division, with 
the British Third Army, on a fifteen- 
mile front releases several towns from 
Pergwyk to Winterkern. 

Nov. 2. Valenciennes occupied bj- 
British. 

Nov. 3. Belgian Army reaches Terneu 
zen and liberates ten miles alongthe 
Dutch frontier. First American 
Army shatters M6zieres-Metz railway 
at Montm^dy and Conflans. 



Eastern Front 
also 

B.\lkan Front. 



1918 

Oct. 20. French 
and Serbs 

reach Danube. 



Oct. 21. Serb- 
ian and French 
forces con- 
tinue advance. 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



449 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



Oct. 24. In the Monte 
Grappa region the Ital- 
ians take Monte Sola- 
rolo and the French Sise- 
mol; on the Piave, Brit 
ish and Italians, compos 
ing the Tenth Army 
under Lord Cavan, gain 
a footing on the Island 
of Grave di Papadopoli, 
and the next day cross 
the river. 



Oct. 27. Austria-Hungary 
asks for peace. Lord 
Cavan's army reaches 
points three miles east of 
the Piave and the Ital- 
ians cross the Montello 
region. 



Oct. 29. The Italian ar 
mies are advancing on a 
thirty-mile front; Tenth 
Army forces passage of 
the Monticano, north of 
Oderzo; Twelfth carries 
Valdobbiadene and 
Monte Cosen, three 
miles to the north 
Eighth captures Coneg 
lianoandVittorio;Third 
with the 332d American 
Regiment, crosses the 
lower Piave at San Dona 
di Piave and Zenson 
Prisoners to date 33,000 



The War 
at 
Sea. 



1918 

Oct. 20. German sub 

marines recalled to their 

bases. 



Military Operations 

at 

Other Points. 



Oct. 25. Marshall's forces 
enter Kirkuk and force 
the passage of the Sesser 



Zab, 

Tigris. 

Oct. 26. 



branch of the 
Aleppo falls. 



Oct. 28. Marshall takes 
Kalat Shergat on the 
Tigris. 



Oct. 30. Surrender of 
Turkish Army on the 
Tigris — 7000 prisoners. 
Turkey capitulates 
opens passage between 
Black md y^Jgean seas 
to Allies, with their 
occupation of forts and 
immediate repatriation 
of all allied prisoners 
of war. 



450 



CHRONOLOGY OF 



I918 A.D. 



1918 



Diplomatic 

AND 

Internal Affairs. 



1918 

Nov. 4. Austria ac- 
cepts truce terms. 
Armistice goes into 
effect at 3 p.m. 

Allies settle on 
and sign truce terms 
for Germany. 



Nov. 7. "False 

peace" day in New 

York. 



Nov. 9. German 

Kaiser abdicates. 

Nov. 10. Ex-Kaiser 
flees to Holland. 

Nov. 12. Emperor 
Charles of Austria 
abdicates. 



Military Operations 

ON 

Western Front. 



1918 

Nov. 4. British, First, Third, and 
Fourth Armies with two American 
divisions advance on thirty-mile front 
capturing 10,000 prisoners and 200 
guns between the Scheldt and the 
Oise-Sambre Canal. Passage of canal 
forced by the First French, with a 
bag of 3000 prisoners and 15 guns 

Nov. 6. First American Army captures 
heights of the Woevre and Sedan. 

Nov. 7. Germans begin a seventy-five 
mile front retreat from the Scheldt 
to the Aisne, and Debeney with the 
First French reaches the railway be 
tween La Capelle and Hirson and on 
the Thon as far as Leuze. 

Nov. 8. Germany's armistice delegates 
received by Marshal Foch. 

Nov. 9. French pass through Hirson 
and invest M6zieres. Maubeuge taken 
by Rawlinson's Fourth British Army. 

Nov. 11. German envoys sign armis 
tice. 

At 11 a.m. final shots of the war are 
fired. 



Eastern Front 

also 
Balkan Front. 



1918 

Nov. 4. The 
capitulation of 
Austria - Hun- 
gary today 
closes the war 
on this front 
save against 
the retreating 
German de- 
t a c h ments 
which are pur- 
sued across the 
Danube until 
Nov. 11, when 
Germany ca- 
pitulated and 
accepted thfe 
Foch armis- 
tice. 



I918 A.D. 



THE GREAT WAR. 



451 



Italian Front 

ALSO 

Balkan Front. 



1918 1918 

Nov. 1. Eighth Army 
goes beyond Vittorio; 
the Tenth crosses the 
Conegliano-Oderzohigh 
way. The Twelfth, 
Eighth.Tenth, and Third 
armies reach the Liven- 
za. The Tyrol-Belluno 
line is cut. Prisoners 
number 50.000. 

Nov. 3. Rovereto and 
Trent, in the Trentino, 
are occupied by the 
Italians; Udine, on the 
plains of Veneto ; Trieste 
and Pola, on the Adri- 
atic. Prisoners number 
100,000 and guns taken 
2200 and the Austro- 
Hungarians armies are 
threatened with fatal 
envelopment, when — 

Nov. 4. Austria-Hungary 
capitulates to General 
Diaz, accepting his terms 
of armistice. 

Nov. 10. King Victor 
Emmanuel of Italy 
makes triumphal entry 
into Trieste. 



The War 

AT 

Sea. 



1918 



Military Operations 

at 

Other Points. 



1918 



ARMISTICE PERIOD 

1918-1919 

United States Delegates to the Peace Conference were announced Nov. IS as follows: 

The President, Robert Lansing, Colonel Edward M. House, Henry White, and General 

Tasker H. Bliss. 
Nov. 21. German fleet surrendered. 

Marshal Foch, with Generals Guillaumat and Gouraud, entered Strasbourg, Nov. 25. 
On Nov. 29 the Germans began withdrawing across the Rhine. 
The American Army entered Germany, Dec. 1. 

British troops crossed the Belgian frontier and entered Germany, Dec. 3. 
Dec. 4. President Wilson sails for France. 
On Dec. 12 the armistice was extended until Jan. 17. 

The American Army crossed the Rhine on Dec. 13, and the French entered Mainz. 
On Dec. 16 the American Army reached its final objective at Coblenz, and the British 

formally occupied Cologne. 
Jan. 18. Formal opening of the Peace Conference. 
The Supreme Council adopted President Wilson's proposal to ask all Russian factions, 

including the Bolsheviki, to meet the Allied and Associated Governments at Princes' 

Islands on Feb. 15. The Soviet Government, and the governments of Ukraine, 

Crimea, Esthonia, the Lettish Republic, and Lithuania agreed to participate. William 

Allen White and George Davis Herron were appointed to represent the United States. 
A resolution to create a League of Nations was adopted Jan. 25, and President Wilson 

was named chairman of the commission to draft a plan. 
The Peace Conference on Feb. 13 decided on new armistice terms to be presented to 

Germany. 
Feb. 14. Draft of the League of Nations covenant read by President Wilson and text 

made public. 
Feb. 15. President Wilson sails for United States. 
Mar. 13. President Wilson returns to France. 
April 25. First German peace delegates reach Versailles. 

April 28. Revised League of Nations covenant adopted by Peace Conference. 
May 7. Summary of the treaty, including revised draft of the League of Nations 

covenant made public. 
June 9. Text of the treaty as originally drawn and presented to Germany read in the 

Senate after newspaper publication. 
June 15. Summary of German reply and counter proposals made public. 
June 16. Summary of reply to Germany's counter proposals made public. This 

was in effect a summary of the changes in the treaty. 
June 20. Revised text of the treaty made public in London and Paris. 
Crews of German fleet at Scapa sink most of vessels. 
Germany accepts peace terms unconditionally June 22. 

Peace officially signed Jtine 28. 

452 



GERMANY UNDER THE PEACE TREATY 




ARMISTICE PERIOD 453 

Under the Final Draft of the Treaty Germany — 

Restores Alsace-Lorraine to France. 

Accepts the internationalization of the Saar Basin for fifteen years and of Danzig 
permanently. The people of the Saar Basin are to decide by a plebiscite, by 
district, whether they wish to be annexed to Germany or to France or to accept 
control by the League of Nations. 

Recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium over neutral Moresnet and cedes to Belgium 
Prussian Moresnet and the districts of Eupen and Malm^dy. 

Cedes a small strip of Upper Silesia to Czecho-Slovakia. Cedes the rest of Upper 
Silesia to Poland, but, except in certain districts in the northeastern corner, ceded 
unconditionally to Poland, a plebiscite to determine nationality is to be held between 
the sixth and eighteenth months after the signing of the treaty. 

Cedes to the principal Allied and associated powers the district of Mem.el. 

Cedes to Poland without plebiscite most of Posen and portions of West Prussia and 
Pomerania west of the Vistula and of West Prussia east of the Vistula. Parts of 
East Prussia are to decide by vote whether they wish to belong to Prussia or Poland. 

Agrees to the creation of three zones in Schleswig in which the inhabitants are to decide, 
by districts, whether they are to belong to Prussia or Denmark. 

(Doubt still exists as to whether the third zone was omitted in the final revision of 
the treaty.) 

Recognizes the independence of Austria and agrees that this independence shall be 
inalienable except with the consent of the council of the League of Nations. 

Renounces all territorial and political rights outside Europe as to her own or her Allies' 
territories, and especially to Morocco, Egypt, Siam, Liberia, and Shantung. 

Reduces her army within three months to 200,000 men, with reductions, determined 
by the Allies, every three months thereafter, reaching a minimum of 100,000 by March 
31, 1920. 

Abolishes conscription within her territories. 

Agrees to dismantle all forts fifty kilometres east of the Rhine within six months. 

Must stop all importation, exportation, and nearly all production of war material. 

Agrees to Allied occupation of parts of Germany for fifteen years, or until reparation 
is made, with the understanding that the army of occupation will be reduced at the 
end of each of three five-year periods if Germany is fulfilling her obligations. 

Agrees that any violation by her of the conditions as to the zone fifty kilometres east 
of the Rhine shall be regarded as an act of war. 

Reduces her navy to six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve- 
torpedo boats, without submarines, and a personnel of not over 15,000. 

Must surrender or destroy all other vessels. 

Is forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic. 

Must demolish the fortifications of Helgoland. The fishing harbor is not to be destroyed. 

Must open the Kiel Canal to merchant and war vessels of all nations at peace with 
her and surrender her fourteen submarine cables. 

May have no military or naval air forces except 100 unarmed seaplanes until October 
1 to detect mines, and may not manufacture or import aviation material for six 
months. 

Accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to the Allied and associated govern- 
ments and nationals. 

Agrees specifically to reimburse all civilian damages, beginning with an initial payment 
of the equivalent of 20,000,000,000 marks, subsequent payments to be secured by 
bonds to be issued at the discretion of the reparation commission. Within four 
months Germany may make proposals regarding the manner of the payment of her 
reparation obligations. Within two months thereafter the Allied Reparation Com- 
mission will answer such proposals. The commission is directed to make a final 
determination of the total due from Germany before May 1, 1921. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES 

NOTE. — The dagger (t) attached to a date means "died." 



454 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES 



455 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 

ANGLO-SAXON. 



Egbert. 
802-837. 



Charles the Bald. 
Emperor. 



FLANDERS. 



Ethelwulf = (i) Judith, who 
837-858. I afterwards m. 

I (2)Ethelbald. (3)= 



Ethelbald. 

858-860. 



Ethelbert. 

860-866. 



Ethelred. 

866-871. 



Alfred. 

871-901. 



Baldwin 1. 

I t879. 
Baldwin IL 
t 918. 
:NORMANDf. ( 



Edward i son, 2 dau. 

the Elder. 901-925. 



Elfthryth = 



Athelstan. 
925-940. 



Edmund. 

940-946. 



Edred. 

946-9SS 



Rollo. 

I 
William 

Longsword. 



Edwig. 955-959. 



Edgar. 959-975- 



Richard 
the Fearless. 



Edward the Martyr. 
975-978. 



Ethelred II. 

978-1016. 



r" 



2 Emma. 



Richard 
the Good. 



Arnulf I. 
t96s. 
I 
Baldwin (III.) 
t 962. 



Arnulf II. 

t988. 

I 

Baldwin IV- 

t 1036. 



Godwin 
Earl of Mercia. 
I 



Edmund 

Ironsides. 
1016. 

Edward 



Harold. 

1066. 



Edith 



Edward 

the Confessor. 
1042-1066. 



Robert 

the Magnificent 

or the Devil. 



Baldwin V. 
t 1067. 



William the Conqueror = Matilda, 
1066-1087. 



Edgar Atheling. Margaret 



Edgar 

king of Scots. 



: Malcolm 
king of Scots. 



Matilda 



Robert. William Rufus. Henry I. Adela 

1087-1100. 1100-1135. m. Stephen 
- : c. of Blois. 



Matilda 
Henry II. 1154-11 



Geoffrey of Anjou, 
Plantagenet. 



Stephen 

Il3S-iT-;4 



Henry. Richard 

Cceur-de-Lion. 
1189-1199. 



Geoffrey. John Lackland. 

I 1199-1216. 

Arthur. | 

t 1203. Henry III. 1216-1272. 

Edward I. 

b. 1239, t 1307 

m. I, Eleanor of Castile 

Edward II. 

b. 1284 
murdered 1327 
m. Isabel of France 
I 
Edward III. 
b. 1312, t 1377 
m. Philippa of Ilainault. 

pee next page.] 



456 



TABULAR VIEWS 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



457 






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458 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



459 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 

The House of Hanover, 1 760-1914 

George III. = Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
1760-1820. 



George IV., 

1820-1830. 
t without issue. 



William IV.. 

1830-1837. 
I without issue. 



Frederic, Edward, 

d. of York. d. of Kent. 
t 1827, t 1820. 

without issue. I 



Albert of 
Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha. ti86i. 



\ 
Ernest, 
d. of Cum- 
berland; k. 
of Hanover. 
1837-1851. 
Victoria, 
1837-1901. 



Adolphus, 
1. of Cam- 
bridge. 
t 1850. 



Victoria, 
m. Ger- 
man Em- 
peror. 
Tigoi. 



Edward VII. 
1901-1910 

m. Alexandra 
d. of k. of 
Denmark. 



Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, 
m. pr. m. mar- d. of d. of Al- 
bany, 



Alice, Alfred, 
m. gr. d. of Ed 

d. of inburgh, of _ quis of Con- 

Hesse, t 1900, Schleswig- Lome, naught 
11878. as d. Holstein. 

of Saxe- 

Coburg- 
Gotha. 



ti884. 



Beatrice, 
m. pr. 

Henry of 
Batten- 
berg. 



Vic 



Albert Victor, George V. 

d. of Clarence, 1910- 

ti892. m. Mary of Teck, 

g. g. d. of 
George III 



Louise, 

m. d. of 

Fife. 



Victoria. 



Maud, 
m. Charles, 
pr. of Den- 
mark. 



Edward Albert. Albert. Victoria. Henry. George. John. 



46 o 



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O 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



461 



THE HOUSE OF VALOIS 

A YOUNGER BRANCH OF THE CAPETS 

1223-1364. 

Louis VTII., 1223-1226. 



Louis IS., St. Louis, 
1226-1270. 

I 

Philip III., le Hardi, 
1270-12S3. 



Charles, count of Anjou and Provence, 
ancestor of the kings of Naples. 



Robert (6th son), count of Clermont, 
ancestor of the Bourbons. 



Philip IV., le Bel, 
12S5-1314. 



Charles, count of Valois, 
ancestor of the house of 
Valois. 



Louis, count of Ev« 
reux. 



Louis X., Philip V., Charles IV., 

le Hutin, le Long, le Bel, 

1314-1316. 1316-1322. 1322-1328. 



daughters. daughter. 



Isabella 
m. Ed- 
ward II. 

of England. 

Edward III., 

of England. 



Jeanne, 
queen of 
Navarre. 



John, 

1316. 
lived seven days. 



Philip VI., 

1328-1350. 



John II., 

le Bon, 

1350-1364. 



462 



TABULAR VIEWS 



THE HOUSES OF LORRAINE AND GUISE 
-« 1435-1588. 

Rene le Bon, d. of Anjou 
and titular king of Naples 

and Sicily, 1435-1442, 
m. Isabella, d. of Lorraine. 



Margaret, 
m. Henry VI., 
k. of England. 



John II., 

d. of 
Lorraine 
and Bar. 

I 
Nicolas, 
of Lorraine and Bar. 
ti473. c 

no male issue. 



Yolande, 

d. of Lorraine, 

m. Ferri II., c. of 

Vaudemont, Guise, eti". 

I 

Ren6 II., 

d. of Lorraine and Bar. 

. of Vaudemont, Guise, etc. 

tiS08. 



Antoine, d. of 
Lorraine and 
Bar. tiS44. 



Claude L, c. ot 
Aum&le, d. of 
Guise (1527). 



Francis 1., 

d. of Lorraine 

and Bar. 



Charles II., d. of 

Lorraine and Bar. 

ti6o8. 



Francis, d. of 
Guise, mur- 
dered 1563. 



Charles, 
Card, of 
Lorraine. 



Claude, d. 
of Aumale. 



Louis, 

Card, of 

Guise. 



I 

Mary, 

m. 
James V. 

of 
Scotland. 



Mary, queen 
of Scots. 



Henry, d. 

of Guise. 

tiS88. 



Charles, d. of 
Mayenne. 



Louis, Cardinal 
of Guise. 
ti588. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



463 



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INDEX 

(In this index will be found events up to August i, 19 14. For events 
subsequent to that date, see Supplementary Index, beginning on page 505.) 



Aahmes I., King of Egypt, 3 

Abbassides, the, 73 

Abderrhman, 73; III., 81 

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, 223, 241 

Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 17s; H-. 
241, 32s 

Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 223 

Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Cabul, 247 

Abelard, Peter, 94 

Aboukir, naval battle of, 181 

Abruzzi, Duke of the, 286 

Abubeker, 69 

Abydos, siege of, 33 

Abyssinia, war with Italy, 27s 

Acadia, colonized at Port Royal, 142; 
ceded to France, 154; restored to 
French, 160; given to English, 164 

Accident insurancelawf or workingmen, 251 

Achasan League, 27, 31 

Acre, battle of, 93; capture of, 107 

Act of uniformities, of supremacy, 134; of 
toleration, 150; of uniformity, 154; 
toleration, 158; the declaratory, 174; 
confiscation, 224; elementary education, 
234; Irish Land, 235; tenure of office, 
252; Sherman Silver, 258, 266 

Actium, battle of, 45 

Adams, John, 178, 180, 186, 188 

Adams, Samuel, 174 

Adasa, battle of, 34 

Addison, 164 

Adeodatus, Pope, 70 

Adolph I., of Nassau, Emperor of Ger- 
many, 106 

Adolphus Frederick, King of Sweden, 171 

Adowa, battle of, 27s 

Adrian VI., Pope, 129 

Adrianople, 189, 243, 24s, 35i 

.iElfric Grammaticus, 84 

.^lius Donatus, 60 

.lEmilianus, S7 

.iEmilius Macer, 44 

.lEschylus, 14 

,iElius, 63 

j5itolian League, 35 

Afrhanistan, war with England, 24s 

Afiica, explored by Portuguese, 116 

African war, 43 

Agadir affair, 339. 34^ 

Agapetus, Pope, 66; II., 82 

Agatho, Pope, 70 

Agathocles, 25 

Agesilaus, 18, 21 

Agincourt, battle of, 114, US 

Agis IV., King of Sparta, 31 



Agnadello, battle of, 127 

Agricola, 51 

Agriculture, department of, created, 256 

Agrippa, 44, 46 

Agrippina, 51 

Aguinaldo, 279, 280, 281. 288 

Ahmed Mirza, Shah of Persia, 327 

Ahmed II., Sultan of Turkey, 161; III., 

163 
Air pump invented, 152 
Aisne, battle of the, 406 
Aix-la-Chapelle, synod at, 76; peace of, 

154, 170; congress of, 186 
Alabama, secedes, 222; claims, 236 
Aladja Dagh, battle of, 243 
Alamo, massacre of the, 190 
Aland, conquered by Russia, 165 
Alaric, 61, 63, 65 
Alaska purchased, 230; railway bill, 358; 

first legislature, 354 
Alaska-Yukon-Paci.fic Exposition, 324 
Albania, 359; rebellion in, 361, 363 
Alberoni, 167 

Albert I., King of Belgium, 329 
Albert I., Emperor of Germany, io6;II.,ri6 
Albert, [Prince-Consort of Queen Victoria, 

192, 222 
Alberta, province of, created, 298 
Albigenses, 96 
Alboin, 67 

Albuera, battle of, 184 
Alcazarquivir, battle of, 138 
Alcibiades, 19 
Aldhelm, 70 

Aldrich, Nelson W., 342 
Alemanni the, 55 
Alexander. Prince of Battenberg (Prince 

of Bulgaria), 245 
Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, 

21; 22; 23, 25 
Alexander Jannaeus, 38, 39 
Alexander, Popes, I., 52; II., 88; III., 96; 

IV., 102; v., 114; VI., 125; VII., 153; 

VIIL,iS9 
Alexander L, Czar of Russia, 183; II., 213, 

24s, 247; III., 247, 249, 251, 271 
Alexander I., King of Scotland, 93; II., 

loi; III., 103, 105 
Alexander I., King of Servia, 257, 265, 

269, 293 
Alexander II., King of Syria, 38 
Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of England, 

224 
Alexandra, Queen of JudcEa, 40 
Alexandria, museum and library, 25; 

centre of trade, 26; taken by Cassar, 

43; battle of, 182 



471 



472 



INDEX 



Alexius I. (Comnenus) Emperor, 91; 

II., 99; III., 99; IV., loi 
Alfonso I., of Aragon, 94; H-, 96; III., 106; 

v., 114, 119 
Alfonso VI., King of Leon and of Castile, 

89, 90, 92; VII., 94; IX., 98; XI., 108 
Alfonso v., King of Portugal, 117 
Alfonso I., King of Spain, 92; XII., 239, 

241, 243, 245, 253; XIII., 253, 333 
Alfred the Great, 79, 80 
- Algeciras conference, 305, 327 
Algiers, bombardment of, 186 
Alhambra palace, 102 
Alien and Sedition Laws, 180 
Allahabad, treaty of, 172 
Alliance, Triple, 154, 249, 25s, 261, 291. 

333; Grand, 158; of Denmark, Russia, 
'^ Poland, 161; Seven Years' Subsidiary, 

172; French and American colonies, 176; 

Holy, 185, 186, 187; Quadruple, 191; 

between England, France, and Turkey, 

208; Austria and Prussia, 209 
Alma, battle of the, 211 
Al Mansur, caliph, 73 
Almanza, battle of, 162, 163 
Almoravides, the, 90 
Alsace, ceded to France by peace of 

Westphalia, 150; acquired by France, 

152; seized by France, 159; ceded to 

Germany, 237; Zabern incident, 339; 

entered by France, 406 
Altranstadt, peace of, 163 
Alva, Duke of, 134 
Alvarez, President of Mexico, 213 
Amadeus, King of Spain, 239 
Amboise, peace of, 134 
Ambrones, 39 
Ambrose, St., 60 

Amenemhat III., King of Egypt, 2 
Amenhotep IV. (Amenophis), King of 

Egypt, 3 
Amenophis {see Amenhotep IV.) 
America, discovery of, 124 
America, yacht, 200 
"American treaty" between England 

and Spain, 156 
Amiens, peace of, 182, 183; captured by 

the Germans, 406 
Ammianus Marcellinus, 60 
Ammonius Saccas, 54 
Amundsen, explorer, 344 
Amurath I., Sultan of Turkey, 113; II., 

117; III., 137; IV., 145 
Anabaptists, 129, 131 
Anacletus, I., Pope, 50; II., 94 
Anastasius, II., Pope, 64; IV., 96, Anasta- 

sius I., Emperor, 65; II., 73 
Anaxagoras, 16 
Andrassy, note, 241 
Andr6e, 276 
Andronicus I., Emperor, 99; II., 107, 109; 

III., Ill 
Andros, Sir Edmund, 158 
Andrussovo, peace of, 155 
Anglia East, 67 
Anglo- Japanese treaty, 340 
Anglo-Saxon monarchy, 80; dynasty, end 

of, 89 
Anglo-Tibetan treaty, 307 
Anicetus, Pope, 52 
Anna Comnena, 94 
Annam, French protectorate, 249 



Anns of Austria, Queen of France, 144, 

ISO 
Anne Boleyn, 130 
Anne of Cleves, 130 
Anne, Empress of Russia, 169 
Anne, Queen of England, 162, 164 
Anselm_, Archbishop of Canterbury, 92 
Ansgarius, Pope, 76 
Antalcidas, peace of, 20 
Anterus, Pope, 56 
Anthemius, 63, 65 
Antigonus, 44 
Antigonus Doson, 33 

Antigonus Gonatus, King of Macedon, 29 
Antioch, 26 
Antiochus I., King of Syria, 26; II., 30: 

III., 30, 32, 34. 35; IV., 34; v., 34; VIL. 

36, 38; VIII., 40 _ 
Anti-Alien Land Bill in California, 354, 

35S 
Anti-Japanese demonstrations, 314 
Antipater, 42, 44 
Anti-Rentism. 192 

Anti-Slavery Society, New England, 190 
Anti-trust movement, 268, 298, 302, 328,- 

332, 338, 342, 362 
Antofagasta, battle of, 24S 
Antoninus, Marcus, 43, 44, 45 
Antoninus Pius. 53 
Antwerp, sacked by Spain, 136; taken by 

the French, 191; surrenders to the Ger- 
mans, 408 
Apion of Alexandria, 48 
ApoUonius, 30 

Apollonius of Rhodes, 34; of Tyana, so 
Apostles, council of the, 48 
"Appellants," the, 166 
Appian, 52 
Appius, Claudius, 29 
Aquas Sextiae, battle of, 39 
Aquinas, Thomas, 104 
Aquitaine, wrested from the Visigoths, 65: 

rises against English, 112 
Arabi Pasha, 247, 249 
Aragon, kingdom of, 87; annexes Naples, 

125 
Aratus, 30, 31 
Arbela, battle of, 22 
Arbitration, court of, 282 
Arbogastes the Gaul, 6i 1 

Arc, Joan of, 116, 117 I 

Arcadius, 61 

Archelaus, King of Macedon, 19 
Archimedes, 30 
Architecture, Corinthian, 16; cathedrals 

in England, 70; Gothic, 92 
Arcole, battle of, 181 
Ardoin, King of Italy, 84 
Argentine Confederation, 219 
Argos conquered by Sparta, 31 
Argyle, rebellion of, 158 
Ariarathes II., King of Cappadocia, 20, 34 
Arica bombarded, 247 
Ariobarzanes, 20, 28, 40 
Arista, General Mariana, 203, 207 
Aristarchus, 36 
Aristides, is 
Aristobulus, 38 
Aristonicus, 39 
Aristophanes, 18, 33 . 
Aristotle, 22 
Arius, 58 



INDEX 



473 



Arizona admitted, 344 

Arkansas secedes, 222 

Armada, Spanish, 138 

Armenia, 34, 46, 51, 52, 61, 66; reforms 
in demanded, 271, 273; massacres in, 
27s . 

Arminius, 49 

Arnobius of Africa, 58 

Arnold, Benedict, 176 

Arnold of Brescia, 96 

Arnulf, King of Germany, 80 

Arques, battle of, 138 

Arran, Earl of, 130 

Arras., peace of, 116 

Arriaga, Manuel, President of Portugal, 
341 

Arriai), 52 

Arsaces, King of Parthia, II., 30; III., 32; 
IV.. 32 

Artaxerxes I., King of Persia, 14; III., 20 

Artevelde, King of Flanders, no, 112 

Arthur, Chester A., President of United 
States, 246 

Arundelian marbles, S 

Ascalon, battle of, 93 

Ascham, Roger, 130 

Asculum, battle of, 27 

Ashanti War, 238, 272 

Asoka, King of Magadha, 28 

Aspern, battle of, 183 

Aspromonte, battle of, 225 

Asquith, H. H., 318. 338, 360, 362 

Assam, annexed to England, 188 

Asshurnasirpal, King of Assyria, 4, 

Assize of arms, 99 

Assouan dam, 280 

Assyria, under priest-kings, 3; beginning 
of Assyrian greatness. 4; Sargon con- 
quers Samaria, 6; attains its highest 
development, 6; divided, reunited, 8; 
conquers Elam, 8; conquers Egypt, 9 

Asturias, kingdom of, 73, 81 

Athanasius, 58 

Athelstan, King of Wessex, 81, 82 

Athens, legislation of Draco, 9; legislation 
of Solon, 11; burnt by Xerxes, rebuilt, 
15; joins Achsean League, 29, 31; taken 
by Rome, 41; by the Turks, 189; treaty 
of, 359 

Attains I., King of Pergamus, 30 

Attila, 63 

Audubon, J. J., 200 

Auerstadt, battle of, 183 

Augsburg, diet of, 131; peace of, 133; 
league of, 158; diet of, 161 

Augustine, St., 60, 68 

Augustus (Octavius Csesar), 45, 46, 47, 49 

Aurelian, 57 

Aurelius, Marcus, 53, 54 

Aurelius, Victor, 60 

Aurungzeb, Emperor of India, 155 

Ausonius, 60 

Austerlitz, battle of, 183 

Australia, Queensland separated from New 
South Wales, 218; constitution, 278; 
commonwealth of, 286 

Austrasia, 67 

Austria, war with Switzerland, 113; made 
an archduchy, 118 ; obtains Sicily in 
exchange for Sardinia, 169; revolution 
of 1848, 195, 197; Austrian power re- 
established in Northern Italy, 197; war 



against France, 219; war with Prussia 
and Italy, 231; see Austria-Hungary. 

Austria-Hungary, organization of the 
Dual Monarchy, 233; triple alliance, 246, 
trouble with Servia, 321; annexes Bos- 
nia and Herzegovina, 321; ultimatum to 
Servia, 404; declares war, 404; declares 
war on Russia and France, 406; war 
with Montenegro, 406 

Austrian succession, war of the, 171 

Austro-Turkish convention, 211 

Avars, the, 69, 76 

Aviation, 268, 286, 288, 290, 296, 302, 
308, 326, 334, 340 

Avignon, popes at, 108; ceded to the 
pope, 175 

Avitus, 63 

Azores discovered, 116 

B 

Baalbec, 52 

Babylonia, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 34 

Babylonian captivity of the papacy, 108, 

112 
Bach, composer, 170 
Bacon's rebellion, 156 
Bacon, Lord Francis, 142, 144 
Bacon, Roger, of Oxford, 104 
Bactria conquered by Parthia, 34 
Badajos, battle of, 185 
Bagdad, capital, 73; peace of, 169 
Bajazet I., Sultan of Turkey, 115; II., 123 
Balaklava, battle of, 211 
Balas, Alexander, 36 
Balbinus, 57 

Baldwin I., Emperor, loi; II., 103 
Balfour, A. J., 290, 302 
Baliol, King of Scotland, in 
Balkan War, 349, 3Si, 353, 355 
Ballinger, Secretary, 328, 334 
Baltimore fire, 294 
Baltimore, Lord, 146 
Ban6r, Swedish general, 149 
Bank of Venice, 96; of England, 160; 

First United States, 178; of France, 

183; Second United States, 186, 190 
Banks, N. P., 212, 224 
Bannockburn, battle of, 109 
Barbarossa, Frederick (see I., Emperor of 

H. R. E.,) 96 
Barcelona taken by Berwick, 165 
Bardanes, Philip, 71 
Barebone's Parliament, 152 
Barnet, battle of, 120 
Barometer invented, 150 
Barra, Francesco de la, 339 
Basel, battle of, 181 
Basil, Bishop of Caesarea, 60 
Basil, Emperor, 79; II., 83 
Basiliscus, 6s 

Basle, Council of, 116; Treaty of, 152 
Bassorah, battle of, 143, 175 
Bastile at Paris, founded, 112; storming 

of, 179 
Batavian Republic, 18 r 
Bathori, Stephen, King of Poland, 137 
Baths of Diocletian, 58 
Batthyany, 199 
Bautzen, battle of, 185 
Bavarian Succession, Wars of the, 177 
Bavaria, 73 



474 



INDEX 



Bazaine, General, 23S, 239 

Beachy Head, naval victory, 160 

Beaconsfield, Lord {see Disraeli) 

Becket, Thomas a, 97 

Bede, the Venerable, 70, 72 

Bedford, battle of, 67 

Beecher, Henry Ward, 238 

Beethoven, 178 

Behring Sea dispute, 262, 266 

Behring's Strait discovered, 168 

Belfast, 262 

Belfort, battles near, 40s 

Belgium, and the Belgians, conquered by 
France, 181: union of, with Holland, 
1S5; revolts from Holland, declared 
independent, 189; Congo Free State, 
253. 31s; invaded by Germany, 40s; 
capital removed to Antwerp, to Bou- 
logne. 408 

Belgrade, attacked by the Turks, 121, 
225; taken by Turks, 129; battle of, 
161 ; recovered by Turks, 161 ; peace of, 
171 ; bombarded, 405 

Belisarius, 67 

Belle-Isle, capture of, 173 

Belmont, battle of, 282 

Benedetti, 235 

Benedict I., Pope, 68; II., 70; III., 78; 
IV., 80; v., 82; VI., 84; VII., 84; VIII., 
84; IX., 86, 88; XL, 106; XII., no; 
XIII., 114. 169; XIV., 171 

Benedictine monks, 66 

Beneventum, battle of, 29, 81 

Benevolences, 144 

Bengal ceded to East India Company, 
172 

Bennington, battle of, 176 

Benton, Thomas H., 216 

Berber, capture of, 251 

Berchtold, Count, 348, 349 

Berengar, Emperor, 80; of Tours, 88 

Berenice, Queen of Egypt, 43 

Berlin, Treaty of, 243 

Berlin, University of, founded, 182 

Bernadotte {see Charles XIV. of Sweden), 
183, 187 

Bernhard of Saxe- Weimar, 146, 149 

Bernicia, 69 

Berosus, 28 

Berrhcea, battle of, 95 

Bessarabia, part of, acquired by Russia, 
185 

Bessemer process, 212 

Bethmann-HoUweg, 327, 359 

Bible, Gothic version of, 60; English 
translation of, 142; the Indian, 154; 
tercentenary, 336 

Bill, of Rights, 158; Freedman's Bureau, 
230; Civil Rights, 230; Tenure of Office, 
230; Disestablishment, 232; General 
Amnesty, 236; Civil Rights (for negroes), 
238; Bland Silver, 242; Anti-Socialist, 
243; Coercion, 246; Irish Land, 246, 274; 
Ferry Educational, 247; Inter-State 
Commerce 252; Irish Crimes, 254; Re- 
organization, in United States, 286; 
Cuban Reciprocity, 290; Old Age Pen- 
sions, 318; Vreeland Currency, 318; 
Canadian Reciprocity, 336; National 
Insurance, 338; Workingmen's Insur- 
ance, 339; Insurance, 342; Minimum 
Wage, 344; Canal Tolls, 346; Anti- Alien 



Land, 354; Glass-Owen Currency, 356, 
338; Alaska Railway, 358; Emergency- 
Ship, 364 

Biloxi settled, 160 

Bismarck, Prince of Prussia, 225, 247, 
239, 261, 266 

Bithynia, 20 

Black Death in England, lit 

Black Friday, 232 

Blackstone, 172 

Blaine, James G., 262 

Blake, Admiral, 132 

Bleneau, battle of, 132 

Bleriot, 326 

Blockade of southern ports of United 
States, 222 

Bloemfontein, 282 , 

Blood, circulation of the, 144 

Bloody tribunal, 133 

Boadicea, Queen of Britain, 51 

Bocanegra, Simon, first doge of Genoa, 
III 

Boccaccio, 112 

Boethius, 66 

Bohemia, and Bohemians, embrace Chris- 
tianity, 80; tributary to Germany, 82; 
made kingdom, 91 

Bohemond, 92 

Boileau, 154, 160 

Boleslav I., King of Poland, 8S; II., Pi; 
III., 93 

Bolivar, General, 185, 187 

Bologna, University of, 100 

Bomarsund capitulates, 211 

Bombay, mutiny at, 138 

Bonaparte, Jerome, 183 

Bonaparte, Joseph, 183 

Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, 183 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, popular insurrec- 
tion suppressed by, 181; in Italy, i8r; 
in Egypt, 181; first consul, l8i; presi- 
dent of Italian republic, 183; crowned 
emperor, 183; see Napoleon I. 

Boniface I., Pope, 62; II., 66; III., 68; 
IV., 68; v., 68; VI., 80; VIIL, 106: 
IX., 114 

Boniface of Montferrat, lOO 

Bonn, University of, 186 

Boone, Daniel, 174 

Booth, John Wilkes, 228 

Bordeaux, seat of government of France, 
235. 363 

Borden, Premier of Canada, 342 

Bosnia, subjected to the Turks, 119; 
annexed to Austria, 321; invaded by 
Servia, 365 

Bossuet, 160 

Boston settled, 146; Massacre, 174; Tea- 
party, 174; Port Bill, 174; evacuation 
of, 176; great fire, 236 

Bosworth Field, battle of, 123 

Botha, General, 288 

Bothwell, Earl of, 134 

BoufHers, 162 _ 

Boundary, disputes, between United 
States and Canada, 190, 192, 194; 
Texas, 196; United States and Mexico, 
198; Brazil and Argentina, 270; Vene- 
zuela and British Guiana, Alaska 
Canada, 276; Venezuela and Great 
Britain, 282; Alaskan, 292, 294; United 
States and Canada, 312; Abyssinia and 



I 



INDEX 



475 



Boundary. — Continued 

Italian Somaliland, 319; Turkey and 
Persia, 321; Argentine and Bolivia, 327; 
Bulgaria and Turkey, 357; Mexico and 
United States, 339 

Bourbaki, 237 

Bourbon family compact, 173; House of, 
restored, 185 

Bovianum, battle of, 27 

Boxer, uprising, 285, 287, 289; indemnity, 
318 

Boyne, battle of the, 160 

Braddock's defeat, 172 

Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, 138 

Brandenburg invaded by the Swedes, 157 

Brandywine, battle of, 176 

Branham Moor, battle of, iis 

Brazil, recovered by Portugal from the 
Dutch, 152; independent, 187; revolu- 
tion in, 191; republic established, 257; 
revolution, 261 

Breda, taken by Spinola, 145; peace of, 

154 

Breisach, battle of, 149; ceded to France, 
150 

Breitenfeld, battle of, 147 

Brennus, 19, 29 

Bretigny, peace of, 112 

Brian Boru, 87 

Briand, Aristide, 353 

Britain, the Britons, invaded by Cassar, 
43; invaded by Severus, 55; subjected 
to Rome, usurped by Carausius, re- 
gained by Constantius, 59; invaded by 
Picts and Scots, 61; the Jutes in, 63; 
evacuated by the Romans, 63; Eyst 
Anglia, 67; Mcrcia, 69; Northumbiia, 
69, 71; invaded by Danes, 75, 81; in- 
vaded by Norse and Danes, 85 

Britannicus, 49 

British Empire, establishment of, 173 

British museum founded, 172 

Bromsebro, peace of, 151 

Brooklyn Bridge, 250 

Brown, John, 218 

Brownsville affair, 308, 310, 324, 330 

Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland, 109 

Brunanburh, battle of, 83 

Brussels, bombarded by tha French, 161; 
occupied by the Germans, 406 

Bryan, William J., 274, 286, 318, 356 

Bryce, James, 310, 322, 336, 350 

Buchanan, James, President of United 
States, 214 

Bucharest, peace of, 185; treaty of, 357 

Buda taken by Germany, 159 

Buda-Pesth, revolution in, 19s 

Buddha (Gautama), born, 10 

Buena Vista, battle of, 19/L 

Buenos Ayres, leaves the Argentine Con- 
federation, 203; rejoins, 219 

Bulgaria, and Bulgarians, founded, 71; 
war with empire, 73; war with Michael 
!•• 77;. war with Saracens, 81; Great 
Bulgarian war, 8s; subdued, 87; new 
kingdom, 99; conquered by Byzantines, 
103; Turks subdue risings in, 241; 
annexes Roumelia, 251; war with Ser- 
via, 251; treaty of peace, 253; declara- 
tion of independence, 321; war with 
Turkey, 351; with Servia, 357; with 
Greece, 357 



Buller, General, 284 

Bulls, papal, 106, 125, 164 

Bulow, Prince von, 287, 301, 327 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 174 

Bunyan, John, 156 

Burgoyne's surrender, 176 _ 

Burgundy, the Burgundians, 63, 65; 
annexed to France, 86 

Burke and Cavendish, assassinated, 248 

Burkersdorf, battle of, 173 

Burma, war with England, 186; annexed 
to British Empire, 204, 253 

Burns, Robert, 176 

Burnside, General, 222, 246 

Burr, Aaron, 182 

Burton and Speke, 216 

Busaco, battle of, 184 

Byron, Lord, 184, 187 

Byzantium (Constantinople), founded, 9; 
captured by Athenians, 19; besieged by 
Philip, 23; besieged by Severus, 55; 
power in Italy, 67; overwhelmed by 
Turks, 97; defeats the Bulgarians, 103 



Cabal Ministry, 156 

Cabira, battle of, 40 

Cabot, John, and Sebastian, 124 

Cabul, 24s 

Cade, Jack, insurrection of, 119 

Cadesia, battle of, 71 

Cadiz (Gadir), founded, 5 

Cffidmon, 70 

Caesar, Caius {see Caligula) 

Cfflsar, Julius, 39, 43, 45 

CcBsar, Octavius, 45 

Cffisarea founded, 44 

Caillaux, Mme., 361 

Caius, Pope, S8 

Calais, siege of. 1 1 r 

Calcutta. Black Hole of, 173 

Caldera bombarded, 245 

Calendar, 42, 46, 138, 172 

Calhoun, John C, 196 

California, taken possession of by United 
States, 194; admitted, 196; Japanese 
school children, 314 

California, Lower, 131 

Caligula (Caius Casar), 49 

Calixtus I., Pope, 54; II., 94; III. (anti- 
pope), 96 

Callao bombarded, 231, 247 

Calmette, Gaston, 361 

Calvin, John, 130 

Cambodia annexed to France, 249 

Cambray, Treaty of, 130; Congress of , 169 

Cambridge platform, 150 

Cambridge, University of, founded, 100 

Cambyses, King of Persia, 12 

Camden, battle of, 176 

Camillus, 19 

Camorrists, trial of, 337, 347 

Campaign fund investigation, 346, 350, 
352 

Campbell, Sir Colin, 2i4_ 

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 280, 318 

Campo Formio, peace of, 181 

Canada, invasion of, 172; ceded to Great 
Britain, 172; Dominion of, established, 
230 

Canal Tolls Bill, 348; repeal of, 362 



476 



INDEX 



Canalejas, 351 

Canls, Languedoc, IS4, the Erie, 186; 
Ganges, 209; Suez opened, 232; Man- 
chester ship, 260; Baltic ship, 254; in 
Germany, 287 

Candia, siege of, 151 

Caney EI, battle of, 278 

Canossa, 90 

Canterbury, 68 

Canton, taken by the British, 193; re- 
stored to China, 223 

Canute, King of England, 87; II., (the 
Great), 87; IV., of Denmark, 99 

Cape Breton taken by the English, 170 

Capitolinus, 21 

Cappadocia, 20, 34, 40 

Capua taken by the Romans, 33 

Caracalla, baths of, 54; Emperor, 53 

Caracas, 185 

Caractacus, 49 

Carbajal, President of Mexico, 363, 363 

Cardinal, first American, 238 

Carlists, 190, 241 

Carloman, Emperor, 73 

Carlos, Don, pretender to the Spanish 
throne, 191, 213 

Carlos I., King of Portugal, 257, 317 

Carlyle, Thomas, 190, 246 

Carmelites, Order of the, 96 

Carneades, 37 

Carnegie, Andrew, 288, 300, 312, 324, 336 

Carnegie Institute, 336 

Carnot, President of France, 25s, 269 

Carolina, granted, 154; separated, 168 

Caroline, Queen of England, 186 

Caroline Islands bought by Germany, 2S3 

Carranza, General, 365 

Carrera. President of Me.xico, 213 

Carrhse, battle of, 42 

Carson, Sir Edward, 358 

Carthage, Carthaginians, founded, 7 ; 
invade Sicily, and defeated, 15; defeat 
Regulus, 29; defeated by Rome and 
driven out of Spain, 33; conquest and 
destruction by Rome, 37; rebuilt, 39; 
taken by the Vandals, 63; taken by 
Arabs, 71 

Carthagena founded, 31; 239 

Carthusians, Order of the, 90 

Cartier, Jacques, 131 

Carus, 59 

Carver, John, 144 

Casco, Me., destroyed by the French, 160 

Casimir the Just, King of Poland, 97; the 
Great, iii; III., 113; IV., 119; John, 
151 . 

Casimir-P^rier, President of France, 270, 
271 

Cassano, battle of, 181 

Cassel, battle of, no 

Cassiodorus, 66 

Cassius, Dio, 54 

Castiglione, battle of, 181 

Castile, 87; Leon separated from, 96 

Castor, 13 

Castro, President of Venezuela, 283, 321 

Castruccio of Lucca and Pisa, 109 

Catalans enter Greece, 109 

Catalonia, revolt of, 139 

Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 134 

Catherine I., Empress of Russia, 169; II., 
173 



Catherine of Portugal, Queen of England, 
134 . 

Catholic Church, defection from, in Ger- 
many, 192 

Catholic emancipation, 188 

Catholicism abolished in Scotland, 134 

Catiline's conspiracy, 43 

Catinat, Marshal, 161 

Cato, 33, 35, 37 

Catullus, 42 

Caudine Forks, battle of, 25 

Cavagnari, Major, 245 

Cavour, 217, 219, 222, 223 

Cawnpore, mutiny at, 214 

Caxton, printer, 122 

Celestine I., Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98; 
IV., 102 

Celestines, the Order of, founded, 102 

Celsus, 48 

Celtiberians, 33 

Censorinus, 54 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 194 

Cervantes, 144 

Cervera, Admiral, 278 

Cetewayo, 244, 249 

Chasronea, battle of, 23, 40 

Chalcedon, Council of, 66 

Chalgrove, battle of, 130 

Chamberlain, Joseph, 262, 272, 292, 294 

Champlain tercentenary, 326 

Chapultepec, battle of, 194 

Charford, battle of, 67 

Charity Bazar disaster, 277 

Charles I., King of England, 144, 130; II., 
132, 154. 156 

Charles III. (the Simple), King of France 
80; IV., 108; v., 112; VI., 112, 114, 116; 
VII., 116; VIII., 122; IX., 134. X., 187, 
189 

Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Emper- 
or of H R. E., 72, 73. 76; the Bald, 76; 
III., the Fat, 78; IV., no; V., 128, 129, 
130, 131. 132, 133; VI., 16s, 169; VII., 
171 

Charles Martel, 73 

Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, 104 

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 193, 197 

Charles I., King of all Spain and the 
Netherlands, 126; II., of Spain, 134, 
163; III., 173; IV., 179 

Charles VII., Kmg of Sweden, 119; IX., 
143; X., 133; XL, 133; XIL, 161. 163, 
163, 167; XIII., 183; XIV., 187; XV., 
219, 237 

Charles Edward, pretender to the English 
throne, 170 

Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 139 

Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hun- 
gary, 109 

Charleston (S. C), founded, 136; taken by 
British, 176; occupied by Union forces, 
228 
Charter of Liberties, 93 
Chartist agitation, 192, 194 
Chataldja,_3Si 
Chateaubriand, 184 
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 112, 114 
Chaumont, treaty of, 184 
Chemnitz, battle of, 149 
Chemulpo, battle of, 293 
Cheops (Khufu), King of Egypt, 2 
Cherasco, peace of, 147 



INDEX 



477 



Cherokee strip opened, 266 

Chesterfield, Lord, 168 

Chevy Chase {see Otterbourne) 

Chicago, great fire, 236; University of, 
264; World's Fair, 266 

Childebert II., King. 71 

Childeric I., King of the Franks, 65; II., 
71: HI-. 73 

Chile, independence of, 187; war with 
Peru, 243, 247; revolution in, 261 

Chilperic II., King, 73 

China, Chow dynasty, s; Tsin dynasty, 
28; dynasty of Han, 32; paper made in, 
34; Tang dynasty, 69; war with Tartars, 
83; Pekin made capitol of, 105; last of 
Mongol emperors, iii; Ming dynasty, 
113; Portuguese settlement at Macao, 
131; invaded by the Manchus, 14s; 
Manchu dynasty, 151; opium trade 
forbidden, 193; Taiping rebellion, 197; 
treaty of Tien Tsin, 217; war with 
England and France, 221; end of Tai- 
ping rebellion, 227; treaty with United 
States, 246; immigration from United 
States suspended. 248 ; war with France, 
231; Chinese excluded from the United 
States, 234, 262; war with Japan, 269, 
271; customs and post established, 273; 
Kwang Hsu, 283, 323; "open door" in. 
Boxer uprising, 2S3; Boxer troubles, 
287; massacre of missionaries, "open 
door," 287; Boxer indemnity, 289; con- 
stitution, 327; revolution, 343; republic, 
34s; recognized by other countries, 334, 
337; first parliament, 333 

Chios taken by the Venetians, 161 

Chippewa, battle of, 184 

Choate, Rufus, 218 

Choiseul, 17s 

Cholera, 190, 210, 231, 231 

Chorillos, battle of, 247 

Christian I., of Oldenburg, King of Den- 
mark, 119; II., 129; III., 131; IV., 139. 
143, 147; v., 157; VI.. 169; VII., 173; 
VIII., 193; IX., 227; X., 347 

Christianity, Christians, first persecution, 
second, 50; third, 32; fourth, fifth, 54; 
sixth, seventh, eighth, 56; ninth, tenth, 
Edict of Toleration, first general council, 
58; second general council, C. in Ethio- 
pia, 60; conversion of Clovis, 64; C. 
era introduced, C. in Scotland, 66; in 
Britain, 68; Nestorian in China, 70; in- 
troduced into Denmark, 76; in Sweden, 
76; in Bohemia, 80; in Poland, 82; in 
Russia, 83; in Norway, 87 

Christina, Queen of Sweden, 147, 133 

Christopher II., King of Denmark, T09 

Chrysippus, 30 

Chrysostom, 60 

Church and State, separation of, in Fiance, 
293. 297, 303; in Portugal, 335 

Churches, Eastern and Western, final 
schism between, 88 

Churchill, Winston, 342, 334 

Cicero, Marcus TuUius, 42, 43, 45 

Cilicia, 34 

Cimabue, 106 

Cimbri, 39 

Cimon, 13 

Cincinnatus, 17 

Circassia finally conquered by Russia, 227 



Ciudad Rodrigo, battle of, 184 

Civil Rights Bill, 230 

Civil Service Reform, in England, 212; in 
United States, 236, 248, 334^ 

Civil War: in Rome 41, 43; in England, 
120, 148, ISO; in France, 134, 136; in 
Spain, 191, 239; in United States, 222 

Civil War in United States, battles of the. 
Big Bethel, Rich Mountain. Bull Run, 
Wilson's Creek, Ball's Bluff, Belmont, 
Mill Spring, Roanoke Island, Pea 
Ridge, Newbern, Yorktown. Shiloh, 
222; Williamsburg, Hanover C. H., 
Fair Oaks, Cross Keys, Mechanicsville, 
Savage Station, Frazier's Farm, Mal- 
vern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Harrison's 
Landing, Bull Run, Chantilly, South 
Mountain, Antietam, luka, Corinth, 
Perryville, Fredericksburg, Murfrees- 
boro, 224; Chancellorsville, Winchester, 
Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Chatta- 
nooga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ridge, Sabine Cross Roads, Wilderness, 
Dalton, Spottsylvania, Resaca, Cold 
Harbor, Kenesaw Mountain, Monocacy, 
Atlanta, Mobile Bay, Winchester, 226; 
Cedar Creek, Franklin, Nashville, 
Bentonville, N. C, Five Forks, Sailors' 
Creek, 228 

Clapp Committee, 350 

Clarendon, Assize of, 97 

Clarendon, Earl of, 154 

Claudian, poet, 60 

Claudius I., 49; II., 57 

Clay, Henry, 204 

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 198, 284 

Clemens, Pope, 30 

Clement, of Alexandria, 34; II., Pope, 88; 
III., anti- Pope, 90; III., Pope, 98; IV., 
104; v., 108; VI., no; VII., 112, 129; 
VIII., 141; IX., 155; X., 137; XL, 163; 
XII., 169; XIII., 173; XIV., 173 

Cleomenes, King of Sparta, 31, 33 

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 38, 43, 44, 43 

Cleopatra's needle, 240 

Clepsydra {see Water-clock) 

Clermont, Council of, 92 

Cleveland, Grover, President of United 
States, 230, 232, 234, 262, 264, 266, 272, 
302 

Clissow, battle of, 163 

Clive in India, 172 

Clontarf, battle of, 87 

Clotaire II.. 67, 69; III-, 71 

Clovis I., King of the Franks, 65; III., 71 

Cluny, 80 

Coalition, first against France. 181; second, 
181; third, 182; fourth, 182; fifth, 182; 
sixth, 184 

Cochin China, six provinces ceded to 
France, 223 

Code, Hadrian's perpetual. 32; Theodo- 
sian, 62; Pandects, and Institutes, Jus- 
tinian, 66; the Basilican, 79; of King 
Christian, 139; the Napoleon, 182 

Cceli, Spanish Minister. 139 

Coinage, uniform in Germany, in Den- 
mark. Sweden, and Norway, 237 

Coke, Edward, 144 

Colbert, controller-general of finance, 154 

Colenso, battle of, 284 

Coleridge, poet, 184 



4/8 



INDEX 



Cohgny, 135 

Coloman, King of Hungary, 93 

Colombia, Republic of, 1S7: separated 
from Venezuela, 1S9; treaty with United 
States, 250, 360; rejects canal treaty, 
295 

Colonna family, the, no 

Colorado, admitted, 240; virtual civil war 
in, 360 

Colosseum at Rome, 50 

Columbia College founded, 172 

Columbus, Christopher, voyages of, 124, 
125. 126 

Columella, 48 

Comines, Philip de, 120 

Commerce and Labor, Department of, 292 

Commodus, 55 

Commonwealth, the, in England, 150 

Comonfort, President of Mexico, 213, 
217 

Compass, the, 106 

Conchas Blancas, battle of, 24s 

Concordat of Sienna, 118 

Conde, 152, 136 

Confederate States of America, Congress, 
222 

Confederation, Articles of, 176 

Confederation of the Rhine, 183 

Confirmalio Carlarum, 107 

Conflans, peace of, 120 

Confucius, 12, 14 

Congo Free State, 251, 253. 3i5 

Congress, Continental, 174 

Congress, international, on laws of war, 
238 

Congressional Library, new, 2/5 

Connaught, Duke of, 336, 348 

Connecticut, settled, 146; Constitution, 
148; chartered, 154 

Conon, Pope, 70 

Conrad I., Emperor (of Franconia), So; 
II. (the Salic), 86; III., 94 

Conservation, 318, 326, 334. 338 

Constance, peace of, 98; Council of, 116 

Constantine I., Pope, 70 

Constantine II., King of Scotland, 81 

Constantine IV., Emperor, 71; V. (Cop- 
ronymus), 72, 73; VI., 75; VII., 81, 83; 
VIII., 83; IX. (Monomachus), 87; X. 
(Ducas), 89; XIII., 119 

Constantinople, capital of the Roman 
Empire, S8; siege of, by Saracens, 71; 
invested by Arabs, 73; attacked by 
Russians, 89; captured by the Turks, 
119; revolution in, 159; treaty of, 277, 
361 

Constitution of United States, adopted, 
178; Thirteenth Amendment, 22S; Four- 
teenth Amendment, 230; Fifteenth 
Amendment, 232; Income Tax Amend- 
ment, 352 

Constitution and the Cuerriere, 184 

Conti, 152 

Convocation of States-General, first, in 
France, 106 

Cook. Dr. F. A., 326, 328 

Cook's voyages, 174, 176 

Coomassie. 239, 272 

Copenhagen, peace of, 155 

Copernicus, 130 

Copyright law, international, 260. 274 

tk)rday« Charlotte, iSi 



Cordova, 82 I 

Corea, invaded by Japan, 141; stormea ' 
by United States and France, 237 ; 
independence of, 271; invaded, 295; 
emperor abdicates, 31S; formally an- 
nexed by Japan, 333 

Corfu, siege of, 165 

Corinth, Greece, tyranny overthrown, 11; 
united with Achsean league, 31; de- 
stroyed by Mummius, 37; Paul at, 48; 
taken by the Turks, 163 

Corinth, Mississippi, occupied by Union 
forces, 224 

Coriolanus, 15 

Corneille, 148, 154 

Corn Laws, in England, 184; repealed, 192 

Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 176; 
succeeds Warren Hastings, 178 

Coronado, explorer, 131 

Coronea, battle of, 17, 19 

Correggio, 124 

Corsica, revolt of, 173; ceded to France, 
I7S 

Cortes, 131 

Corunna, battle of, 182 

Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 157 

Costa Rica, Walker's invasion, 213, 215; 
revolution in, 219 

Cotton-gin, the, 180 

Council, of Nice, 58; the Quinisext, 70; 
great, in Venice, 107; of ten, 109; of 
Pisa, 114; of Constance, 114; of Basle, 
116; the Aulic, 125; of Tours, 126; of 
Trent, 131, 135 

Councils, general, first at Nice, 58; second, 
Constantinople, 60; third, Ephesus, 
fourth, Chalcedon, 62; fifth, Constan- 
tinople, 66; sixth, Constantinople, 70; 
seventh, Nice, 74; eighth, Constan- 
tinople, 78; eleventh, 98; twelfth, 100; 
at Lyons, 102, 104; at Vienne, 108 

Court of High Commission re-established, 
158 

Courtrai, battle of, 106 

Courts of law, separation of the, in Eng- 
land, 104 

Covenant, solemn, of Ulster, 348 

Cowpens, battle of, 176 

Coxey's army, 268 

Cracow annexed to Austria, 193 

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 130 

Crassus, 41, 42, 43 

Crecy, battle of, no 

Crefeldt, battle of, 172 

Crespy, peace of, 130 

Crete, Saracens obtain possession of, 77; 
taken by Turks, iss; Greeks revolt 
against Turks, 231; evacuated by 
Turkey, 281; annexed by Greece, 359 

Crimea, the, subjugated by Turks, 121; 
united to Russia, 177 

Crimean War, 211, 213 

Crispi, Francesco, 289 

Croatia subdued by Germany, 159 

Crcesus, King of Lydia, 10, 12 

Cromwell, Oliver, 150, 152, 154 

Cromwell, Richard, IS4 

Cromwell, Thomas, 130 

Cronie. General, 284 

Croton aqueduct, 192 

Crown Point, 172 

Crusades, the, cause of 91; first, 92; cap- 



INDEX 



479 



Crusades — Continued 

ture of Jerusalem, 93! second, 94, 95; 
third, 98, 99; fourth, fifth, 100; of 
Frederick II., 102; of Louis IX., 102, 
104; general influence of, 106 

Crystal Palace exhibition, 198 

Cuba, the Lopez expedition, 198; final 
abolition of slavery, 252; revolution in, 
271, 273; independence, 280; end of 
Spanish sovereignty, 28 1; evacuated by 
United States troops, 325 

Culloden, battle of, 170 

Cumae, 19 

Cunaxa, battle of, 18 

Curzola, battle of, 107 

Curzon, Lord, 303 

Custer Massacre, 240 

Custozza, battle of, 195 

Cyaxares, King of the Medes, 8 

Cynoscephalffi, battle of, 33 

Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, 9 

Cyprian, 56 

Cyprus, kingdom of, 99; reduced by the 
Turks, 137; ceded to Great Britain, 242 

Cyrenaica annexed by Italy, 343 

Cyrene, 41 

Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, 60; of Alexan- 
dria, 62 

Cyrus, King of Persia, 18 

Cyzicus, battle of, 19 



Dacia, 53 

Dagobert I., 69, 71; III., 71 

Dahomey, 259, 265 

Dalmatia and the Dalmatians, 49, 63 

Dalny, 309 

Damasus I., Pope, 60; II., 88 

Damietta surrenders, 249 

Dana, R. H., 240 

Danes invade Britain, 75 

Dante, poet, 106 

Danton, 181 

Daras, battle of, 67 

Darius, King of Persia, 12; II., 16 

Darnley, Lord, 134 

Darrow, Clarence S., 344 

Darwin, 218, 248 

Dasymon, battle of, 77 

David, King of the Jews, 4; I., King of 

Scotland, 95; III., iii 
Davis, Jefferson, President Confederacy, 

222; captured, 228; prosecution ended 

232 
Daye, Stephen, first printer in America, 

148 
Deane, Silas, 176 
Debs, Eugene V., 346 
Decemvirs, 17 
Decius, 57 
Declaration of Independence in United 

States, 176 
Decretals, the false, 78 
Deerficld Massacre, 162 
" Defender of the Faith," 128 
De Foe, Daniel, 164 
Deira, kingdom of, 67, 69 
Delaware, settled, 148; conquered by 

Stuyvesant, 152 
Delhi, IIS, 171. 214 
Demetrius, 27; Soter, 34; II., 36, 38 



Demirhissar, battle of, 87 

Demosthenes, 22 

Denmark, Christianity in, 76; absolute 

monarchy, established, 155 
Derby, Lord, 216 
Dervishes, the, 257, 261, 269, 274, 278, 

280 
Descartes, 152 
Desiderius, King, 73 
De Soto, Hernando, 127, 131 
Dessau, battle of, 14s 
D'Estaing, Admiral, 176 
Dettingen, battle of, 171 
Deusdedit, Pope, 68 
Devonshire, Duke of, 272 
Dewey, Admiral, 278, 282 
Diaconus, Paulus, 74 
Diamond necklace, affair of, 179 
Diana, Temple of, 21 
Dias, Bartholomew, explorer, 122 
Diaz, Felix, 351 
Diaz, Porfirio, President of Mexico, 241, 

251, 255. 262, 335, 337. 339 
Dickens, Charles, 190 
Dickinson, Jacob M., 338 
Dictionary of the French Academy, 160 
Dillon, John, 272 
Dio Chrysostom, 50 
Diogenes, 20, 37; Laertius, 54 
Dion, 23 

Dionysius the younger, 21 
Dionysius, historian, 44; Pope, 56; Bishop, 

56; Exiguus, 66 
Directory in France, 181 
Disrffili, Benjamin, 216, 232, 238, 246 
Djerbe, battle of, 135 
Dolores, battle of, 245 
Domitian, 51, 53 
Donabew, battle of, 207 
Donatists, the, 59 
Donus, Pope, 70 
Doomsday Book, the, 90 
Dorr Insurrection, 192 
Dorystolum, battle of, 83 
Draco, legislation of, in Athens, 9 
Draft riots, 226 
Draga, Queen of Servia, 293 
Drake, Sir Francis, 136 
Dred Scott decision, 214 
Drepana, battle of, 31 
Dresden, 173; battle of, 185 
Dreux, battle of, 134 
Dreyfus, affair, 271, 277, 279, 281, 283, 

285, 295. 309 
Drogheda, sack of, 150 
Druses, the, 221, 259 
Drusus, 47 

Dryden, poet, 156, 158 
DuBarry, Madame, 17s 
Ducas, John, Emperor of Nicaea, 103 
Duff, King of Scotland, 83 
Dufferin, Earl of, 251 
Du Guesclin, 112 
Duilius, 29 

Dulcigno evacuated, 247 
Duma, the, 307, 309 
Duncan, King of Scotland, 87 
Dunkirk sold to France, 154 
Dunraven, Lord, 300 
Dunstan, St., 82 
Durazzo, battle of, 91 
Durbar, Coronation, 342 



48o 



INDEX 



Diirer, Albrecht, painter, 128 
Durham Station, N. C, 228 
Dutch West India Company, 145 
Dyrrhachium, battle of, 43 

E 

Early, General Jubal E., 226 

Earth, circumference of, first measured, 3c 

East India Company, 142, 216 

Eastern Empire, end of, 119 

Eckmuhl, battle of, 183 

Edessa, principality of, 93; retaken by 
Turks, 95 

Edgehill, battle of, 148 

Edict, of the Three Chapters, 66; the 
Perpetual, 136; of Restitution, 147; 
of Nantes, 158 

Edicium Perpeluum, 53 

Edmund I., King of Britain, 83 

Edmund, St., of Canterbury, 102 

Edred, King of Britain, 83 

Education, common school, in France, 191 

Edward, the Black Prince, iii, 113 

Edward (the Martyr), King of England, 
85; the Confessor, 87; I., 105, 107, 109; 
II., 109; III., 109; IV., 120; v., 122; VI., 
132; VII., 285, 286, 290, 328, 332 

Edwin, King of Northumbria, 69 

Edwy, King of Britain, 83 

Egbert, King, 77 

Eginhard, 76 

Egypt and Egyptians, first king of, 2; 
under the Hyksos, 3; plunders Jerusa- 
lem, 4; invaded by pirates, 5; attempts 
to connect Nile and Red Sea by canal, 
8; conquered by Assyria, 9; invaded by 
Nebuchadrezzar, 11; becomes Persian 
province, 13; revolts against Persia, 15; 
drives out Persians, 18; conquered by 
Artaxerxes, 22; conquered by Persia, 
23, conquered by Alexander, 23; ex- 
pelled from Jerusalem, 32; subdued, 59; 
conquered by Arabs, 71; throws off 
dependence on Caliphs, 79; war with 
Turkey, 193 

Elandslaagte, battle of, 282 

Elbe, disaster, 271 

Eleanor, Queen of France, 96 

Electric railroad, first, 244; first in United 
States, 252 

Electro-magnetism discovered, 186 

Eleutherus, Pope, 54 

Elgin, Lord, 266 

Eliot, Charles W., 320 

Eliot, George, 246 

Eliot, John, ISO, 154 

Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 281 

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 171 

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 132, 136, 
138 

El-Obeid, battle of, 249 

Embargo on American ports, 182 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 192, 248 

Emin Pasha, 255 

Emmett's insurrection, 182 _ 

Empire, of Charlemagne, division of, 76; 
of the West, the new, 76; Holy Roman, 
beginning of, 82 

Employers' LiabilityLaw, 344 

Empress of Ireland disaster, 362 

EncyclopcBdia Briiannica, 174 



Endicott, John, 146 

Enghien, Duke of, 150 

England, divided into shires, 80; given to 
William, Duke of Normandy, 88; end of 
Anglo-Saxon dynasty, 89; William I., 
first of Norman line, S9; war with 
France, 90, 107, 144; feudal system in- 
troduced 91; loses Normandy, Maine, 
Anjou, loi ; first Parliament, 104; Wales 
subjugated, 107; loses French posses- 
sions, retaining only Calais, Bordeaux, 
Bayonne, 112; House of Lancaster, 115; 
House of Tudor, 122; invaded by Scots, 
126; Church of, founded, 130; Catho- 
licism restored, 132; Spanish Armada, 
138; English and Scottish Crowns 
united, 142; civil war, 148; the com- 
monwealth, 151; invaded by France, 
160: treaty of union with Scotland, 162; 
first united Parliament, 162; begin- 
ning of naval and colonial supremacy, 
164; House of Hanover, 164; Scotch re- 
bellion, 170; British Empire established, 
173; Burmese War, i86" Sikh War, war 
with China, in Syria, 192: Kaffir_ War^ 
198; treaty with Japan, 210; Crimean 
War, 211, 213: war with China, 221; 
Ashanti War, 238, 272;. annexes the 
Transvaal, 240, 286; Zulu War, 244; war 
with Afghanistan, 24s; troubles in Zulu- 
land, 246; rising in Transvaal, 247; war 
in Egypt and Sudan, 249; annexes 
Zululand, 252; Burmah, 252; acquires 
Zanzibar, cedes Heligoland, 258; Home 
Rule, 266; war with Transvaal, 282; 
treaty with Tibet, 296; alliance with 
Japan, 302; declines to pledge neutral- 
ity. 364; declares war on Germany, 404 

Engraving on wood, 120 

Ennius, 32 

Epaminondas, 21 

Ephesus, 21 

Epictetus, so 

Epicurus, 26 

Episcopacy introduced in New York, 160 

Erasmus, 126 

Eratosthenes, 30 

Erfurt, conference at, 183 

Eric VI., King of Denmark, 103, 107 

Eric VII., of Pomerania, King of Denmark, 
Norway, and Sweden. IIS • 

EricBlodoxe, King of Norway, 83; II., 105 

Eric IX., King of Sweden, 97 ; XIV., 13s 

Erie Canal, 186 

Erigena, Scotus, 76 

Erivan taken by Russia, 189 

Esperanto Congress, 308, 320, 332 

Essarhaddon, King of Assyria, 8 

Essex, Earl of, 142 

Esthonia ceded to Sweden, 155 

Estremoz, battle of, ISS 

Ethandun, battle of, 79 

Ethelbert, 68, 69 

Ethelfrith, 69 

Ethelred, King of Wessex, 79; II. (the 
Unready), King of England, 85, 87 

Ethclwolf, King, 77. 79 

Ether, the use of, 192 

Etruria and Etrurians, 2S, 183 

Eucharistic Congress, 320 

Euclid, 26 

Eugenics, 346 



INDEX 



1 Jug6nie, Empress of France, 207 
Jugenius, 61; I., Pope, 70; II., 76; III., 

94; IV., 116 
Junienes II., King of Pergamus, 32 
[ 3uric, 6s 
Suripides, 16 
Europe, political reconstruction of, 

effected, 185 
Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea, 56 
Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, 62 
Eusebius, Pope, 58 

Eustathius, Bishop of Thessalonica, 96 
Eutropius, 60 
Eutychianus, Pope, 58 
Evagoras of Cyprus, 20 
Evagrius, 66 
Evaristus, Pope, 52 
Evil-Merodach, King of Babylonia, 10 
Exodus, the, 4 
Eyiau, battle of, 183 
Ezra, 16 



Fabianus, Pope, 56 

Fabius Maximus, 25, 33 

Fabius Pictor, 30 

Factory Bill, 190 

Falaise, treaty of, 97 

Falk Laws, 239 

Falkirk, battle of, 107 

Fallieres, President of France, 30S 

Famine in Ireland, 192 

Farini, 219 

Farragut, Admiral, 224 

Fashoda affair, 280 

Fatimites, the, 83 

Faure, President of France, 271, 277, 281 

Fehrbellin, battle of, 157 

Felix I., Pope, s6; III.. 64: IV.. 66; V., 

116, 118 ^ 

Felix. Minucius, 54 
Fenelon, 160 
Fenian troubles, 232 
Feodor I., Emperor of Russia, 141 
Ferdinand I., King of Aragon, 114 
Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria, igi, 197 
Ferdinand I., King of Castile and Leon, 

87; IV., 106, 108 
Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, 145; 

III., 149 
Ferdinand I., Emperor and King of Hun- 
gary and Bohemia, 133 
Ferdinand II., King of Naples, 219 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha elected 

King of Bulgaria, 255 
Ferdinand VI., King of Spain, 171; VII., 

187 
Ferdinand II., King of Tuscany, 14S; II., 

179 
Ferdinand I. (IV.), King of United Naples 

and Sicily, 187 
Ferrer, Francisco, 327 
Ferry ministry, 247 
Feudal system in England, 88 
"Field of the Cloth of Gold, " 128 
Fillmore, Millard, President of United 

States, 196 
Finland, conquered by Russia, 163; 

southern part ceded to Russia, 171; 

Russification policy, 281 
Finnish Diet, women elected to, 3I,H 

26 



Fiji Islands annexed by Great Britain, 
239 

Fisheries, 242, 246, 261, 300, 308, 322, 334 

Flagellants, the, 102 

Flaminius, battle of, 33 

Flanders, and the Flemings, seat of western 
industry, 82; defeated by France, 108; 
flourishing period of trade, 118 

Flavian, 62 

Fleurus, battle of, 160 

Fleury, Abbott of, 84; Cardinal, 169 

Flodden, battle of, 126 

Florence, capital of Italy, 227 

Florianus, Emperor of Eastern Empire, 59 

Florida discovered, 127; invaded by 
Indians and Spaniards, 170; ceded to 
United States, 186; secedes, 222 

Fontanel, battle of, 76 

Fontenoy, battle of, 171 

Force bills, 266 

Formosa, 251; ceded to Japan, 271 

Formosus. Pope, 80 

Fornovo, battle of, 124 

Fort du Quesne, 172; William Henry, 172; 
St. Nicholas, 209; Sumter, 222; Hat- 
teras, 222; Henry, 222; Donelson, 222; 
Pulaski, 224; Wagner, 226; Pillow, 226; 
McAllister, 228; Fisher, 228; Sumter, 
228 

Forum, Trajan, 52 

Fox, George, 150 

France, set apart from Germany by 
treaty of Verdun, 70; final separation, 
80; war with England, 90, 107; fruitless 
attempt to invade England, 112; adds 
Burgundy and Artois, 122; Brittany 
united to the Crown, 124; annexes 
Genoa, 126; obtains Metz, Toul, Verdun, 
132; civil wars in, 134, 136, 138; alliance 
with Holland, 146; receives Metz, Toul, 
Verdun, Alsace, Breisach, iSo; secures 
Alsace, 152; war with Netherlands, 154; 
war with Germany, 157; most formid- 
able Power in Europe, is6; invades 
England, 160; loses Canada, 173; 
French Revolution, 179, 181; war with 
Prussia and Austria, 179; declared a 
Republic, 179; end of Reign of Terror, 
181; acquires all German territory west 
of Rhine, 183; invades Portugal, 183; 
monarchy restored, 183; Revolution of 
1848, Republic proclaimed, 19s; Revolu- 
tion of 1851, national assembly dis- 
solved, 201; second empire, 205; de- 
clares war against Austria, 219; annexes 
Nice and Savoy, 221; war with China, 
221, 251; Mexican expedition, 227; ac- 
quires Venetia, 231; Franco-Prussian 
War, 23s, 237; Republic declared, 235; 
compulsory education act, 249; separa- 
tion of, 297; declares war on Austria 
and Germany, 404 

Franche-Comte ceded to France, 156 

Francis I., Emperor of H. R. E., 171; 
II., 179; assumes title of Francis I., or 
Austria, 183 

Francis I., King of France, 126; II., 134 

Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany, 169 
Francis II., King of Naples, 219 
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Hungary, 
404. 



482 



INDEX 



Francis Joseph I., Emperor of Austria, 
197, 251, 36s 

Franciscan Friars, Order of, instituted, 100 

Franco-Prussian war, battles of, Nieder- 
bronn, Saarbriick, W'eissenburg,Woerth, 
Forbach, Metz, Courcelles, Vionville, 
Gravelotte, Rezonville, Chalons, Sedan, 
Orleans, Soissons, Mont Valerien, 
Coulmiers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Pont- 
Noyelles, 23s; Bapaume, Le Mans, 
Belfort, St. Quentin, 237 

Frankfort, Synod of, 74; Diet of, no; 
Congress at, 227 

Frankish Empire, Burgundians subjected, 
6s; separation of French and German 
languages, 70; Frankish kingdoms 
united, 71 _^ 

Franklin, Benjamin, 172, 177"^ 

Franklin, Sir John, 192, 198, 202, 206 

Frauenstaat, battle of, 163 

Frederick I., King of Denmark and Nor- 
way, 129; II., 13s; IV., i6i; v., 171; 
VI., 183; VII.. 195; VIII., 305 

Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor of H. R. 
E., 96, 98, 99; II., 100, 102; III., 116, 
118 

Frederick, Elector Palatine of Germany, 
143 

Frederick Augustus I., King of Poland, 
161, 165; II., 169 

Frederick William I., King of Prussia, 165, 
II., 179; III., 181; IV., 223 

Frederick Augustus II., King of Saxony, 
209 

Frederick I., King of Sweden, 169 

Frederick William the Great, Elector of 
Brandenburg, 149, 153, 157 

Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, 255 

Frederick I., King of Prussia, 163; II., 
(the Great), 171, 179 

Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg 
(Frederick I., King of Prussia), 159, 
163 

Fredericshall, 167 

Freemasons, first lodge in America, 168 

Free Soil Party, 194 

Fr6mont, General John C, 214 

French Academy, 146 

Friedland, battle of, 183 

Froissart's Chronicles, 112 

Fuentes del Onoro, battle of, 184 

Fugitive Slave Law, 196, 212 

Fulton, Robert, 182 

Funston, General, 288 

Fiirstenbund, the, 179 

Fushun, 301 



Gabinius, 43 

Gadir (Cadiz) founded, 5 

Gadsden Purchase, 206 

Gaeta, 221, 223 

Gainsborough, painter, 178 

Galba, 37, 51 

Galen, 54 

Galerius, 59 ^ 

Galicia invaded by Russia, 406 

Galileo, 146 

Gama, Vasco da, 124 

Gambetta, 23s, 241, 247, 248 

Garcia IV., King of Navarre, 94 



Garfield, James A., President of United: 
States. 246 

Garibaldi, 197, 219, 221, 225, 226, 231. 
233, 314 

Garrison, William Lloyd, 188 

Gastein, convention of, 229 

Gatacre, General, 284 

Gaul, the Gauls, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29, 31, 
43. 63. 65 

Gautama (Buddha), born, 10 

Gaynor, Mayor, 332 

Geary Law, 254, 262 

Geiza, King of Hungary, 8s 

Gelasius I., Pope, 64; II., 94 

Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, 15 

Geneva award, 236 ' 

Genghis Khan, Emperor of the Mongols i 
loi, 103 _ ] 

Genoa, the Genoese, rise to power, 107 ;j 
united to France, 126 1; 

Genseric, 63 " [l 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 94 _ li 

Geok-Tepe captured by the Russians, 247 

George I., King of England, 164, 168; IL, 
168; III., 172, 184; IV., 186; v., 332, 336.! 
338, 342 . . I 

George I., King of Schleswig-Holstein,| 
Kimg of Greece, 227 

George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, 121 

Georgia, secedes, 222 

Germanic Confederation, l8s 

Germanic Diet, 201 

Germanicus, 49 

Germantown, battle of, 176 

Germany, and the Germans, defeated by 
Caesar, 43; invaded by Maximinus, S7; 
by Northmen, 76; by Normans, 79; 
final separation of, from France, 80 ; 
nation, beginning of,_ 82; war with 
Hungary, 123; war with Turkey, 141; 
Prussia ceded lay Poland, 153; war with 
France, 157; war with Turkey, 159; 
Germanic Confederation, 185, 187; Ger- 
man Union, 197; Congress at Frankfort, 
227; North German Confederation, 231; 
Triple Alliance, 249; colonial policy, 
231; acquires Heligoland, 238; buysi 
Caroline, Pelew, Ladrone Islands, 283;! 
new naval program, 28s; Defence Bill,, 
347 ;ultimatum to Russia, 404; declares 
war with Russia, 404; invades Luxem- 
burg and Belgium, 403; war with 
France, 404; declares war on Belgium, 
40s; war with Japan, 365; war with 
Montenegro, 365 

Geronimo, 252 

Geta, SS 

Gettysburg, battle of, 226; semi-cen- 
tennial, 3S6 

Ghazi Muktar Pasha, 347, 351 

Ghent, pacification of, 136; peace of, 184J' 

Ghuzni taken by the British, 193 

Gibbon, historian, 176 

Gibraltar taken by England, 162; held 
against Spanish and French, 177 

Gildas, 66 

GiUing, monastery of, 70 

Gingholova, 244 

Giotto, artist, no 

Girard College founded, 190 

Gizeh, 2 

Gladiators, first, 2S 



INDEX 



483 



Gladstone, W. E., ministry out, 338; de- 
nunciation of Turkish atrocities, 240; 
government, 246; ministry defeated, 
250; formation of Liberal ministry, 252; 
Irish Home Rule Bill, 264; denounces 
House of Lords, 266; resigns office, 268; 
criticizes action of European Powers, 
276; death, 278 

Glass-Owen Currency Bill, 356, 358 

Glastonbury Abbey, 72 

Glencoe, massacre, 160; battle of, 282 

Glendower, Owen, lis 

Globe, terrestrial first, 122; first circum- 
navigated, 128 

Glycerins, 65 

Gobelin tapestry, 154 

Godfrey of Bouillon, 92 

Godwin, Earl, rebellion of, 89 

Goebel, Senator, 284 

Goethals, Geo. W., 310 

Goethe, 176 

Gold, discovered in California, 194; in 
Alaska, 274 

Golden Bull, the, 103 

Golden Fleece, Order of, 116 

Goldsmith, Oliver, 176 _ 

Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 122 

Gordian I. Emperor, 57; IL, 57; 111., 57 

Gordon, "Chinese," 227, 249 

Gordon, "No Popery" riots, 176 

Gorm the Elder, King, 79 

Goths, invasion of Rome by, 57; sack 
Rome, 63; extirpate the Alani, 63 

Gottschalk, 78 _ _ 

Government, Diocletian's Oriental form, 
58 

Governors, Board of, 318 

Gower, John, 112 

Gowrie conspiracy, 142 

Gracchus, Caius, 39 

Gramont, Duke of, 235 

Gran, battle of, 141 

Granada, conquest of, 124 

Granicus, battle of the, 22 

Grant, Ulysses S., siege at Vicksburg, 226; 
commander-in-chief, 226; general-in- 
chief, 230; President, 232; re-elected 
President, 236; retired, 250; death, 250 

Gratian, 61 

Gravelines, battle of, 132 

Great Britain {see England) 

Great Eastern, the, 216 

Greece, Greeks, Mycenean art, 4; Dor- 
ian migration, s; lyric poetry, 6; connec- 
tion with Egypt, 11; Ionian revolt, 12, 
Greeks in Asia Minor subjected by 
Persians, Pisistratida expelled, democ- 
racy established at Athens, 13; invasion 
and defeat of Persians, 15; war with 
BcEOtians, 17; Peloponnesian War, 17; 
peace of Nicias, 17; invade Persia, 23; 
invaded by Gauls, 29; entered by the 
Catalans, 109; declaration of indepen- 
dence of, 187; independence accom- 
plished, 189; kingdom of, 191; constitu- 
tion, 193; war with Turkey, 277, 351; 
with Bulgaria, 357; annexes Crete, 
359 

Greek Church separated from Armenian, 
66 

Greeley, Horace, 236 

Greely, Lieutenant A. W., 250 



Greenland discovered, 84; tributary to 

Norway, 105 
Greenwich, universal prime meridian, 250; 

time, 337 
Gregory I., Pope, 68; II., 72; III., 72; IV., 

76; v., 84; VII., 90; VIII., 98; IX., 102; 

X., 104; XI.. 112; XII., 114; XIII., 137; 

XV., 145; XVI., 191 
Gregory of Nazianzus, 60 
Gregory Thaumaturgus, 56 
Gregory of Tours, 68 
Grevy, Jules, President of Fraixce, 24S, 

249 
Grey, Earl, 336 
Grey, Sir Edward, 342, 362 
Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, 71 
Grospan, battle of, 282 
Grossjagerndorf, 173 
Grotius, 150 

Guadaloupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 194 
Guadaloupe settled, 146 
Guam ceded to United States, 280 
Guasimas, Las, battle of, 278 
Guatemala, independent, 187 
Guavmas, battle of, 209 
Guilford Court House, battle of, 176 
Guiteau, 246 

Gunpowder, first use of, no 
Gunpowder Plot, 142 
Gustavus I., Vasa, King of Sweden, 129; 

II., Adolphus, 143, 147; III., 17s; IV., 

179; v., 31S 

H 

Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, 186, 

194 
Haco IV., King of Norway, 10 r 
Hadrian I., Pope, 72; IL. 78; III., 78; IV., 

96; v., 104 
Hadrian, Emperor, 53 
Hadrian's wall. 53 
Hague, The, arbitration tribunal, 2S8, 290: 

second peace conference, 312; Palace 01 

Peace, 314; Court of Arbitration, 334 
Hague, The treaty of, 157, 165 
Halidon Hill, battle of, in 
Halifax founded, 170 
Halleck, General, 224 
Halley, astronomer, 168; comet of, 326 
Hall of Fame, 288 
Hamilcar Barca, 14, 31 
Hamilton, Patrick, 128 
Hancock, John, 174 
Handel, 170 
Hannibal, 32, 33 
Hanover, House of, 164 
Hapsburg, House of, founded, 104, 116; 

accession of Bohemia and Hungary to, 

129 
Harden, Maximilian, 315 
Hardicanute, King, 87; III., 87 
Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark, 83 
Harold Haarfagr, King, 79 
Harold I. (Harefoot), King of England, 87; 

II., 89 
Haroun al Raschid, Caliph, 74, 75, 77 
Harper's Ferry, 218, 222, 224 
Harrison, Benjamin, President of United 

States, 234 
Harrison, William Henry, 184; President; 

of United States, 193 



484 



INDEX 



Hart, Sir Robert, 275 

Hartford Convention, 184 

Harvard College founded, 148 

Hasdrubal, 31, 33 

Hastenbeck, battle of, 172 

Hastings, Warren, 174, 178 

Hatasu (Hatshepset), Queen of Egypt, 3 

Hatshepset (Hatasu), Queen of Egypt, 3 

Havana taken by the English, 172 

Hawaii, American protectorate over, 264; 
revolution in, 265; republic, 269; an- 
nexed to United States, 276 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 226 

Haydn, musician, 178 

Hayes, R. B., President of United States, 
240 

Haynau, 196, 197 

Hayne, 188 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284, 286, 288 

Hayti, freedom for negroes, 181 

Hecatompylos, 32 

Hedgley Moor, battle of, 120 

Hegesippus, 54 

Hegira, year of the, 68, 69 

Heidelberg, University of, founded, 112 

Heilbronn, Union of, 147 

Heine, Heinrich, 214 

Heliogabalus, 55 

Heligoland, 258, 407 

Helvetian Republic, 18 r 

Helvoet Sluys, battle of, iii 

Hengist, 63 

Hennersdorf, battle of, 171 

Henry, Patrick, 174 

Henry IV., King of Castile, 120 

Henry I., King of England, 93 ; II., 96, 97 ; 
III., loi, 103; IV., lis; v., 114, 115; 
VI., 116, 117; VII. , 123; VIII., 126, 128 

Henry I., King of France, 86, 88; II., 132; 
III., 136. 138; IV., 138, 140 

Henry I., King of Germany, 80; II., 84, 86; 
III., 86, 88; IV., 88, 90, 91, 92; V., 92, 
94; VI., 98; of Luxemburg, 108 

Henry of Huntingdon, 94 

Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
287 

Henry of Valois, King of Poland, 137 

Henry I., King of Portugal, 138 

Henry, Prince of Prussia, 290 

Henry the Lion, King of Saxony, 96, 98 

Heptarchy, seven kingdoms united, 77 

Heraclea (Pandosia), battle of, 27 

Heracleonas, 71 

Heraclius, 69, 71 

Hercte, battle of, 31 

Herculaneum, 51 

Hermogenes, 52 

Hermogenianus, 58 

Herod the Great, 44 

Herodian, 54 

Herodotus, 16 

Herzegovina annexed to Austria, 321 

Hesse-Cassel, uprising in, 199 

Hessians hired, 176 

Hexham, battle of, 120 

Hezekiah, King of Judah, 6 

Hicks Pasha, 249 

Hiero of Syracuse, 29 

Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, 15 

Hieroglyphics deciphered, 186 

Hilarus, Pope, 64 

Hilary of Poitiers, 60 



Hildebrand, 88, 90 

Hiraera, battle of, 15 

Hincmar, 78 

Hipparchus, 13, 36 

Hippocrates, 18 

Hippolytus, 54 

Hittites, 3 

Hobbes, Thomas, 148 

Hohenfriedberg, battle of, 171 

Hohenlinden, battle of, iSi 

Hohenlohe-Schillingfiirst, 269, 286 

Hohenstaufen, last of the, 105 

HohenzoUern, House of, 136 

Holbein, Hans, painter, 128 

Holland, beginning of Dutch indepen- 
dence, 138; alliance with France, 146; 
loses Brazil, 153; union of, with Bel- 
gium, 185; separated from Belgium, 189 

Holstein-Gottorp, House of, 171 

Holy Roman Empire, end of, 183 

Home Rule in Ireland, 342, 346, 348, 350, 
3S2, 356, 3S8, 360, 362 

Homeric poems, beginning of, 4 

Homildon Hill, battle of, 115 

Hong-Kong ceded to Great Britain, 192 

Honorius I., Pope, 68; II., 94; III., 100; 
IV., 106 

Honorius, Emperor, 6r 

Hooker, General Joseph, 224 

Hookworm disease, 326, 328 

Hophra (Apries), King of Egypt, 11 

Horace, 44 

Hormisdas, Pope, 66 

Horsa, 63 

Hortensius, law of, 27 

House of Commons, first speaker of, 113 

Houston, General Sam, 224 

Hroswitha, 82 

Hubertsburg, peace of, 173 

Hudson-Fulton celebration, 326 

Hudson, Hendrick, 142 

Hudson's Bay Company, 232 

Huerta, President of Mexico, 352, 353, 
355, 357, 361, 363 

Hugh the Great, Duke of France, 82; of 
Vermandois, 92 

Hugo, King, 80 

Huguenots, religious liberty granted to, 
134; colonize Florida, 135; destroyed by 
Spaniards, 135; routed at Jarnac, 136; 
end of, 146 

Hull, General, 184 

Humbert I., King of Italy, 243, 251, 287 

Hundred Days in France, 1S5 

Hundred Years' War, no, in 

Hungary, Hungarians, entered by the 
Magyars, 80, 81 ; invaded by Turks, 129; 
Soliman, master of, 131; declares in- 
dependence, 197; constitution restored, 
231 

Hunneric, King of the Vandals, 64 

Huns, the, 61 

Hunyady, John, 119 

Huskisson's free trade system, 186 

Huss, John, 114 

Hussite War, 117 

Huygens, astronomer, 154 

Hyacinthe, Fere, 233 

Hyder Ali, 176, 177 

Hyginus, Pope, 52 

Hyksos, kings of Egypt, 3 

Hypatia of Alexandria, 63 



INDEX 



485 



Hyppolite, President of Hayti, 257 
Hyrcanus, John, I., 38; II., 40, 42 



lamblichus, S8 

Ibrahim Pasha, 193 

Iceland, 78, 79, los 

Iconium, battle of, 99 

Idstedt, battle of, 199 

Ignatius, St., 52; patriarch, 78 

Ilipa, battleof, 33 

Illinois admitted, 186 

Image-worship, 76, 77 

Impeachment of President Johnson, 232 

Income tax law, 270; amendment, 352 

India, invaded by Alexander, 22; war 
against Scythian invaders, 42; invaded 
by Timur, 115; Mogul Empire at great- 
est splendor, 133; the Mahratta power, 
153; height of Mogul power in, 159; 
Hyder Ali resists English, 174, 175; 
Great Mahratta War, 183; Mahratta 
power overthrown, 187; Sikh War, 192, 
196; Punjaub annexed, 196; Oudh an- 
nexed, 212; Sepoy rebellion, 214, 216; 
Delhi capital, 342 

India Bill, i77 

Indiana admitted, 186 

Indo-China, 273 

Indulf, King of Scotland, 83 

Indulgence, Declaration of, 158 

Ine, King, 71 

Ingogo River, battle of, 247 

Initiative and referendum, 344 

Inkermann, battle of, 211 

Innocent I., Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98, 
100, loi; IV., 102; v., 104; VI., no; 
VII., 114; VIIL, 123; IX.. 141; X., 151; 
XL, 157; XII., 161; XIII., 169 

Inoculation, 168, 248 

Inquisition, the, 100, 102, 122, 190 

Institute of France, iSo 

Insubres defeated by the Romans, 31 

Insurance, Workingmen's Accident, 231; 
investigation, 302; National Bill, 338; 
Workingmen's, 339; Bill, 342 

Inter-State Commerce Bill, 232 

Ionian Islands, republic of, 187, given to 
Greece, 227 

Ipsus, battle of, 26 

Iquique bombarded, 243 

Ireland, invaded by the Northmen, 87; 
subdued by Cromwell, 150; Fenian 

I outbreaks, 228; troubles in, 246; Home 
Rule in Belfast, 262 

Irenasus, 34 

Irene, Empress, 75, 77 

Irving. Washington, 188 

Isaac I. (Comnenus), Emperor, 89; II., 99 

Isabella II., Queen of Spain, 191, 193 

Isabella of Castile, 120 

Isauria, 63 

Isidorus of Seville, 68 

Islamism, 68 

Island No. 10 taken by United States, 224 

Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, 245 

Israel, kingdom of, separation of, from 
Judah, 4; death of Ahab, Jehu seizes 
power, end of, 6 

Issus, battle of, 32 



Italy, and Italians, Roman franchise 
granted to, 40; conquered by Theodoric, 
65; Byzantine power in, 67; conquered 
by Lombards, 67; union with Germany, 
82; invaded by Frederick I. of Ger- 
many, 96; war with Frederick II., 103; 
invaded by Louis IV., 109; papal power 
restored, in; invaded by France, 126, 
181; revolution in, 193; republic pro- 
claimed 197; Austrian power re-estab- 
lished, 197; end of Bourbon rule. 223; 
war with Austria, 231; Triple Alliance, 
249; war in Abyssinia, 275; war with 
Turkey, 341; annexes Tripoli and 
Cyrenaica, 343; declares neutrality, 406 

Ito, Marquis, 279, 327 

Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, 187 

Ivan III. (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 
121; IV. (the Terrible), 131, 133; VI.. 
171 

Ivry, battle of, 138 



Jackson, Andrew, 184; President of United 
States, 188, 190 

Jackson, "Stonewall," 226 

Jacobites, insurrection of, 164 

Jagello, see Vladislav 

James II., King of Aragon, 106 

James I., King of England (VI., of Scot- 
land), 142; II., 138, 160 

James I., King of Scotland, 115; II., 117; 
III., 120; IV., 122, 124; v., 126; VI., 
(I., of England), 134, 142 

Jameson, Dr., 272, 273, 274, 316 

Jameson raid, 272, 273, 276 

Jamestown, Va., settled, 142; exposition, 
312 

Jannseus, Alexander, 38 

Jansenists, the, 148, 152, 154 

Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, 148 

Japan, first Mikado Jimmu Tenno, g; 
rise of feudal nobility, 70; war between 
the Taira and Minamoto, 97; the Taira 
exterminated, Minamoto in supreme 
control, 99; the fall of the Minamoto, 
succeeded by the Hojo clan, loi; 
Shogunate seized by the Fujiwara, 103; 
fall of Hojo family, iii; feudalism 
perfected, in; treaty with Portugal, 
130; fall of Ashikaga shoguns, 137; 
invades Corea, 141; treaty with United 
States, 208; treaty with Great Britain, 
210; treaties with the United States, 
Great Britain, Russia, 217; ports opened 
to trade, 219; last of shoguns, 231; 
Mikado assumes sole power, 233; aboli- 
tion of feudalism, 237; European 
calendar introduced, 238; constitution, 
257; first parliament, 239; war with 
China, 269, 271; war with Russia, 302; 
alliance with England, 302; annexes 
Corea, 333; declares war on Germany, 
363 

Jarnac, battle of, 136 

Jason, 34 

Jassy, battle of, 14S 

Jay's treaty, 180 

Jeannelte, the, 244, 246 

Jeddah, bombardment of, 216 



486 



INDEX 



Jefferson, Thomas, Minister to France, 
, 178; President of United States, 182; 
re-elected, 182; death, 188 

Jeffreys, Judge, 138 

Jehosaphat, King of Judah, 6 

Jehu, King of Israel, 6 

Jena, battle of, 183 

Jeroboam II., King of Israel, 6 

Jerome, 60; of Prague, 114 

Jerusalem, plundered by Shashank, 4; 
taken by Babylonians, 10; final de- 
struction, 10; the second temple, 12; 
walls built by Nehemiah, 16; submits 
to Alexander the Great, 22; Egyptians 
expelled from, 32; taken by Antiochus 
VII., 36; taken by Herod, temple 
reconstructed, 44; rebuilt, 52; taken by 
Persians, 69; by Arabs, 71; captured by 
Turks, 91; taken by the Crusaders, 93; 
taken by Saladin, 99 

Jesuits, the, founded, 130; enter Brazil, 
133; colleges established, 134; banished 
from France, 140; strife with Jansenists, 
152; influential in China, 159; ex- 
pelled from France, 173; suppressed in 
France, I7S; expelled from Spain, 175; 
re-established, 184; expelled from Ger- 
many, 237; expelled from Rome, 239; 
expelled from religious houses in France, 
247 . . 

Jesus Christ, birth of, 46; baptism, 
crucifixion, 48 

Jews, the. Exodus, Saul, David, Solomon, 
separation of Judah and Israel, Jerusa- 
lem plundered, Asa, Omri, 4; end of 
kingdom of Israel, 6; end of kingdom of 
Judah, 10; edict of Cyrus for return of 
the Jews, 12; first treaty with Romans, 
34; end of independence, 42; banished 
from Italy, 49; their end as a nation, 50; 
their revolt, 52; persecuted in Spain, 70; 
expelled from England, 107; persecuted 
in France, 108; expelled from Spain, 
124; favorable decree in Austria, 218; 
outrages against, in Russia, 247; anti- 
semitic meetings at Berlin, 247; per- 
secution of, in Russia, 249 ; edicts against 
in Russia, 259; expelled from Moscow, 
261; in Roumania, 290; Kishineff mas- 
sacre, 293; expelled from Kieff, 3i3; 
Beilsis affair, 359 

Johannesburg, 273, 284 

John, King of Abyssinia, 257 

John of Austria, 137 

John IV., King of Braganza, 149 

John II., King of Castile, 114 

John II., Emperor of Eastern Empire 
(Comnenus), 95; of Brienne, 103; V., 
Ill, 113; VI., iir; VII., 117 

John Lackland, King of England, 99, loi 

John (the Good), King of France, no 

John Albert, King of Poland, 125 

John II., King of Portugal, 122; V., 163; 
VI., 187 

John III., King of Sweden, 137 

John I., Pope, 60; II., 66; III., 66; IV., 70; 
v., 70; VI.. 70; VII., 70; VIII., 78; IX., 
80; X., 80; XI., 82; XII., 82; XIII., 82; 
XIV., 84; XV., 84; XVI., 84; XVII., 
84; XVIII., 84; XIX., 86; XXII., 108, 
no; XXIII., 114 

John of Damascus, 72 



John of Leyden, 131 

Johnson, Andrew, President of United 
States, 228, 232, 240 

Johnson, Samuel, 176 

Johnston, General A. S., 222 

Johnstown flood, 256 

Jonathan, 36 

Jones, Commodore John Paul, 176, 184, 
302 

Jonson, Ben, 142 

Joseph I., King of Germany, 161, 163; II., 
173, I7S. 177, 179 

Joseph I., King of Hungary, 159 

Josephus, so 

Josiah, reformation of, in Judah, 8 

Joubert, Piet, General, 284 

Juarez, President of Mexico, 217, 219, 223, 
227, 237 

Judah, kingdom of, separation of, from 
Israel, 4; Jehosaphat, King, 6; Uzziah, 
King, 6; Jeroboam II., 6; Hezekiah, 6; 
reformation of Josiah, 8; invaded by 
Egyptians, 9; conquered by Babylon- 
ians, end of, 10 

Judas Maccabeus, 34, 36 

Judea, dominated by Ptolemies, 26; con- 
quered by Antiochus the Great, 32; 
becomes Roman province, 44; Pontius 
Pilate, procurator, 48; conquest of, 
completed, so 

Jugurtha, 39 _ 

Julianus, Didius, 55 

Julius Africanus, 54 

Julius I., Pope, 58; II., I2S; III., 133 

Junius, letters of, 174 

Justin Martyr, 52 

Justin I., 66, 67; II., 67 

Justinian I., 66, 67; II., 70, 71 

Juvenal, 52 

K 

Kairwan occupied by French, 247 

Kalakaua, King of Hawaiian Islands, 255 

Kaleidoscope, invention of, 186 

Kallimachus, 30 

Kandahar relieved by Roberts, 247 

Kane's expedition, 206 

Kansas, invaded by Missourians, 212; 

Topeka constitution, 214; message, 216; 

new free-state convention, 216; bill, the 

English, 216 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 208 
Kant, 176 

Kaou-Tsung, Emperor of China, 95 
Kapolna, battle of, 197 
Kars, battle of, 213, 243 
Kassites, 3 

Kearsarge and Alabama, 226 
Keats, poet, 184 
Kempis, Thomas h., 116 
Kentucky, explored, 174; admitted, 178 
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 180 
Keresztes, battle of, 141 
Kertch, battle of, 213 
Khafra (Chefren), King of Egypt, 2 
Khammurabi, Code of, 2 
Khartoum, 251 
Khiva taken by Russia, 239 
Khokand annexed to Russia, 241 
Khorassan, 77 
Khufu (Cheops), King of Egypt, 2 



INDEX 



487 



Kiau-chau, occupied by Germany, 277; 

leased to Germany, 279, 3''^S 
Kimberley, siege of, 282, 284 
Kin-Chow, battle of, 271, 295 
Kinderlen-Waechter, 341 
King Philip's War, 156; William's V/ar, 

158 
King's Mountain, battle of, 176 
Kishineff massacre, 293, 295 
Kissingen, battle of, 231 
Kitchener, Lord, 274, 278, 280, 284 
Kneller, Godfrey, painter, 162 
Knights of St. John, 108, 109 
Knights Templars founded, 94, 108 
Knox, John, 130 
Knox, Philander, Secretary of State, 326, 

328, 3i(> 
Kobad of Persia, 65 
KoUin, battle of, 173 
Korea, see Corea 
Korupedion, battle of, 26 
Kosciuszko, i8i 
Kossovo, battle of, lis 
Kossuth, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 
Koszta affair, 206 
Kotzebue assassination, 187 
Krotzka, battle of, 171 
Kriiger, President of Transvaal, 273, 279, 

282, 287 
Kuang Hsu, Emperor of China, 281, 

323 
Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, founder 

of the Mongol dynasty, 105 
KuUurkampf, 239 
Kundersdorf, battle of, 173 
Kuroki, General, 297 
Kuropatkin, General, 299, 301 
Kutchuk-Kainarji, peace of, 175 
Kwang-chau-wan ceded to France, 27" 



Labor: in Belgium, 298, 299; in England, 
190, 258, 278, 308. 344. 346, 348; in 
France, 190, 307, 313, 325; 34i. 345: in 
Germany, 190, 257, 259, 339; in Italy, 
269; in Russia, 299, 303, 305; in Spain, 
259; in Switzerland, 348; in United 
States, 252, 262, 268, 270, 272, 276, 2S8, 
290, 292, 294, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 
310, 312, 316, 324. 354. 362 

La Bruyere, critic, 160 

Lactantius, 58 

Ladislas I. (the Saint), King of Hungary, 
91; IV., 105; I., King of Poland, 91 

Ladrone Islands bought by Germany, 283 

Ladysmith, siege of, 282, 284 

Lafayette, Marquis de, arrival in Ameri- 
ca, 176; imprisoned at Olmutz, 179; in 
America, 1S6; commander of Is'ational 
Guard, 189; death, 191, 286 

La Fontaine, 154 

La Hogue, battle of, 160 

Laing's Neck, battle of, 247 

Lake Champlain, battle of, 184 

Lake Erie, battle of, 184 

Lamartine, 188 

Lamoriciere, 229 

Lamsdorff, Count, 285 

Lancaster, House of, lis 

Landshut, battle of, 173 

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 90 



Langfanan, battle of, 89 

Langton, Stephen, Archbishop 01 Canter- 
bury, lOI 

Languedoc, canal of, 154 

La Rochefoucauld, 154 

La Rochelle reduced, 146 

Lascaris, Theodore, Emperor, loi 

Lateran Councils, First, Second, 94 

Latin language, 68 

Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 146, 148 

Lauenburg sold to Prussia, 229 

Laval-Montmorency, Bishop of New 
France, 154 

Law, employers' Liability, 316, 344 

Law, A. Bonar, 342, 352 

Law, John, 169 

Lawrence, Kansas, 210, 212 

Laws, and Law, Publilian, 15; Gregorian 
code of civil, 58; Burgundian, 64; Salic, 
64, 108; Canon, establishment of, 94; 
Alien and Sedition, iSo; Corn, 184; 
against freedom of press, 187; anti- 
socialist, 247; education, in England, 
292; Employers'^Liability, 316 

Lawton, General, 284 

Layamon, 98 

Laybach, congress of, monarchs at, 187 

League, of the Forest Cantons, 107; of the 
Public Weal, 120; Holy League, 126; 
of Cambray, 127; Catholic, 136. 138, 
146; Catholic and Protestant, 133; of 
Augsburg, 158; of Hanover, 168; the 
Erfurt, 199; National, 264 

Leavenworth, Kansas, founded, 208 

Lechfeld, the battle of, 82 

Lee, General Robert E., 224; surrender of, 
228 

Legion of Honor, 183 

Legnano, battle of, 96 

Leibnitz, philosopher, 160 

Leicester, Earl of, 138 

Leipsic, University of, 114; battle of, i8s 

Lemberg, battle of, 406 

Leo I., Emperor, 65; II., 65; IV., 75; V., 
77; VI., 81 

Leo I., Pope, 62; II., 70; III., 74; IV., 78; 
v., 80: VI., 80; VII., 82; VIII., 82; IX., 
88; X., 127; XI., 143; XII., 187; XIII., 
243, 293 

Leo the Isaurian, 72, 73 

Leontius, 71 

Leopold III., of Austria, 112; IV., 112 

Leopold I., King of Belgium, 191; II. ,229, 
329 

Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, ISS. 
157; II., 179 

Leovigild, King, 69 

Lepanto, battle of, 136, 137 

Lepidus, 4s ^ 

Le Sage, 164 

Lesco II., King of Poland, los 

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 264 

Leszczynski, Stanislas, King of Poland, 
163 

Leuthen, battle of, 173 

Levant Company, the, 138 

Lewis and Clark expedition, 182; exposi- 
tion, 302 

Lexington, battle of, 174 

Lexow investigation, 270 

Leyden University of, 136 

Lhassa, 296 



488 



INDEX 



Liao-Tung peninsula returned to China, 
271 

Liao-Yang, battle of, 297 

Liberal party in United States, 192 

Liberator, the, 190 

Liberius, Pope, 60 

Liege, siege of, 405 

Liegnitz, battle of, 173 

Ligny, battle of, 185 

Li Hung Chang, 271, 274, 275^ 

Liliaiokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 265 

Lima surrenders, 247 

Limerick, battle of, 160 

Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 220; 
re-elected, 228; assassination and death, 
228; centenary, 322 

Lincoln, battle of, loi 

Lind, John, 356 

Linevitch, General, 301 

Linnaeus, 168 

Linus, Pope, so 

Lisbon, great seat of trade, 124; peace of, 

, I5S 

Lithosoria, Battle of, 73 

Little Rock taken by United States, 
224 

Livius Andronicus, 30 

Livonia ceded to Sweden, 155 

Livy, 33, 44 

Llewellyn of Wales, 107 

Lloyd-George, David, 318, 324, 338 

Loa, naval battle of, 245 

Lobositz, battle of, 173 

Locke, John, 160 

Lockwood, Lieutenant, 248 

Locomotive, first steam, 182 

Lodi, peace of, 121; battle of, 181 

LoUius, 47 

Lombardy and the Lombards, 67, 69, 73 

London, great plague and fire, 154; treaty 
of, 188; conference, 190, 226, 236; 
treaty of, 355 

Londonderry, siege of, 158 

Longfellow, Henry W., 248 

Long Island, battle of, 176 

Longinus, 56 

Longueville, 152 

Longwy taken by France, 179 

Longjumeau, treaty of, 136 

Long Parliament, 148, 152 

Lopez, Narcisso, 198, 203 

Lorimer, Senator, 336 

Lome, Marquis of, 243 

Lorraine, partitioned, 78; conquest of, by 
France, 169; House of, 171; annexed to 
France, 17s; ceded to Germany, 237 

Lorraine, Claude, painter, 148 

Lothair, Emperor of Italy and Lorraine, 
76; II., 78; II., Emperor of Germany, 94 

Loubet, Emile, President of France, 281, 
291 

Louis II., King of Bavaria, 227, 253 

Louis 11. , King of France, 78; III., 80; IV., 
82; VI., 94; VII., 94. 96; IX., 104; X., 
108; XL, 116, 120; XII., 124; XIV., ISO, 
IS4, 160; XV., 164, 169; XVI., 17s, 181 ; 
XVIIL, 18S 

Louis Napoleon, insurrection attempted 
191; second insurrection, 193; impris- 
oned, 193; escapes, 193; elected presi- 
dent of France, 19s; coup d'etal, 201; 
orders confiscation of Orleans property. 



203; in Southern France, 203; entry 

into Paris, 203; proclaimed Emperor 

205 (see Napoleon III.) 
Louis Philippe I., King of France, 189, 195, 

197 
Louis I. (the German), King of Germany, 

76, 78; II., 78; III. (the Child), 80; IV., 

109, no 
Louis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 76 
Louis II., King of Bohemia and Hungary, 

127 
Louis the Great, King of Hungary, in 
Louisburg, taken by the English, 170; 

restored to France, 170; captured by 

Amherst, 172 
Louisiana, settled, 160; purchase, 182; 

admitted, 184; secedes, 222; Purchase 

Exposition, 292 
Lourdes, 237 

Louvain destroyed by the Germans, 406 
Louvain, University of, founded, 116 
Lovatz, battle of, 243 
Lowell, Abbott L., 322 
Lowell, James Russell, 194 
Loyola, Ignatius, 130 
Liibeck, Peace of, 147 
Lublin, Diet of, 137 
Lucan, 51 

Luceria, battle of, 25 
Lu Cheng-Nsieng, Premier, 347 
Lucian, 52 
Lucilius, 38 
Lucius Accius, 38 
Lucius Afranius, 38 
Lucius II., Pope, 94; III., 98 
Lucknow, mutiny at, 214; siege of, 216 
Lucretius, 42 
LucuUus, 40 

Ludwig IIL, King of Bavaria, 359 
Luis I., King of Portugal, 223, 257 
Luitprand, 82 
Lund, battle of the, 157 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 184 
Lun^ville, Peace of, 183; captured, 406 
Luther, Martin, 126, 127, 128 
Lutzen, battle of, 147, 185 
Luxembourg, Marshall, 160 
Luxemburg, made neutral territory, 230; 

invaded by Germany, 405 
Luxemburg, house of , 108, 117 
Luzzara, battle of, 163 
Lycophron, 30 

Lyon, General Nathaniel, 222 
Lyons, General Council of, 102, 104; 

united with France, 108 
Lysander, 19 
Lysimachus, 26, 27 
Lytton, Lord, 188 



M 



Macaulay, 218 

Macbeth, King of Scotland, 87, 89 

Macdonald, Sir John A., 243 

Macedonia, 10, 27, 29, 33, 37, 277 

Maceo, Antonio, 275 

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 124 

MacMahon, Marshal, 23s, 237, 239, 241, 

24s 
Macrobius, 62 
Madagascar subject to France, 273 



INDEX 



489 



Madero, Francesco I., President of Mexico, 

335. 337. 343. 353. 355 
Madeira, discovered, 117 
Madison, James, President of United 

States, 182 
Madras, founded, 149; taken by English, 

171 
Maecenas, 4^ 

Mafeking, siege of, 282; relieved, 284 
" Mafia, " the, 260 
Magdala, capture of, 233 
Magdeburg, sack of, 147 
Magenta, battle of, 219 
Magersfontein, battle of, 284 
"Magna Charta signed, loi 
Magnesia, battle of, 34 
Magnus I. (the Good), King of Norway, 

87; II.. 105 
Magnus I., King of Sweden, los; Smek, 

109 
Mahdi, the, 247, 251, 253 
Mahmud of Ghazni, 85 
Mahmud II., Sultan of Turkey, 183 
Mail, first overland, 216 
Maine, battleship, 278 
Maine, settled, 144; part of, joined to 

Massachusetts, 152; bought by Massa- 
chusetts, 156; ravaged by French and 

Indians, 162; admitted, 186 
Mainz, taken by France, 179 
Majuba Hill, battle of, 247 
Makaroff, Admiral, 295 
Malcolm I., King of Scotland, 83; II., 8s; 

III., 89. 91. 93 
Maldon, battle of, 85 
Malplaquet, battle of, 164 
Malta, given to Knights of Rhodes, 131; 

besieged by Turks, 13s 
Mamelukes, the rulers of Egypt, 103, 107 
Manchuria, 269, 287, 291 
Manchus, invade China, 145 
Mandalay, 252 
Manes, 56 

Manhattan Island settled, 144 
Manila, taken by the English, 172; battle 

of, 278 
Mansfeld, 14s 
Mantinea, battle of, 21, 33 
Manuel Comnenus, Emperor, 95; II., 115 
Manuel II., King of Portugal, 317, 319, 

335 . . 
Manumission of slaves. Law against, 220 
Manzikert, battle of, 91 
Marat assassinated, 181 
Marathon, battle of, 15 
Marozia, 80 

Marbles, Arundelian, 144 
Marcel, Etienne, leader of Paris, 112 
Marcellinus, Pope, 58 
Marcellus II., Pope, 133 
Marchand, Major, 281, 283 
Marcian, 62 

Marcionites, rise of the, 52 
Marconi, William, 292 
Marco Polo, 104, 105 
Marcomanni, 53 
Mardonius, 15 
Marengo, battle of, 181 
Margaret, maid of Norway, 107; Queen 

of Norway, 113 
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., 

of England, 119 



Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Nether- 
lands, 134 
Maria, Queen of Portugal, 177; II., 209 
Maria Christina, Regent of Spain, 209 
Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, 189 
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 171 
Maria Theresa of Spain, Queen of France, 

154 
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 17s 
Marie Christina, Queen of Spain, 24s; 

Regent of Spain, 253 
Marietta, Ohio, settled, 178 
Marignano, battle of, 126 
Marius, 39 

Marlborough, Duke of, 162 
Marne, battle of the, 406 
Marsaglia, battle of, i6r 
Marseilles (Massalia) founded, 9 
Marshall Islands, annexed by Germany, 

253 
Marsilius of Padua, 108 
Marston Moor, battle of, 150 
Martinique settled, 146 
Mary, Queen of England, 132; II., 160; 

(wife of George V.), 338 
Mary, Queen of Scots, 130, 134, 136, 

138 
Maryland, settled, 146; a royal province, 

160 
Matabeles, the, 274 
Matanzas, bombardment of, 278 
Mather, Cotton, 162 

Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 121 
Martial, 50 
Martin I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 82; IV., 

106; v., 116 
Martin of Tours, 60 
Masaniello, 151 
Mason and Dixon's line, 154 
Mason and Slidell incident, 222 
Massachusetts, adds Maine, 152; buys 

Maine, 156; deprived of Charter, 158 
Massalia (Marseilles) founded, 9 
Massinissa, King of Numidia, 35, 37 
Mather, Increase, 158 
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., of England, 

95 
Mattathias, the Hasmonean, 34 
Matteo Visconti, master of Milan, 107, 

109 _ 
Matthias, Emperor of Germany, 143 
Mauretania, 49 
Maurice, the Cappadocian, 69; elector of 

Saxony, 133 
Maximilian of Austria, Emperor of 

Mexico, 227, 231 
Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, 195 
Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, 123, 

125, 127; II., 135. 137 
Maximinus, 57 
Maypu, battle of, 187 
Mazarin, Cardinal, 150, 152, 154 
Mazeppa, revolt of, 163 
Mazet, investigation, 282 
McCarthy, Justin, 272 
McClellan, General George B., 222, 224 
McKenna, Reginald, 342 
McKinley, William, President of United 

States, 274, 280, 284, 286, 288 
McNamara brothers, 342 
Meade, General, 226 
Medical School, first in America, 172 



490 



INDEX 



Medici, Catherine de. Queen of France, 
133 

Medici, the, 121, 123, 129, 131, 137 

Medina, Duke of, 159 

Megabyzus, 16, 17 

Mehemet Ali, ruler of Egypt, 193 

Melanchthon, 126 

Melazzo, battle of, 221 

MelikofE, General, 247 

Mellen, Chas. S., 362 

Menander, 25 

Menelek, King of Abyssinia, 273 

Menes, King of Egypt, 2 

Menephthah, Pharaoh of the Exodus, s 

Mencius, 22 

Menelaus, 34 

Menkaura (Mycerinus), King of Egypt, 2 

Mentana, battle of, 233 _ 

Mercedes, Queen of Spain, 253 

Mercia, kingdom of, 69 

Merovingian Line, end of, 73 

Merrimac, the, 224 

Merseburg, battle of, 82 

Merv, annexed to Russia, 251 

Mery-sur-Seine, 63 

Messana, battle of, 29 

Messenian wars, first, 7; second, 9; third, 
15 

Messina, revolt of, 157; bombarded, 193 

Metaurus, the, battle of, a 

Metellus, General, 31 

Metellus Numidicus, 39, 4r 

Methuen, Lord, 282 

Methuen treaty, 162 

Metternich, 195, 218 

Metz, a French possession, 132; ceded to 
France, 150; surrender of, 235 

Mexico, conquest of, 128; declares its in- 
dependence, 185; defeated by Texans, 
190; war with France, 191; war with 
United States, 192, 194; revolution in, 
207; new constitution, 215; intervention 
in, proposed by England, France, and 
Spain, 223; crown offered to Maximil- 
ian, 227; Republicans defeat Imperial- 
ists, 229; fall and execution of Maximil- 
ian, 231; railways, 315; revolution 
335, 337; Madero, President, 343; 
revolution, 351, 353; mediation, 360 

Michael I., Emperor, 77; IL, 77; III., 77; 
IV., 87; v., 87; VI., 89; VII., 91 

Michael, Emperor of Nicsa, 105 

Michael Angelo, 124 

Michel, Louise, 249 

Micipsa, King of Numidia, 39 

Miecislas II. , King of Poland, 87, 97 

Miguel, Dom, King of Portugal, 189 

Mikado, the, 233 

Milan, King of Servia, 249, 2S7 

Milan, acquired by Spain, 130 

Miles, General, 278 

Mill, John Stuart, 194 

Miltiades, General, 15 

Miltiades, Pope, 58 

Milton, John, 150, 152 

Miluna Pass, battle of, 277 

Minden, battle of, 173 

Minimum Wage Bill, 344 

Minnesota State government organized, 
216 

Minorca captured by the English, 162 

Mint, United States, established, 178 



Minto, Earl of, 302 
Mirabeau, death of, 179 
Miraflores, battle of, 247 
Mississippi River discovered, 131; ascen- 
ded by Farragut, 224 
Mississippi, admitted, 186; secedes, 222 
Missolonghi, 187, 189 
Missouri, Compromise, 186; admitted, 

186 
Mithridates I., King of Pontus, 20; I., 

King of Parthia, 34; IV., King of 

Pontus, 36; v.. King of Pontus, 38 
Mithradatic wars, 40 
Mobile taken by Union forces, 228 
Modder River, battle of the, 282 
Modoc war, 236, 238 
Mohacz, battle of, 159 
Mohammed, 68, 69 
Mohammed I., Sultan of Turkey. I IS; 

IL, 119; III., 141; IV., 151; v., 323 
Moldavia, part of, acquired by Russia, 

185; united with Wallachia into Rou- 

mania, 223 
Moliere, 154 

Molinos de Rey, battle of, 194 
Monastic Life, beginning of, 56 
Monastir, 351 
Monetary Union, Latin, 251; United 

States National Commission. 342 
Money Trust investigation, 346 
Monitor and Merrimac, 222 
Monk, General, 154 
Monmouth, rebellion of, 158; battle of, 

176 
Monroe Doctrine, 186, 348 
Monroe, James, 186 
Montaigne, essayist, 132 
Montana admitted, 256 
Montanus, 52 
Mont-Cassel, battle of, 156 
Montcontour, battle of, 136 
Montebello, battle of, 219 
Montecuculi, 155, IS7 
Montenegro, war against Turkey, 241; 

becomes a kingdom, 333; declares war 

with Turkey, 351; on Germany and 

Austria, 365 
Monterey, capture of, 194 
Monte Rotondo, battle of, 233 
Montesquieu, 168 
Montez, Lola, 193 

Montfort, Simon de, IDS • 

Mont Pel6e disaster, 291 
Montreal founded, 148 
Moody and Sankey, 238, 240, 284 
Moorish powSF, end of, in Spain, 124 
Moors, the, expelled from Tuscany, 143 
More, Sir Thomas, 126, 130 
Morea, the, conquered by Venice, 159 
Morgan, J. P., 290 
Morgarten, battle of, 108 
Morocco, war with Spain, 219; open door 

in, 301; convention, 307; agreement 

with France and Germany, 323; Agadir 

affair, 339, 341; French protectorate, 

345 
Morse, 8. F. B., 190. 236 
Mortemer, battle of, 88 
Moscow, rises to rank of city, 95; becomes 

paramount in Russia, 11 1; burnt, 137; 

entered by Napoleon's army, 185; 

burnt, 185 



I 



INDEX 



491 



Moselle, army of the, 365 

Mosquito Coast, 267 

Motley, John Lothrop, 234 

Mount Badon, battle of, 67 

Mt. McKinJey, 346 

Mozart, musician, 178 

Muhlberg, battle of, 133 

Mukden, 297, 299, 301 

Mullah, the mad, 290, 292, 331 

Mummius, 37 

Munich, treaty of, 197 

Murad v.. Sultan of Turkey, 241 

Murat, King of Naples, 183 

Muravieff, 285_ 

Murena, conspiracy of, 45 

Murillo, painter, 154 

Musset, Alfred de, 214 

Mustapha I., Sultan of Turkey, 145; II., 

161; III., 173; IV.. 183 
Mutiny Bill, 158 

Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan, 347 
Mycale, battle of, 15 

Mycerinus (Menkaura), King of Egypt, 2 
Mylae, battle of, 29 
Mylius affair, 336 
Mysore, kingdom of, 173 

N 

Nabonassar, King of Babylon, 6 

Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 10 

Nabopolassar, King of Babylonia, 8 

Naefels, battle of, 112 

Naevius, 30 

Nagasaki, insurrection at, 239 

Najera, battle of, 112 

Nansen, 266. 270, 274 

Nanshan, battle of, 29s 

Nantes, Edict of, 140 

Napier, mathematician, 142 

Naples, partition of, between France and 
Spain, 125; annexed to Aragon, 125; 
revolt of, 151; union with Sicily, 187 

Napoleon I., Emperor of the French (see 
Bonaparte, Napoleon), crowned, 18.3; 
at Conference of Erfurt, 183; marries 
Maria Louisa, 185; birth of king of 
Rome, 185; abdicates, 185; retires to 
Elba, 183; return, 185; Waterloo, 185; 
banished to St. Helena, 185; death, 187; 
entombment in Paris, 193 

Napoleon III., Emperor of France {see 
Louis Napoleon), proclaimed Emperor, 
205; marriage, 207; heir born, 213; 
attempted assassination, 217; New 
Year's speech, 217; war with Italy, 219; 
returns to St. Cloud, 219; concedes 
greater freedom of press, 221, 231; war 
with Mexico, 223; visit to Algeria, 229; 
meets Bismarck, 229; Franco-Prussian 
war, 235; defeated at Sedan, 235; death 
of heir, 24S. 

Nares, Captain, 240 

Narses, 67 

Narva, battle of, 163 

Naseby, battle of, 150 

Nashville taken by United States troops, 
222 

Nasir-ed-din, Shah of Persia, 273 

Natal, taken by the British, 193; invaded 
by Zulus, 244 

National debt of United States, 190 



National Guard in France, 189 

National Insurance Bill, 338 

Nationalism, new, 332 

Naucratis founded, 9 

Naval warfare, new code for, 322 

Navarino, battle of, 189 

Navigation Act, 152 

Naxos, battle of, 21 

Nebraska admitted, 230 

Nebuchadrezzar II., King of Babylonia, 8-. 
10 

Necho II., King of Egypt, 8, 9 

Necker, director of finance, 177 

Nectanebus I., King of Egypt, 21 

Neerwinden, battle of, 160 

Nehavend, battle of, 71 

Nelson, Lord, Admiral. 181, 183 

Nepos, Cornelius, 42; Julius, 63 

Neptune, planet, discovered, 192 

Nero, Emperor, 3i, 49 

Nerva, 53 

Nestor, 62 

Nestorius, 62 

Netherlands, received by Philip of Spain, 
134; declared independent, 131; in- 
vaded by France, 154; war with Eng- 
land, 134; transformed into Batavian 
Republic, 181; united, 185 

Neufchatel, 215 

Neustria, 67 

Neville's Cross, battle of, 11 1 

New Amsterdam occupied by the Eng- 
lish, 154 

Newbury, battle of, 150 

New England Colonies, Confederation of, 
130 

New Hampshire settled, 144 

New Mexico, 332, 344 

New Netherlands ceded to England, 154 

New Orleans, settled, 166; battle of, 1S4; 
taken by United States, 224 

Newspaper, first American daily, 176 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 134, 138, 160 

New York, Greater, 276, 278 

Ney, Marshal, 207 

Niagara Falls, peace conference at, 363 

Nicanor, 34 

Nicaragua, Walker's invasion, 212, 213, 
213; dispute with England, 270 

Nice, Coun'"il at, 58; truce of, 130; 
Congress of, 131; annexed to France, 
221 

Nicephorus, Emperor, 77, 83; III., 91 

Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 2T,i, 341 

Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia, 187, 213; 
II., 271, 273 

Nicholas I.. Pope, 78; II., 88; III., 104; 
IV., 106; v., anti-pope, 1 10; Pope, 118 

Nicholson's Neck, battle of, 282 

Nicias, peace of, 17 

Nicomedes III., King of Bithynia, 41 

Nicopolis, battle of, 40; 115; taken, 241 

Nicsic, battle of, 243 

Nieszawa, Statute of, 121 

Niger River, 188 

Niceria, 278 

Nihilists, the, 247, 253 

Nile, exploration of the, 174 

Nimeguen, peace of, 156 

Nineveh, capital, 6; destroyed, 8 

Nissa, battle of, 119; 161 

Nithard, the Jesuit, 157 



492 



INDEX 



Niu-chwang, 271, 297 

Noailles, Cardinal de, 166 

Nogi, General, 301 

Non-Intercourse Act, 182 

Nordlingen, battle of, 147, 150 

Norfolk taken by United States, 224 

Noricum, 62 

Normans, the, 77, 79 

North, Lord, 174 

Northampton, assize of, 97; battle of, 120 

North Carolina, settled. 152; secedes, 222 

North Dakota admitted. 256 

Northern Powers, war of the, 163 

Northern Securities Company, 292 

Northumberland, Earl of, 132 

Northunibria, kingdom of, 69 

Northwest Passage, discovered, 19S; made, 
244 

North-West Territory, 176 

Norway, beginning of founding of the 
monarchy, 77; completed, 79; Chri-- 
tianity established in, 87; united with 
Sweden, iSs; 1000th anniversary of 
kingdom, 237; separated from Sweden, 
303 

Novara, battle of, 197 

Novgorod captured by Ivan III., 123 

Novi, battle of, 181 

Nullification, 190 

Numa, 35 

Nystadt, peace of, 169 



O 



Oceanographic Institute, 336 

O'Connell, Daniel, 192 

Odenatus, 56, 57 

Odessa bombarded, 211 

Odo, Abbot, So; Count, 80; of Bayeaux, 

91 
Odoacer, 64 

Oertelsburg. battle of, 400 
Ohio admitted, 182 
Oil discovered in Pennsylvania, 218 
Oil painting, invention of, 112 
Oklahoma, 256, 308 
Okuma, Premier, 279; Count, 361 
Olaf. King of Sweden. 85 
Olaf II., King of Norway, 87 
Olga, Regent of Russia, 82 
Oliva, peace of, 155 
Olmutz, conference of, 199; congress at, 

209 
Oltenitza, battle of, 209 
Olyb.ius. 6s 
Olympiad, first. 7 
Olympic games. 274 
Olympiodorus. 62 
Olyntnus, battle of, 23 
Omar, 69 
Omdurman, 2S0 
Omri. King of Israel. 4 
O'Neil's rebellion, 134 
"Open door" in China, 287, in Morocco, 

301 
Orange Free State, 277, 284 
Ordono III.. King of Leon, 83 
Oregon Treaty. 194 
Orellana, explorer, 131 
Orleans, city, 116; House of, 189 
Orosius, 62 



Orsini family, the, no 

Oscar I., King of Sweden, 219; II., 237, 

31S 
Osman Digna, 25I', 261 
Ostend, Company, 169; Manifesto, 210; 

captured by Germans, 365 
Ostrogoths, 67 
Ostrolenka, battle of, 191 
Oswego taken by the French, 172 
Othman, Emir of the Turks, 107, 109; II., 

14s; III.. 173 
Otho, Emperor of Rome, 51; bishop of 

Freising, 94 
Otho I. (the Great), Emperor of Germany, 

82; IV.. 98, 100 
Otho I., King of Greece, 191, 193. 225 
Otterbourne (Chevy Chase), battle of, 113 
Otto I., King of Bavaria. 253 
Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, 105 
Ouchy, treaty of, 351 
Oudenarde, battle of, 162 
Ourique, battle of, 94 
Ovid, 48, 49 

Oxford, the Provisions of, 103 ■ 

Oxford University established, 96 
Oxygen discovered, 174 ■* 



Paardeberg, battle of, 284 

Pacuvius. 36 

Padua, University of, 102 

Pagasse. battle of, 23 

Paine, Tom, 17S 

Palatinate, the, ravaged by Turenne, 156; 
desolated by the French. 159 

Palermo taken by Garibaldi, 221 

Palestine. 5, 6, 32 

Palestrina, musician, 132 

Palma, T. E., first President of Cuba, 291 

Palmerston, Lord, 192, 201, 226 

Palmyra, 52 

Palo Alto, battle of, 192 

Panama, Congress, 18S; railroad, 212; 
canal, 246, 292. 298. 304; treaty be- 
tween Colombia and United States, 250; 
French Company, 255; frauds, 265; 
Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 284; treaty 
with, 294; republic of, 295; Canal Tolls 
Bill, 346, 348, 362; Gamboa Dike 
destroyed. 356 

Panama-Pacific Exposition, 336 

Pan-American. Conference, 256; Exposi- 
tion, 2S8; Congress. 309, 332 

Pandosia (Heraclea), battle of. 27 

Pankhurst, Mrs. Emmeline, 354 

Pannonia, 47, 63 

Panormus, 31 

Pantheon, 44, 68 

Paoli, 173. 175 

Papacy, origin. 68; height of power of, 88; 
fiftieth anniversary of episcopate, 241 

Paper, made in China, 34; art of making, 
72 

Paper money, first, in New York, 164 

Papias, martyrdom of, 52 

Papinian, 54, 55 

Pappus, 60 

Parcorus the Parthian, 44 

Pardo, peace oL 168 



INDEX 



493 



Paris, made capital of Clovis, 6s; be- 
sieged by Northmen, 78; revolt of, 138; 
peace of, 172; entrance of allies, 185; 
siege of, 195, 235; Congress at, 215; 
capitulation, 237; German troops enter, 
237; insurrection at, 237 

Park, Mungo, 180 

Parker, Alton B., 296 

Parliament, first, in England, 104; first 
united, of Great Britain, 162 

Parnell, Charles Stuart, 246, 254, 258 

Parr, Catherine, 130 

Parthians, 28, 30, 32, 42, 44, 52, 55 

Partition treaty, first, 160 

Pascal, ISO, 154 

Paschal I.. Pope, 76; II., 92, 94; III., 
anti-pope, 96 

Paschasius Radbertus, 76 

Passarowitz, peace of, 167 

Passau, treaty of, 133 

Patricians, 15 

Patrick, St., 62 

Paul the Apostle, 48, so 

Paul I., Pope, 72; II., 121; III., 131; IV., 
133; v., 143 

Paul I., Czar of Russia, 181 

Paul of Samosata, 56 

Pausanias, 23, S2 

Pavia, 67; battle of, 129 

Peabody, George, 214, 226 

Peace Conferences, 280, 282, 296, 356; 
palace, 356 

Peace Jubilee in Boston, 236 

Peary, Robert E., 264, 266, 306, 318, 326, 
328, 332 

Peasant Revolt, 129 

Pedro II., King of Portugal, iss; V., 209, 
223 

Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, '91 

Peel, Sir Robert, 190 

Pelagius, 62; I., Pope, 66; II., Pope, 68; 
King of Asturias, 73 

Pelopidas, 21 

Peloponnesian War, 17, 19 

Pelusium, battle of, 21 

Penda of Mercia, 69 

Penn, William, is8 

Pensacola seized by Jackson, 186 

Pentaur, poet, 3 

Pepin the Younger, 71; the Short, 72, 73 

Percys, the, rebellion of, 115 

Pergamus, 26, 39 

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, 9, 11 

Pericles, 15, 17 

Periodical, first American, 162 

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 184, 206, 216 

Perseus, King of Macedonia, 35 

Persian Empire, founded, 12; conquers 
Thrace, 12; Ionian revolt, 12; conquers 
Egypt, 13; invasion of Greece, defeat, 
14; conquest of the Persian Empire, 22; 
invaded by Alexander, 23; conquered 
by Parthia, 34; new kingdom, 55; re- 
volution in, 31S, 327; constitution, 325; 
dismisses Shuster, 343 

Persius, so 

Pertinax, SS 

Perugia sacked, 219 

Perugino, painter, 118 

Pescadores ceded to Japan, 271 

Pestalozzi, educator, 180 

Peter, the Hermit, 92; the Lombard, 94; 



of Aragon, T07; the Cruel of Castile, 

1 12 
Peter Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 

173 
Peter I. (the Great), Czar of Russia, 159, 

163, 169; 11., 169; III-, 173 
Peter, King of Servia, 293 
Peterloo Massacre, 186 
Petersburg occupied by Union forces, 228 
Pcterwardein, 165 
Petrarch, 112 

Petrograd (see St. Petersburg), 365 
Petronius Maximus, 63 
Phaedrus, 48 
Pharnabazus, 21 
Pharnaces, King of Pontus, I., 34, 42; II., 

42 
Pharos at Alexandria, 26 
Pharsalia, 43 
Pharsalos, battle of, 277 
Phidias, 16 
Philadelphia, founded, is8; taken by the 

English, 176 
Philetaerus, 26 
Philip I., King of France, 88, 90; II., 98; 

III., 104; IV., 106; v., 108; VI., no 
Philip of Macedon, 20; II., 21; V., 33 
Philip II., King of Spain, 132; III., 140; 

IV., 145; v., 163, 169 
Philip (the Arabian), S7; of Suabia, 98, 

100 
Philippines, occupied by Spain, 134; 

insurrection in, 27s; rising in, 279; 

ceded to United States, 280 
Philo, 48 

Philopoemen, 33, 3S 
Philosophy, Greek schools of, 18 
Phipps, Sir William, 160 
Phocas, 69 
Phcebidas, 21 
Phoenicians, Phoenicia, manufactures, 4; 

found Cadiz, 5; found Carthage, 7 
Phonograph, 240 
Phosphorus discovered, 136 
Phraates I., King of Parthia, 34 
Picts, the, 61 
Pierce,' Franklin, President of United 

States, 206 
Pilgrims, the, 144 
Pilnitz, Conference of, 179 
Pinchot, Gifford, 328 
Pinkie, battle of, 132 
Pisagua captured, 24s 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 11, 13 
Pitt, William, the Elder, 172; the Younger, 

176, 177, 182 
Pius I., Pope, 52; II., 121; III., I2S; IV., 

i3S; v., i3S; VI., 175; VII., 181; VIIL, 

189; IX., 193, 242, 243; X., 295, 314 
Pizarro, 131 
Plague in London, iS4 
Plassey, battle of, 172 
Platea, battle of, 15 
Platinus, S6 
Plato, 18 

Piatt Amendment, 288 
Plautius, 49 
Piautus, 32 

Plebeians and Patricians, equality be- 
tween, 26 
Plebs, succession of, 15 
Plevna, battle of, 241. 243 



494 



INDEX 



Pliny, the Elder, 50; the Younger, 52: 
proprstor, 52 

Plotinus, 56 

Plutarch, 52 

Plymouth founded, 144 

Poincar6, Raymond, President of France, 
3-15. 351. 353 

Poitiers, battle of, no 

Poland, the Poles, adopts Christianity, 
82; crown of, becomes elective, 137; 
expelled from Russia, 143; war with 
Russia, 147; defeated by Cossacks, 151; 
defeats the Tartars, 155; invaded by 
Turkey, 157; first partition of, 175; 
second partition, 181; final partition, 
extinction of kingdom. 181; struggle for 
nationality, 189; insurrection crushed, 
191; incorporated with Russia, 191 

Polaris expedition, 236 

Polemon of Pontus, 46 

Polish Succession, War of the, 169 

Polk, James K., President of United 
States, 192 

Pollux, IS 

Polybius, 34 

Polycarp, martyrdom of, 52 

Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, 13 

Polygamy, 2a8. 25S 

Pomerama regained by Brandenburg, iS7 

Pompeii, sr 

Pompeiius, Sextus, 45 

Pompey, 41, 42, 43 

Pondicherry, 173. 174 

Poniatowski, Stanislaus, King of Poland, 

17^ 

Pontianus, Pope, 54 

Pontifex Maximus {see Augustus). 

Pontius, Pilate, 48 

Pontus, 20, 40 

Pony express. 220 

Pope, Alexander, poet, 164, 168 

Popes, the, separation of. from Eastern 
Empire. 76; election of the, transfened 
to College of Cardin-^ls. 88; reat of, at 
Avignon, loS; lose right of confirming 
election of German Emperor, no 

Popish Plot, 156 

Porphyry, 58 

Port Arthur. 271, 29S, 297, 299 

Port Hudson taken. 226 

Porto Rico, 27S; ceded to United States, 
280 

Port Royal, colony at, 135 

Port Royal, N. S., reduced, 160 

Portsmouth, treaty of, 302 

Portugal, made a county, 92; becomes a 
kingdom, 94; treaty with Japan, 130; 
under Spain, 138; regains independence, 
149; recovers Brazil, 153; independence 
of, 155; invaded by France, 183; con- 
stitutional monarchy restored. 191; 
revolution in, 335 ; offers aid to England, 
365 

Posidonius, 40 

Post, penny, in London, 158; penny post- 
age in England. 192; convention be- 
tween United States and Great Britain, 
194; International Congress, 238; 
reduced, 250; between United States 
and Great Britain, 320; first aerial 
service, 340; parcel post in United 
States, 35i 



Potash supplies, 325 

Potchefstroom occupied by the Boers, 247 

Powder, smokeless. 260 

Powers, Caleb, 2S6 

Poynings' Law, 124 

Prade, President of Peru, 24s 

Pragmatic Sanction, 104, of Bourges, u6, 

16S 
Prague, peace of, 147; taken by Swedes, 

151; battle of, 171; treaty of, 231 
Praguerie, the, 116 
Praxiteles, 20 

Prayer Book, the first, in England, 132 
Presburg, peace of. 183 
Prescott, William H., 218 
Press, the freedom of, laws against, 187; 

in Spain, 209 
Prestlava. battle of, 83 
Preston, battle of, 164 
Pretoria, 284^ 
Princeton, College, founded, 170; battle 

of, 176; University, 274 
Printing, by marble blocks first, 82; from 

movable type. 116; printing-press, first, 

in United States, 148 
Proclus. 62 
Procopius. 66 

Progressive party. 346. 348 
Prohibition in Kansas, 246 
Propertius. 44 

Protectorate, British East Africa, 272 
Protestants, first so-called, 131; persecu 

tion of, 132; secure religious liberty, 133;; 

secure toleration, 140; Protestant Union, 

143; first in Spain, 232 
Prudentius, 60 

Prusias IL, King of Bithynia, 36 
Prussia, duchy of, 137; ceded to Frederick 

William, 153; East, independence of, 

155; a kingdom, 163; defeated by 

French, 1S3; war with Denmark. 19S;: 

war with Austria, 231; Franco-Prussian 

War, 233, 237; invaded by Russia, 406 
Psammetichus I., King of Egypt, 9; III., 

13 
Ptolemies, I., 24. 27; II., 27, 29; III., 31; 

IV., 31; v., 33; VI., 35. 37; VIL, 371* 

VIII., 38, 39; IX., 41; X., 41; XL, 41 I 
Ptolemy, astronomer, 52 I 

Pulcheria, 63 I 

Pultowa, battle of, 165 ■ 

Pultusk. battle of. 163 ■ 

Punic War. first. 29, 31; second, 33 
Puritans, the, 134 
Pyramid, Great, 2 
Pyrenees, peace of the, 154 
Pyrrho, 26 
Pyrrhus, 27, 29 
Pytiiagoras, 12 



Q 



Quay, Senator, 280, 284 

Quebec, founded, 142; taken by the Eng' 

lish, 146, 160, 172 
Queen Anne's War, 162, 164 
Queretaro. 231 
Quintilian. so 
Quintus Hortensius, 40 
Quitman, General, 198 



INDEX 



495 



Rabanus, Maurus, 78 

Rabelais, 130 

Racine, 154 

Radagaisus, 63 

Radetsky, 197, 2or, 207, 216 

Radium, discovery of, 280 

Radstadt, peace of, 164 

Ragotsky, 163 

Railways, first in America, 188; between 
St. Petersburg, and Moscow, 200; Erie, 
opened, 200; first, in Norway, 206; first, 
in Brazil, 208; the Suez, 217; Boulogne 
to Calais, 231; complete from Atlantic 
to Pacific, 232; Union Pacific, 232; 
Calcutta to Bombay, 234; Northern 
Pacific, 248; Equatorial, 258; Trans- 
Siberjan, 261; Jaffa to Jerusalem, 264; 
first in Siam, 264; from Cape town to 
Buluwayo, 276; Cairo and Khartum, 
284; in_ Mexico, 315 

Rain, artificial, 260 

Rakoczy, 151 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 138, 144 

Rameses II., King of Egypt, 3 

Ramillies, battle of, 162 

Ramiro II., King of Leon, 83; I., King of 
Aragon, 87; II., 94 

Raphael, 124 

Raphia, battle of, 32 

Ratisbon, Diet of, 147, 155; truce of, 158 

Ravenna, 67; battle of, 126 

Raymond of Toulouse, 92 

Reciprocity, with Canada, 238, 336, 338; 
with Newfoundland, 290 

Reconstruction Act, 230 

Reddersburg, battle of, 284 

Redmond, John, 338 

Reed, Thomas B., 282 

Reformation, the, 127 

Reform Bill, 190 

Regillus, battle of, 15 

Regulus, 29 

Reichstag, first, 237 

Reign of Terror, end of, 181 

Religious Conformity, Act for, 140 

Rembrandt, painter, 148 

Renaissance, the, 118 

Repeal Agitation, 192 

Republic, the Dutch, 139; Orange River, 
210 

Resaca de la Palma, 192 

Retz, Cardinal de, 150 

Revolution, in America, 174, 176; in 
Belgium, 189; in Brazil, 191; in Eng- 
land, 148, 150, 158; in France, 179, 181; 
in Germany, 19s; in Greece, 187; in 
Poland, 189; in Sicily, 195 ; in Spain, 233 ; 
Three Days' 189, 19S, 201; in Vienna, 
195 

Rhaetians, 47 

Rhazes, 80 

Rhegium, fall of, 29 

Rheims, 116 

Rheinfeld, battle of, 149 

Rhine, passage of, Hoche and Moreau, 181 

Rhode Island settled, 148 

Rhodes, Cecil, 272, 274, 281, 290; scholar- 
ships, 290 

Rhodes, colossus of, 26 

Ribault at Port Royal, 135 



Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), King of 
England, 98, 99; II., 113; IIL, 122 

Richard, Duke of York, protector, 120 

Richelieu, Cardinal, 144 

Richmond, Va., occupied by United 
States forces, 228 

Kiel's insurrection, 250 

Rienzi, last of the Tribunes, no 

Riga, battle of, 163 

Roanoke Island taken, 222 

Robert II., King of Scotland, 113; IIL, 
115 

Robert of Paris, 80; the Devil, Duke of 
Normandy, 86; Duke of Apulia, 88; of 
Flanders, 92; of Normandy, 92, 93; 
Emperor, 103; the Wise, King of Naples, 
109 

Roberts, Lord, 24s, 284, 286, 302 

Robespierre, death of, 181 

Rochambeau, 177 

Rochefort, 233, 23S 

Rochelle, peace of, 136 

Rockefeller, John D., 292, 302, 310, 326 

Rocroi, battle of, 150 

Roderic, King, 71 

Roentgen rays, 272 

Rogations, Licinian, 21 

Roger, King of Sicily, 94, 95; the Norman, 
91 

Roister Doisler, Ralph, 132 

Roland, Song of, 75 

RoUo, 80 

Roman Empire: Numantine War, 37; 
Caius Gracchus, tribune, 39; Cyrene, a 
Roman province, Syria and Bithynia, 
Social War, Civil War, 41; first Trium- 
virate, Caesar defeats Germans, invades 
Britain, conquers Gaul, master of Italy, 
crushes Pompey, 43; trade with India, 
manufactures of silk and linen, 44; 
second Triumvirate, Octavius, 45; 
Tiberius, _ Caligula, Claudius, Nero, 
Mauretania, and Thrace added to 
Empire, 49; Galba, Otho, Vitellius, 
Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, 51; Nerva, 
Trojan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 
Marcus Aurelius, 53; _ Commodus, 
Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, 
Caracalla and Geta, Macrinus, Helio- 
gabalus, Alexander Severus, 55; Maxi- 
minus, Gordian I. and II., Philip, 
Decius Gallus, .i^milianus. Valerian, 
Gallienus, Claudius II., Aurelian, 57; 
Tacitus, Probus, Florianus, Carus, 
Carinus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Car- 
ausius, Maximian, Constantine the 
Great, Constantinople capital, 59; 
Constantius, Constans and Constan- 
tine, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and 
Valens, division into Eastern and 
Western Empires, 61 ; end of the West- 
ern Empire, 65 

Romanoff family founded, 143 

Romanoff, Michael, Czar of Russia, 143 

Romanus, Emperor, I., 81, 83; II., 83; IIL, 
87; IV., 91 

Rome, _ foundation of (legendary), 7; 
Servius_ Tullius, 11; establishment of 
Republic, 12; Tarquins e-;pel!cd, first 
Consulate, 13; Tarquinian War, 13; 
Publilian Laws, is; taken and burnt by 
Gauls under Brennus, 19; Italy sub- 



496 



INDEX 



Rome — Continued 

jugated, 29; Sicily and Sardinia Roman 
provinces, 31; allied with ^toHans, 
joined by Achajans and Spartans for 
defeat of Macedonians, Romans de- 
feated by Hannibal, 33; final victory 
over Carthage, 33; war with Mace- 
donia, 35; conquest of Carthage and 
Corinth, defeat of Lusitanians, 37; 
sacked by Genseric, 63; sacked by the 
Goths, under Alaric, 63; taken by Ger- 
mans, 80; sacked by Normans, 90; 
taken by Frederick Barbarossa, 96; 
sacked by Ladislas, iis; capital of Italy, 
237 

Romulus Augustulus, 65 

Roncesvalles, 75 

Roosevelt, Theodore, 284, 288, 290, 292, 
294, 296, 298, 308, 310, 312, 314. 322, 
331. 333, 344. 346, 348. 350 

Root, Elihu, Senator, 322 

Rosbecq, battle of, 112 

Rosebery, Lord, 272, 290 

Roses, Wars of the, 120 

Roskilde, peace of, 155 

Rossbach, battle of, 172 

Rouen, 77 

Roumania, formed from Moldavia and 
Wallachia, 223: invaded by Russia, 241; 
declares independence, 241; declared a 
kingdom, 247 

Roumelia, eastern, annexed to Bulgaria, 
251 

Rousseau, J. J., 172 

Royal Society at London founded, 154 

Rozhestvenski, Admiral, 299 

Rubens, Peter Paul, painter, 144 

Rubicon, the, 43 

Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 257 

Rudolph, King of France, 80 

Rudolph, King of Germany, 90; I., 
founder of House of Hapsburg, 104, 106; 
II.. 137 . 

Rump Parliament, 150, 154 

Runnymede, loi 

Rupert, Emperor of Germany, 114 

Ruskin, John, 200 

Russell, Lord John, 190 

Russia, Rurik, first grand prince of, 79; 
invaded by Mongols, 103; expulsion of 
Poles, 143; war with Poland, 147; war 
with Turkey, IS7, I59, 165, I75. 209, 
241; alliance with Austria, 169; war with 
Sweden, 171; outrages against Jews, 
247; war with Japan, 29s; religious 
freedom. 301; reforms, 309; treaty with 
United States, 342; mobilization, 404; 
war with Germany. 404; with Austria, 
404; invades Prussia, 406 

Russo-Japanese Treaty, 305 

Rutschuk, battle of, 211 

Ruysdael, painter, 156 

Ruyter, Admiral de, 1S3. 157 

Ryehouse Plot, 158 

Ryswick, treaty of, 160 



Sabinian, Pope, 68 
Sadowa, battle of, 231 
Safety lamp invented, 184 
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 312 



Saghalien, 239, 303 

Saguntum, battle of, 33 

Said Pasha, 347 

St. Albans, battles of, 120 

St. Andrews, University of, 114 

St. Augustine founded, 135 

St. Bartholomew, battle of, 136 

St. Denis, battle of, 134 

St. Gotthard, battle of, 155 

St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of, 92 

St. Paul's Cathedral, 156 

St. Peter, Cathedral of, begun, 126 

St. Petersburg (now Petrograd), founded, 
162; treaty of, 349; name changed, 365 

St. Quentin, battle of, 132; taken by 
Germany, 406 

Saints, first canonization of, 84 

Saladin, 97, 99 

Salamanca, University of, 102; battle of, 
184 

Salamis, in Greece, battle of, 15; in Cy- 
prus, 16 

Salem settled, 146 

Salic Law, 108 

Salisbury, Lord, 250, 274 

Sallentines, conquest of, 29 

Sallust, 42, 43 

Salmon Falls, N. H., destroyed by the, 
French, 160 

Salonika, 351 

Salvation Army, the, 274 

Salvator Rosa, painter, 154 

Samarcand, 113, 233 

Samaria, taken by Sargon, 6; rebuilt, 44 

Samaritans, 16 

Samnite War, first, 23; second, 25; third, 
27 

Samnites, 25 

Samoan Islands, 251, 283 

Sancho I., King of Leon, 83; III., King of 
Navarre, 85; III., 87; I., King of Portu- 
gal, 99 

Sandwich Islands discovered, 176 

San Francisco disaster, 306 

San Jacinto, battle of, 190 

Sanjar, King of Persia, 95 

San Juan, Island of, 236 

Sankhhara, King of Egypt, 2 

San Pedro, battle of, 229 

San Pedro de Acatama, battle of, 245 

San Stefano, treaty of, 243 

Santa Anna, President of Mexico, 191: 
enters City of Mexico, 193; re-elected 
President, 207; abdicates, 213 

Santiago, battle of, 278 

Santo Domingo, annexed to Spain, 223; 
intervention by United States, 348 

Santos-Dumont, 288 

Sapaudia (see Savoy) 

Sapienza, battle of, 125 

Sapor, King of Persia, 57 

Saracens, 73, 77, 79, 81 

Saragossa, battle of, 94 

Saratoga, battle of, 176 

Sardica, battle of, 6s 

Sardinia, seized by Rome, 31; subdued by 
Rome, 35; captured by the English, 162 

Sardis, 12; battle of, 28 

Sargon I., King of Akkad, 2 

Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe {see Pius X,, 
Pope) 

Saskatchewan, province of, created, 299 



INDEX 



497 



Saul, King of the Jews, 4 

Savannah, founded, 168; taken by the 
English, 176; occupied by Sherman, 228 

Savoy, Duke of, 159 

Savoy, entered by the Burgundians, 63; 
annexed to France, 221 

Saxe, Marshal, 171 

Saxons, the, 68, 69, 74, 76, 149, I73 

Saybrook, Connecticut, founded, 148; 
platform, 162 

Scanderbeg, insurrection of, 119 

Schamyl, 219 

Scheldt, River, 177 

Schenectady, N. Y., destroyed by the 
French, 160 

Schiller, 218 

Schleswig-Holstein, revolt of, 195; war 
with Denmark, 199; yields to Germanic 
Confederation, 199; disputed with 
Denmark, 227 

Schley, Admiral, 288 

Scinde, captured by the British, 192;' 
annexed to British Empire, 193 

Scipio, Africanus, 33, 33; Asiaticus, 34; 
Nasica, 36; Publius, 33 

Scotland, and Scots, invade Britain, 61; 
defeat the Picts, 79; rebellion against 
England, 107; subdued by England, 107 ; 
invaded by Edward II., 109; uprising 
under Bruce, 109; independence of, 
in; Catholicism abolished by Parlia- 
ment, 134; first Bishops' War, 148; 
Episcopacy established, 154; treaty of 
union with England, 162 

Scott, Captain R. F., 352 

Scott, Sir Walter, 184 

Scott, General Winfield, 230 

Scripture, Canon of, 52 

Sealing industry, 276 

Search, Right of, 177 

Sebastian, King of Portugal, 132 

Sabastopol, siege of, 211, 213 

Sebcastopolis, battle of, 171 

Secession, immediate cause of, 220 

Sejanus, 49 

Seleacidas, era of, 24, 40 

Seleucus, 26; II., 30; IV., 34; V., 40 

Selim I., Sultan of Turkey, 127; II., 13s; 
III., 179 

Sellasia, battle of, 33 

Selma, Alabama, occupied by Union 
forces, 228 

Seminole wars, 186, 190, 192 

Sempach, battle of, 112, 113 

Seneca, 48, 51 

Seneffe, battle of, 156 

Sennacherib, 6 

Sepoy Rebellion, 214, 216 

Serfs, emancipation of, 222 

Sergius I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 80; IV., 

Sertorius, 41 

Servia, and Servians, defeated by the 
Turks, 115; subjected to the Turks, 119; 
war with Turkey, 187, 225, 241; treaty 
with Bulgaria, 253; constitution sus- 
pended, 293; trouble with Austria, 321; 
declare war on Turkey, 351; war with 
Bulgaria, 357; ultimatum from Austria, 
404; war with Austria, 404; invades 
Bosnia, 365 
I Servius Tullius, King of Rome, 11 
27 



"Seven Governors" episode, 344 

Seven Years' War, 172, 173 

Severinus, Pope, 70 

Severus, Septimius, Emperor, SS> Alex- 
ander, Emperor, 55, 57 

Sevigne, Madame de, 154 

Seville, treaty of, 168 

Seward, Wm. H., 228 

Seymour, Jane, 130 

Sfax taken by French, 247 

Shackleton, Lieutenant, 324 

Shafter, General, 278 

Sha-ho, battle of the, 297 

Shakespeare, William, 134, 142 

Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, 3; II., 6; 
IV., 6 _ . 

Shamashshumukin, King of Babylonia, 8 

Shashank I., King of Egypt, 4 

Shays's Rebellion, 178 

Shelley, poet, 184 

Sheridan, General, 248, 254 

Sheriffmuir, battle of, 164 

Sherman, General William T., 226, 228, 
230, 260 

Shimonoseki, bombarded, 227; treaty of, 
271 

Shipka Pass, assault on, 243 

Shirpur, battle of, 245 

Shogun, the first of Japan, 99 

Shrewsbury, battle of, 115 

Shun-te, Emperor of China, in 

Shuster, W. Morgan, 339, 341, 343 , 

Shutargardan, battle of, 245 

Sicily, Pyrrhus invades, 29; first Roman 
province, 31; Saracens invade, 77; 
Union with Naples, 187; declares in- 
dependence, 195; revolution in, 221; 
evacuated by Naples, 221 

Siculus, 42 

Sidney, Lord Algernon, 158 

Sidney, Sir Philip, 138 

Sidonius ApoUinaris, 62 

Sigismund, Emperor of Germany, 116 

Sigismund, King of Hungary, 114, 115 

Sigismund I. (the Great), King of Poland, 
127; II., 133; III., 139 

Sigismund III., King of Sweden, 141 

Sigurd, the Jerusalemite, King of Norway, 
95 

Sikh War, the, 192 

Silesian wars, 171 

Siiistria, battle of, 175; siege of, 211 

Silverius, Pope, 66 

Simancas, battle of, 83 

Simplicius, Pope, 64 

Sinope, founded, 7; conquered by Pontus, 
34; plundered by Cossacks, 143; battle 
of, 209 

Sinsheim, battle of, 156 

Sisinnius, Pope, 70 

Sitting Bull, 246, 258 

Six Acts, the, 186 

Sixtus, Pope, I., 52; III., 62; IV., 121; v., 

139 . .... 

Slavery, negro, introduced into Virginia, 
144; importation of slaves into United 
States abolished, 182; abolished by 
Congress of Vienna, 186; abolished in 
British Colonies, 190; trade abolished 
in District of Columbia, 196; emancipa- 
tion in Venezuela, 209; trade suppressed 
between United States and England, 



498 



INDEX 



Slavery — Continued 

222; slavery abolished In District of 
Columbia, 224; emancipation proclama- 
tion, 224; abolished in United States, 
228; Emancipation Law in Brazil, 2,36;' 
Spain prepares to free slaves in Porto 
Rico and Cuba, 236; abolished in Porto 
Rico, 238; suppressed by Zanzibar, 239; 
treaty between England and Germany, 
244; abolished in Cuba, 246, 252; 
abolition in Brazil, 256; abolition in 
Zanzibar, 276 

Slavs, 69; defeated by Otho, 82 

Slocum disaster, 296 

Smalkaldic League, the, 131 

Smalkalds, the, 133 

Smith, Adam, 176 

Smith, General Kirby, 228 

Smithsonian Institution, 190 

Smolensk, siege of, 147; taken by the 
Russians, 153 

Sobieski, Marshal John, 155, 157, 159, 
161 

Social Wars, 33, 41 

Socialists in Germany, 269, 345 

Socrates, 16 

Soissons, battle of, 65, 80; conquest of, 
169 

Solebay, naval victory of, 154 

Solemn League and Covenant, 150 

Solferino, battle of, 219 

Soliman (the Magnificent), Sultan of 
Ottoman Empire, 129, 131, 135 

Solomon, King of the Jews, 4 

Solon, 10, II 

Solyman II., Sultan of Turkey, IS9 

Somaliland, 290 

Sophia captured, 243 

Sophia, St., Church of, 66 

Sophocles, 14 

Sorbonne, at Paris, founded, 102 

Soter, Pope, 52 

South America, revolt of the Spanish 
colonies, 185 

South Carolina secedes, 220 

South Pole discovered, 344 

South Sea, first reached, 127; scheme, 166, 
168 

Southern Rights Association, 200; Con- 
vention, 202 

Southey, poet, 188 

Sozomen, 62 

Spa-Fields riots, 186 

Spain, conquest, by Rome, 47; invaded by 
Franks, 57; subjected to Rome, 59; 
entered by the Vandals, 63; by the 
Visigoths, 6s ; Catholicism established 
in, 68; conquered by the Arabs, 70; 
union of Castile and Aragon 122; sub- 
dues Oran, Algiers, Tripoli, 126; ac- 
quires Milan, 130; acquires Portugal, 
138; loses all Italian possessions, 163; 
cedes Florida to United States, 186; con- 
stitution of 1812 adopted, 191; war with 
Morocco, 219; revolution in, 233; 
Carlist troubles, 237; declared a re- 
public, 239; end of rule in Cuba, 281 

Spanish Succession, War of the, 162 

Sparta, Spartans, Lycurgan legislation. 4; 
First Messenian War, 7; overthrow the 
Argives, 13; Peloponnesian War, 17; 
peace of Nicias, 17; war with Persia, 18 ; 



war with Thebes, 19; besieged bj 

Pyrrhus, 29 
Spartacus, 41 
Spartianus, 58 

Specie payments resumed, 244 
Spencer, Herbert, 224 
Spenser, Edmund, 138 
Spinning-wheel, invented, 130; frame 

jenny, 174 
Spinola, 145 

Spion Kop, battle of, 284 
Spires, Diet of, 131; taken by France, 179 
Spoils System, 1S8 
Spurius Cassius, 15 

Spurius M.-eHus, 17 [ 

Stael, Madame de, 184 t 

Stamp Act, 172; Congress, 172; repealedj 

174 1 

Standard, battle of the, 95 
Stanislas, Bishop of Cracow, 91 
Stanley Committee, 338, 348 
Stanley, Henry M., 240, 249, 2SS. 258 
Star Chamber, 122, 148 
Star Route frauds, 248 
States-General, last assembly before the 

Revolution, 144 
States Rights, 188 
Statius, 52 
Statius Cascillius, 34 
Statute, of Mortmain, 105; of Westmin- 

ster, 105, 107; of Quia Emptores, 107; 

of Provisors, III; of Prsmunire, 114, 

IIS 
Steamboat, first, 182; transatlantic, first, 

186 _ 
Steenkirk, battle of, 160 
Stefansson, explorer, 348 
Stephen II., Pope; III., 72; V., 76, 78; 

VI., 80; VII., 80; VIII., 82; IX., 88 
Stephen of Blois, 92, 95 
Stephen, St., King of Hungary, 84; V., 103 
Stephenson, Senator, 344 
Stethoscope, invention of, 186 
Stettin, peace of, 137 
Stillwater, battle of, 176 
Stimson, Henry L., 338 
Stirling, battle of, 107 
Stockholm, Diet of, 159 
Stoessel, General, 299, 317 
Stoics, 30 
Stolypin, 341 

Stony Point recovered, 176 
Stormberg, battle of, 284 
Stowe, Mrs. H. B., 206 
Strabo, 44 

Strafford, impeachment of, 14S 
Strassburg, seized by France, 158; capi- 
tulation of, 23s 
Stuart, the House of, 113 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 150 
Subway, New York City, 296 
Sudan, war in the, 251 
Suetonius, 51 
Suez Canal, 238, 254, 255 
Suffrage Male, Fifteenth Amendment, 232; 

in Belgium, 267; in Russia, 305; in 

Germany, 317 
Suffrage, Woman, Conventions, 196, 254; 

in Wyoming, 232; in Kansas, 252; in 

Colorado, 266; in Utah and Idaho, 274;i 

in Washington, 334; in California, 

Arizona, Kansas, Oregon, 3So; in| 



INDEX 



499 



Suffrage — Continued 

Alaska and Illinois, 356; in Norway, 
289, 313; in England, 306, 310, 312, 
334. 338. 344. 350, 352, 354; in Finland, 
313; in Hungary, 35s; in France, 359; 
in United States, 360 

Suidas, 82 

Suleiman Pasha, 243 

Sulla, 40, 41 

Sulzer, William, 356 

Sumner, Charles, 212 

Sun, Temple of the, S2_ 

Sunday Schools established in England, 
176 

Sun-dial, first, 26 

Sun Yat Sen, 345 

Surat, sack ot, 15s 

Surrey, Earl of, 132 

Susiana conquered by Parthia, 34 

Sussex, kingdom of, 65 

Sverker I., King of Sweden, 95 

Sweden, and the Swedes, Christianity in, 
76; invaded by Denmark, 129; Luther- 
anism established, 131; predominant in 
North, 14s; defeat the Saxons, 149; 
invade Brandenburg, 157; an absolute 
monarchy, 161; war with Russia, 171; 
united with Norway, 185; separated 
from Norway, 303 

Swedenborg, 170 

Swift, Dean, 168 

Switzerland, declared independent, 151; 
revised constitution of, 239 

Sylvester I., Pope, 58; II., 84; III., 88 

Symmachus, orator, 60; Pope, 64 

Synod of Dort, the, 14s 

Syracuse, founded, 7; democracy in, 15; 
besieged by Athenians, 19; taken by 
Marcellus, 33; taken by Arabs, 79 

Syria, 31, 34, 44, 192 

Szelankemen, battle of, 161 

Szigeth, battle of, 135 



Tabriz taken by Russia, 189 

Tacfarinas, 49 

Tachos, King of Egypt, 21 

Tacitus, 52 

Tacna captured, 247 

Taft, William H., President of United 
States, 318, 320, 324, 326, 328, 334. 
336, 346 

Taharka, King of Egypt, 9 

Taherites, the, dynasty of, 77 

Tahiti annexed to France, 247 

Talavera, battle of, 182 

Talleyrand, 191 _ 

Tampico, occupation of, 194; incident 
with United States, 360, 361 

Tancred, 92 

Taney, Chief Justice, 214 

Tang-Shao-yi, Premier, 345, 347 

Tannenberg, battle of, 115 

Tarapaca, battle of, 24s 

Tarentum, 27, 29 

Tariff, high protective (Tariff of Abomi- 
nations), 188; the Compromise, 190; 
bill establishing ad valorem duties, 194; 
new, 234; McKinley Bill, 258; Wilson 
Bill, 268; Dingley Bill, 276; Payne Bill, 
324, 326; agreement between United 



States and Germany, 331; Board creat- 
ed, 336; Underwood Bill, 354, 356 

Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome, 13 

Tarquins, war with, 13 

Tartars defeated by the Poles, 155 

Tasso, poet, 136 

Talsu Maru, affair, 317 

Tax, Federal Corporation, 336 

Tax, first, on movables (Saladin Tithe), 
99 

Taylor, General Richard, 228 

Taylor, General Zachary, President of 
United States, 196 

Tchernaya, battle of the, 213 

Tecumseh killed, 184 

Tejada, Lerdo de. President of Mexico, 
237 

Telamon, battle of, 31 

Telegraph, 158, 190, 192, 200, 202, 212, 
214, 216, 222, 230, 232, 280, 292, 314 

Telephone, 240 

Telescope, invented, 142; reflecting, 154 

Telesphorus, Pope, 52 

Tell-el-Amarna Letters, 3 

Temesvar, battle of, 197 

Temporal power of the Pope, no 

Tennessee secedes, 222 

Tennyson, Alfred, 198, 264 

Terence, 34 

Tertullian, 54 

Teschen, peace of, 177 

Test Act, 156 

Testament, New, Wickllffe's translation, 
112; Tyndale's translation, 128; re- 
vised, 246 

Testament, Old, Septuagint translation of, 
26; revised, 250 

Testry, battle of, 71 

Teutones, 39 

Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, 24s , 
263 

Tewkesbury, battle of, 120 

Texas, independence of, 190; annexed to 
United States, 192; secedes, 222 

Thames, battle of the, 184 

Thapsus, battle of, 43 

Thebes, 19, 21, 41 

Themistocles, 15 

Theocritus, 26 

Theodora, 87, 88 

Theodoret, 62 

Theodoric, 63, 64, 65 

Theodorus, Pope, 70 

Theodosius the Great, 61; II., 63; III., 73 

Theophilus, 54; Emperor, 77 

Thermometers invented, 144 

Therrnopylae, battle of, is, 35 

Thespis, first tragedian, 12 

Thessalonica, 117 

Thessaly, 43 

Theuderic III., King of France, 71; IV., 
7.3 

Thiers, 227, 237, 239, 241 

Thirty Years' War, 14s 

Thomas of Lancaster, 109 

Thorn, peace of, 121 

Thothmes III., King of Egypt, 3 

Thrace, 49 

Thrasybulus, 19 

Thucydides, 16, 17 

Tiberias, 47, 49; II., 69 

Tiberius Gracchus, 35, 37 



500 



INDEX 



Tibet, treaty with England, 396 

Tibullus, 44 

Tichborne trial, 238 

Ticino, the, battle of, 33 

Ticonderoga, 172, 176 

Tien-Tsin, treaty of, 216; taken by Allies, 

287 
Tiglathpileser, King of Assyria, I., 3; II., 

4: III., 6 
Tigranes, King of Armenia, 40 
Tigranocerta, battle of, 40 
Tilden, Samuel J., 240 
Tilly, 145, 147 
Tilsit, peace of, 183 
Time, standard, in United States, 248 
Timur the Tartar, iii, 113, 115 
Tinchebrai, battle of, 93 
Tippecanoe, 184 
Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, 177 
Tirhaka {see Taharka) 
Tiridates, 51 
Tissaphernes, 19 
Titanic disaster, 346 
Tithe, Saladin, 99 
Tithes, imposition of, 72 
Titian, 124, 132 
Titus, SI. 
Tobacco in England, 138; introduced into 

Virginia, 142 
Tokio made capital, 233 
Tokolyi, revolt under, 157 
Toleration, Edict of, 58 
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 289 
Topeka Constitution, 214 
Torgau, battle of, 173 
Tories, 156 

Torreon, battle of, 361 
Torricelli, 150 
Torstenson, General, 149 
Totila, 67 

Toul ceded to France, 150 
Towton, battle of, 120 
Tragedian, first, 12 
Trajan, 53; pillar of, 52 
Tramways, first, 158 
Transvaal, annexed to England, 240; 

Boers declare independence, 247; allied 

with Orange Free State, 277; part of 

British Empire, 2S6 
Transylvania, subject to Turkey, 155; 

subdued by Germany, 159 
Trasimene, battle of, a 
Trebbia, the, battle of, 33 
Trebellius Pollio, 58 
Trebizond, 273 

Trent, Council of, second session, 133 
Trenton, battle of, 176 
Trigonometry, foundation of, 36 
Trinidad taken by the English, 172 
Tripoli, 95; annexed by Italy, 343 
Triumvirate, First, 43 
Trochu, 23s 

Troppau, Congress of, 187 
Troubadours, the, loi 
Troyes, treaty of, 116 
Tsin dynasty, China, 28 
Tudor, House of, 122 
Tuileries, storming of, 179 
Tunis, 247, 27s 
Tunnels, Mont Cenis, 234; Mt. St. Goth- 

ard, 246; Hudson River, 294; Simplon, 

299 



Turenne, 152, 156, 157 

Turin, treaty of, 221 

Turkey, the Turks, Empire divided, iij', 
subdues the Crimea, 121; obtains Lem- 
nos and Albania, 123; Georgia and Kur- 
distan added to, 127; Syria and Egypt 
conquered by, 127; invades Germany, 
131; invade Persia, 133; take Tripoli, 
133; invade Hungary, 133; besiege 
Malta, 13s; first trade with England, 
139; war with Persians, 143; invade 
Hungary, 155; war with Russia, 157, 
159, 165, 175, 209; invades Poland, 
157; war with Germany, 159; recover 
Belgrade, i6i;_ loses Hungary, 167; in 
vasion of Persia, 169; war with Servia. 
187; war with Egypt, 193; war with Ser- 
via, 22s; war with Servia, Montenegro, 
and Russia, 241; constitution, 241; Ar- 
menian Massacres, 273, 275; war with 
Greece, 277; constitution restored, 319; 
indemnity for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 
324; the Young Turks, 325; war with 
Italy, 341; war with Montenegro, Bul- 
garia, Servia, and Greece, 341 

Turkmantchai, peace of, 189 

Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 133; Moors 
expelled from, 143; votes for annexation 
to Sardinia, 221 

Tweed Ring, 236 

Tyler, John, President of United States, 
192 

Tyler, Wat, 113 

Tyrants, period of the thirty, 57 

Tyre, 3, 10, 22, 95 

Tyrel, Sir Walter, 93 

Tyrlavos, battle of, 277 

X 

u 



i 



Uganda, British Protectorate, 268 

Ulegh Beg, ruler of Samarcand, 116 

UUoa, San Juan de. 191 

Ulrica, Eleanora, Queen of Sweden, 167 

Ulster in Ireland colonized, 143; Homef 
Rule question in, 342, 346, 348, 356, 358, 
360, 362 

Ulundi, 244 

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 204 

Underwood, Oscar W., 3S4; Tariff Bill, 
3S6 

United States of America, independence 
proclaimed, 176; adoption of Articles 
of Confederation, 176; independence 
acknowledged by Great Britain, 176; 
Federal Constitution adopted, 178; 
neutrality in regard to France, 180; 
Jay's Treaty, 180; war with France, 180; 
Washington, capital of, 180; Louisiana 
Purchase, 182; Tripolitan War, 182; 
war with Great Britain, 184; Missouri 
Compromise, 186; Mexican War, 192, 
194; Gadsden Purchase, 206; Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, 208; Alaska Purchase, 
230; Centennial celebration, 240; specie 
payments resumed, 244; treaty with 
China, 246; treaty with Colombia, 250, 
360; warwithSpain, 278, 280; Philippine 
War, 280; Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284; 
Gold standard, 284; abrogation of treaty 
with Russia, 342; trouble in Mexico, 



INDEX 



501 



United States — Conlinued 

Vera Cruz occupied, mediation by 

A. B.C. Powers, 360 
Upsala, Archbishopric of, 97 
Ur, Kings of, 2 
Urban I., Pope, 54; H., 90; III., 98; IV., 

104; v., 112; VI., 112; VIII., 145 
Utica, 33 

Utrecht, Union of, 138; treaty of, 164 
Uzziah, King of Judah, 6 

V 

Vaal River Colony {see Transvaal) 

Vaccination, 180, 332 

Vadimonian Lake, battle of, 25 

Valdernar I., King of Denmark, 97; II. ,101 

Valencia, 92 

Valens, 61 

Valentine, Pope, 76 

Valentinian I., 61; II., 61; III., 63 

Valerianus, 57 

Valerius Flaccus,- 50 

Val-es-dunes, battle of, 88 

Valmy, cannonade of, 179 

Valparaiso bombarded, 231 

Van Buren, Martin, President of United 
States, 190, 224 

Vandals, the, 63 

Van Dyke, painter, 148 

Van Eyck, Jan, inventor of oil painting, 
112 

Van Tromp, Admiral, 149, 152, 153 

Varna, battle of, 119, 175 

Varro, 42 

Varus, 49 

Vasyar, treaty of, 155 

Vatican Council, 233 

Vaudois, the, 159 

Velasquez, painter, 154 

Velestino, battle of, 277 

Velleius Paterculus, 48 

Venetia, 231 

Venezuela, separated from Colombia, 189; 
civil war in, 219; message, 272; revolu- 
tion, 283; blockade by England, 293 

Venice, and Venetians, origin of, 63; 
Paulucio, first doge, 71; Byzantine 
Empire recognizes independence of, 77; 
great maritime power, 97; treaty with 
Turks. 107; subjugate Padua and 
Verona, lis; Republic ended, i8i 

Vera Cruz, surrender of, 194; captured by 
United States, 360 

Vercellse, battle of, 39 

Verdun, treaty of. 77; acquired by France, 
132; ceded to France, 150 

Verona, Congress of, 187 

Veronese, Paolo, 134 

Versailles, peace of, 176 

Vervins, peace of, 140 

Vesalius, 130 

Vespasian, 50, 51 

Vespucius, Amerigo, 124, 125 

Vesuvius, Mt., 51 

Vicksburg, siege of, 226 

Victor I., Pope, 54; II., 88; III., 90; IV., 
anti-pope, 96 

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, 
197; King of Italy, 221, 223, 231, 243; 
III., 287 

Victoria, Queen of England, 190; married, 



192; Empress of India, 240; attempted 
assassination, 246; jubilee celebration, 
254, 276; death, 286 _ 

Vicloria-Camperdoivn disaster, 266 

Vienna, insurrection in, 121; taken by 
Hungarians, 123; besieged by the Turks, 
131; siege of, 159; treaty of, 168; peace, 
of, 169, 183; Congress of, 185, 186; 
Conference of, 209; treaty of, 231 

Vigilance Committee, 200 

Vigilius, Pone, 66 

Villafranca. peace of, 219 

Villa, General, 361 

Villa Viciosa, battle of, 155, 164 

Villeroi, 162 

Vimeiro, battle of, 182 

Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, 122 

Vindelicians, 47 

Virgil, 44 

Virginia, Raleigh's colony in, 139; secedes, 
222 

Viv.inius affair, 238 

Visigoths, the, 61, 62, 67, 71 

Vitalian, rebellion of, 67 

Vitalian, Pope, 70 

Vitellius, 51 

Vitruvius, 42 

Vittoria, battle of, 184 

Viviani Rene, 362 

Vladimir the Great, King of Russia, 85 

Vladislav I., King of Poland, 91; the 
Dwarf, 107; II., 112; III., 117; chosen 
King of Hungary, 117; son of Casimir 
IV., of Poland becomes King of Bo- 
hemia, 121; chosen King of Hungary, 
123; IV., 147 

Vladivostock, 295, 303 

Volapiik invented, 244 

Voltaic battery, 188 

Voltaire, 176 

Von Caprivi, 259, 269 

Vopiscus, 58 

W 

Wace, Robert, poet, 98 

Wagner, Richard, 198, 248 

Wagram, battle of, 183 

Wakefield, battle of, 120 

Waldemar III., King of Denmark, ill 

Waldenses, the, 96, 98 

Waldersee, Count von, 287 

Wales, Prince of, visit to United States, 

220, 224 {see Edward Vlli, King of 

England) 
Wales subjugated by England, 107 
Walid I., Caliph, 71 
Walker, William, 212, 213, 221 
Wall, Great Chinese, 28, 32 
Wallace betrayed, 109 
Wallachia, revolt of, 141; united with 

Moldavia into Roumania, 223 
Wallenstein, 145, 146, 147 
Wallingford, treaty of, 97 
Walpole, Sir Robert, 168 
Walton, Issac, 152 
Wamba, King of Visigoths, 71 
War of the Roses, 120 
Warbeck, Per kin, 124 
Warsaw, taken by the Swedes, 163; 

stormed by Suvoroff, 181; Duchy of, 

183; capitulation, 191 
Warwick, Earl of, 124 



I 



502 



INDEX 



Washington, George, birth, i68; mission 
to the French, 172; commander-in- 
chief, 174; first President, 178; re- 
elected, declines a third election, 
commander-in-chief, death, 180 

Washington, city burnt by the British, 
184; treaty of, 236; monument, 250; 
State of, admitted. 256 

"Watchful waiting," 358 

Water-clock, 36 

Waterloo, battle of, 184, 185 

Watts, Isaac, 162 

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 192 

Webster, Daniel, reply to Hayne, 188; 
reply to Hulsemann, 198; death, 204 

Webster, Noah, 188 

Wehlau, treaty of, iS3 

Wei-hai-wei, battle of, 271; leased to 
Great Britain, 278 

Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 181 

Wellington, Duke of, 204 

Wellman, Walter, 334 

Welsh Disestablishment Bill, 338 

Wenceslas III., King of Bohemia, 107; 
IV., Emperor of Germany, 112 

Wesley, Charles, 172 

Wessex, third Saxon kingdom, 67 

Western Empire, end of, 65 

Westminster, peace of, 152 

Westphalia, peace of, 150; kingdom of. 

West Virginia admitted, 224 

Wet, Christian de, 286 

Weyler, General, 273, 277 

Whigs. 156, 158 

Whiskey Insurrection, 180; women's war, 
238 

Whitby, Abbey of, 70 

White, Edward D., Chief Justice, 334 

Whitefield, George, 172, 174 

White Mountain, battle of the, 14s 

White Plains, battle of, 176 

Whitman, Walt., 264 

Whittier, John G., 264 

Wiasma, peace of, 147 

Wickersham, Geo. W., 328 

Wicklifites, the, lis 

Widdin. battle of, 161 

Wight, Isle of, 67 

Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland, 258, 287 

Wilkes agitation, 17s 

William, Duke of Normandy, I., King of 
England (the Conqueror), 88, 89; II., 
90; III., 158, 160; IV., 188 

William I., of Orange, the Silent, 139 

William I., Emperor of Germany, 237, 
243; II., 255, 269, 347 

William III., of Holland, Stadtholder, 
156, 157, 158 {see William III., of 
England) 

William II., of the Netherlands, 151; III., 
259 

William IV., of the Netherlands, Stadt- 
holder, 171; v., 171 

William I., King of the United Nether- 
lands, 185; King of Holland, 193; II., 
193 

William I., King of Prussia, 223 

William II., King of Wiirttemberg, 261 

William, Prince of Wied, King of Albania, 
359, 363 

William of Poitiers, 93; of Malmesbury, 



94; of Occam, no; Duke of Bavaria, 

138 
William and Mary's College founded, 160 
Wilmington occupied by Union forces, 

228 
Wilson, Woodrow, President of United 

States, 346, 350, 354. 356, 358, 364 
Windischgratz, 195, 197 
Winthrop, John, 146 
Witchcraft superstition, 160 
Witiges, 67 

Witt, Admiral de, 157 
Witte, Count, 307 
Wittenberg, University of, 125 
Wittstock, battle of, 149 
Wolseley, Sir G., 239, 249, 251 
Wolsey, Chancellor and Cardinal, 126, 

130 
W. C. T. U. organized, 238 
Worcester, battle of, 152 
Wordsworth, William, 188 _ 
Workingmen's Insurance Bill, 339 
Worms, Council of, 90; Diet of, 129 
Wren, Christopher, 156 
Wyoming, massacre of, 176 



Xantippus, 29 
Xavier, 130 

Xenophon, 18 t 

Xerxes, King of Persia, 14; II., 16 I 

Ximenes, Cardinal, 126 ■ 

X-Rays (see Roentgen rays) 
X Y Z papers, 180 

Xystus, Pope (see Pope Sixtus I., and 
Pope Si.xtus III.) 



Yale College founded, 162 

Yalu, battle of the, 269 

Yaroslaff the Great, King of Russia, 87 

Yermu, battle of, 69 

Yezid I., 71 

Yorktown, 176, 246 

Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan, 347 

Younghusband, Colonel, 296 

Ypsilanti, Alexander, 187 

Yuan Shih-kai, President of China, 323 

343. 345, 357 
Yussuf III., King of Granada, 114 



Zabern incident, 359 

Zachary, Pope, 72 

Zallaca, battle of, 90 

Zama, battle of, 33 

Zanzilaar, 258 

Zela, battle of, 42 

Zelaya, 327 

Zemstvo, Congress, 303 

Zenger, printer, 168 

Zeno, Emperor, 64 

Zeno, philosopher, 16, 26 

Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, S<^ 

Zenodotus, 32 

Zenta, battle of, 161 

Zepherinus, Pope, 54 

Zeppelin, Count. 286 

Zimisces, John, Emperor. 83 , 



INDEX 



503 



Zoe, Empress, 87 

Zola, Emil, 279 

ZoUverein, the, 247 

Zosimus, Pope, 62; historian, 62 

Zuloaga, President of Mexico, 217, 219 



Zululand annexed to England, 253 

Zurawno, peace of, 157 

Zurich, battle of, 181; conference at, 21c 

Zutphen, battle of, 139 

Zweibrucken, House of, 153 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



COVERING EVENTS SUBSEQUENT TO AUGUST i, 1914 



Abdul Hamid II., 391, 400 

Ablainzeville, 438 

Abo, 428 

Aboukir sunk, 407 

Adams, Charles Francis, 370 

Adige valley. 417 

Admiral Gaiileaume sunk, 409 

Adolph Frederick of Mecklenburg, 397 

^gean Sea, 449 

^tna, Mount, 3'^9 

Africa, Togoland captured by Allies, 407; 
General Botha sends forces against 
German Southwest, 407; De Wet's re- 
bellion in South, 409; General Botha 
occupies capital of German Southwest, 
411; conquest of German South, com- 
pleted, 413; Kamerun captured, 41S; 
German East, cleared of enemy, 425 

Agnelio, Pass of, 423 

Aisne, battle of, 420 

Aisne River, 428, 432, 438, 440, 446 

Alamanse sunk, 427 

Aland Islands, 391 

Albania, 363, 4iS, 422, 444 

Albert, King of Belgium, 404, 430, 438 

Aldieri, General, 430 

Aldrich, Nelson W., 370 

Aleppo, 431, 449 

Alexander, John W., 370 

Allenby, General, 423, 44i, 445, 447 

Allies, on Seine. Marne, and Meuse rivers, 
406; take Togoland, Africa, 407; gain 
on Western front, 408; fleet bombards 
Dardanelles, 409; land at Gallipoli, 411 ; 
capture heights of Krithia. 411; attack 
in Gallipoli, 411; defeat Turks on Eu- 
phrates, 413; victorious in Gallipoli, 
413; land at Salonika, 413; fleet bom- 
bards Dedeagatch. 415; blockade Greek 
coast, 416; fail to break lines on Somme, 
416; capture Monastir, 416; seize Ger- 
man vessels at Piraeus, 417; refuse Ger- 
man peace offer, 418; state terms of 
peace, 418; advance toward Cambrai, 
422; bomb Ostend, 427; Foch, com- 
mander-in-chief, 430 ; meet at Versailles, 
432; attack Bolskeviki, 437; take Mon- 
astir- Prelip-Gardsko road, 442; con- 
solidate lines, 444; capture Berry-au- 
Bac. 44.6; occupy Cambrai, 446; sign 
truce terms, 45 1; officially sign peace, 
452 

Alps, Transylvanian, 417 

Alsace, 406. 428 

Alyez, President, 391 



Amend, E. B., 364 

America sunk, 447 

Amiens, 406, 430 

Amphion sunk, 407 

Anah, 431 

Ancre, 418, 438 

Ancre, battle on the, 416 

Andania sunk, 427 

Anglo-American Exposition, 362 

Anti-loafing bill, 394 

Antioch, 427 

Antwerp, 36S, 406, 408 

Aoki, Viscount S., 364 

Apremont, 442 

Arabia, 377. 4I3, 44 i 

Arabia sunk, 417 

Arabic sunk, 4 13 

Archangel, 437 

Arethusa mined, 41S 

Argentine Republic, 377, 391 

Arges, battle of, 419 

Argonne Forest, 412, 442, 446 

Ariadne torpedoed, 423 

Arizona, 366 

Arlieux, 420 

Armenia, 416 

Armenian torpedoed, 413 

Armentieres. 430, 444 

Armistice, 451, 452 

Army Budget bill, 376; Reorganization 
bill, 376 

Arnold, Richard, 400 

Aronde, 432 

Arras, 420, 430, 438 

Arras, battle of, 420 

Artois, battle of, 410 

Artres, 448 

Ascalon, 425 

Asiago, 42s, 427. 435, 437 

Asquith ministry resigns, 418 

Astronomy, new star in Aquila, 396 

Asturias sunk, 421 

Athens, 419 

Athos torpedoed, 419 

Auberive, 444 

Australia, 389. 39i, 407, 434 

Austria, Berchtold resigns, 367; Cabmet 
resigns, 391; Czernin resigns, 3931 Ra- 
decz succeeds Czernin, 393;vonHus- 
sarek made Premier, 397; Emperor 
Charles abdicates, 399. 45 1 ; ultimatum 
to Serbia, 404; declares war on Serbia 
and Russia, 404; bombards Belgrade, 
40s; defeated by Serbs, 405; Franceand 
England declare war on, 406; enters 
Alsace, 406; defeated at Lemberg, 406; 
foreign minister resigns, 408; retreats 



505 



5o6 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Austria — Continued 

from Warsaw, 408; invades Serbia, 408; 
concentrates along Vistula, 408; retakes' 
Przemysl, 410; Italy declares war on, 
410; conquest of Serbia, 413; takes San 
Giovanni de Medua, 415; air-raid on 
Italy, 415; Rumania declares war on, 
416; Franz Joseph dies, 416; United 
States severs relations with, 420; replies 
to I-'ope,422; defeated west of Stanislaw, 
422; United States declares war on, 4.24; 
Cuba declares war on, 424; counter- 
drive in Italy, 425; forces passage of 
Tagliamento, 42s; takes Mt. Prasalau, 
425 ; repulsed west of Brenta,427 ; Czechs 
and Slavs oppose, 433; counter-attacks 
on Asiago Plateau and Monte Grappa, 
435; crosses and recrosses Piave, 435; 
Premier resigns, 436; defeated near 
Asiago, 437; bombards Tonale region, 
lower Piave, and Brenta, 437; United 
States rejects peace offer, 440; Prime 
Minister resigns, 444; notified of sepa- 
rate peace by Turkey, 446; revolt in 
Bohemia, 446; armistice refused, 446; 
Foch orders Italy to attack, 447; ac- 
cepts Allied terms, 448; asks for peace, 
449; defeated in Italy, 450; capitulates, 
450, 451; accepts armistice, 450; ac- 
cepts truce terms of Italy, 451 

Aviation. 362, 374, 380, 386, 394, 398; 
raids on Paris, 408, 429; first raid on 
England. 409; raids on London, 411, 
413, 423. 425, 427, 429; German sub- 
marine destroyed. 413; raid on Italy, 
415; raid on Zeebrugge, 427 

Avre, 430, 438 

Aztec sunk, 421 

B 

Bacon, A. O., 364 

Badonvillers, 428 

Baer, G. F., 364 

Bagdad, 421 

Bailleul, 430, 438, 440 

Baker, Newton D., 372, 392, 433 

Bakuba, 421 

Bantheville. 446 

Bapaume, 420, 430. 438, 440 

Barnabee, Henry Clay, 400 

Basra, 409 

Bassin de Briey, 440 

Bavaria. 401 

Bayonne. N. J., strike of oil workers, 368 

Beaucourt. 438 

Becker, Charles. 368 

Beckwith, James Carroll. 388 

Bedouin campaign in Egypt, 415 

Beirut, 447 

Belfort. 40s . 

Belgium, premier resigns, 39S; capital 
removed. 365, 406; Albert appeals to 
Great Britain, 404; ultimatum regard- 
ing neutrality. 404; invaded by Ger- 
many, 405. 406; Liege bombarded. 405; 
fighting in 408; United States makes 
protest. 416; captures Fiorina. 416; 
takes Flanders coast sector, 428; Ger- 
jmany offers peace, 440; attacks on 
Western front, 442; takes Hooglede 

- and Handzeeme, 444; -attacks in Flan- 



ders, 446; occupies Zeebrugge and 
Bruges, 446; final operations on West- 
ern front, 448 

Belgrade, 405. 408, 413 

Bell, Alexander. 366 

Bellecourt. 442 

Belloy, 432 

Bennett, James Gordon, 400 

Berat, 444 

Berchtold. Count, resigns, 367 

Berry-au-Bac, 446 

Bertigo, 435 

Bertillon. A., 364 

Bessarabia, 426 

Birdword, General, 442 

Birch, 425 

Birmingham sinks U-15, 407 

Bisbee.Ariz. , citizens eject striking miners, 
384 

Bitter, Karl, 370 

Bjorko, 432 

Black Sea, 428, 449 

Black Tom Island explosion, 378 

Blankenberghe, 446 

Bleharies, 448 

Bligny, 436 

Bliss, General, 452 

Bobo, Dr. Rosalbo, 369 

Bohemia, 44,6 

Boissevain, Mrs. Inez M., 380 

Boldt, George C, 380 

Bolivia, Guerra president of, 385 

Bolo Pasha, 390, 392, 426, 430 

Bolsheviki, 391, 393, 397, 424, 427, 429, 
433. 435. 436, 437. 438, 440, 441. 452 

Bonavita, Captain Jack, 388 

Bordeaux, French government moved to, 
406 

Boris, King of Bulgaria. 399, 444 

Botha, General, 407, 411 

Bouilly, 436 

Bouresches, 432 

Bourlon Wood. 424 

Boy-Ed. Captain. 374, 412 

Brady, James Buchanan, 388 

Brandeis, Louis D., 376 

Bray. 438 

Brazil, 391. 424 

Brenta, 425, 427, 437 

Bresla7i, the. 407 

Brest-Litovsk, 412. 424; treaty of, 393, 
426 

Brieulles, 442 

Bril, 430 

Britannic sunk, 417 

Brodi, 416 

Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, 386 

Bruay, 448 

Bruges, 446 

Brun, Constantin, 378 

Brussels, 406. 448 

Bryan, W. J.. 366, 391, 410 

Bucharest. 416 

Buckner, S. B., 364 

Bucquoy, 438 

Buena Ventura torpedoed, 441 

"Buffalo Bill." 388 

Bukowina, 414, 416 

Bulgaria, 399, 412, 413, 442.,443, 444 

Bullard, General, 446 

Bullen. Frank T.. 370 

Bulwark destroyed, 409 . --- 



i 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



507 



Burleson, Albert S., 390 
Buso. Monte Salbella, 425 
Bussiares, 432 
Butte de Mesnil, 442 
Byng, General, 424, 430, 438 
Bzura, 408 

C 

Caillaux, Joseph, 390, 426 

Caillaux, Mme., 364 

Caledonia torpedoed, 419 

Cambrai, 420, 430, 440, 446 

Cambrai, Isattle of, 424 

Camelin. 438 

Camerontan sunk, 423 

Campbell, James, 362 

Canada, peace conference, 363; first draft, 
391; woman's suffrage in, 391; soldiers 
refuse to listen to Bryan, 391; first gas 
used against, 410; captures Hill 70, 
422; enters Lens, 422 

Canal du Nord, 440 

Cannon, James G., 380 

Canny-sur-Matz, 438 

Capo Sile, 433, 43S 

Cappy, 438 

Carey, General, 430 

Carlstrom, Victor, 374, 380 

Carpathia sunk, 437 

Carpenter, Boyd, 400 

Carpenter, Rt. Rev. William, 400 

Carranza, General, 36s, 369. 375. 383. 
385 

Carreno, Mme. Teresa, 388 

Carso, 417. 423 

Carson, Sir Edward, 362, 368, 390, 426 

Casel, 430 

Casement, Sir Roger, 374, 376, 416 

Castalunga, 43s 

Castle, Vernon, 400 

Castro, General Cipriano, 378 

Cavan, Lord, 449 

Cecil, Lord Robert, 400 

Central Powers, separated from Greece, 
418; armistice with Russian Bolsheviki, 
424; signs peace with Ukraine, 426: 
Rumania makes petce with, 426, 428, 
432 

Cettinje, 41S 

Chagas, Jaago, 367 

Chalandry , 448 

Chamberlain. Joseph, 364 

Chamorro, Emiliano, 381 

Champagne, 412, 428 

Champillon, 432 

Chang, General Hsun, 385 

Charles, Emperor of Austria, 381, 399, 451 

Ch&teau-Porcieu, 448 

Ch3.teau-Thierry, 432 

Chaulnes, 416, 420 

Chemin des Dames, 424, 426, 432, 440, 446 

Cheppy, 442 

Child Labor Bill, 378 

Chile, 369, 4CI, 409 

China, 366, 367, 369, 377, 381, 385, 395. 
399, 420, 422 

Chita, 435 

Choate, Joseph H., 388 

Chouvaiev, General, 373 

Chuignolle, 438 

Churchill, Winston, 370 



City of Athens sunk, 423 

Claflin Company, H. B., 362 

Claude, Achille, 400 

Clemenceau, 424 

Clerembant Wood, 432 

Coblenz, 452 

Cocos Island, 409 

CDdy, Colonel William P., 388 

Col di Chelo, 43S 

Col d'Echele, 427 

Col del Rosso, 425, 427, 43s 

Collier, Price, 364 

Collier, Rob't J., 400 

Cologne, 452 

Colombia, 397 

Combles, " Tanks " first used at, 416 

Comines, 446 

Comstock, Anthony, 370 

Conegliano, 449. 450 

Conference. International Business, 362 

Confians, 448 

Congress. Sixty-fifth, 382 

Connolly, James, 374 

Conscription, in Australia, 389; Irish, 392, 

in England, 414 
Conservation, 386 
Constabulary, State, established by New 

York, 384 
Constantine, King of Greece, 422 
Corfu, 415 
Corinth, 423 
Corno di Cabento, 437 
Cornwallis sunk, 419 
Costa Rica, 383 
Cote de Chatillon, 446 
Cotton, price conventions, 364; high 

prices, 384 
Courcelles, 432 
Couzins, Phoebe, 364 
Christian, King of Denmark, 367 
Covington sunk, 43s 
Cracow, 40S 
Cramoiselle, 436 
Crane, Walter, 370 
Craonne, 422 
Crecy sunk, 407 
Creelman, James T., 370 
Crimea, 452 
Crise River, 436 
Croisilles, 430 
Croix Ricard, 432 
Ctesiphon, battle of, 413 
Cuba, 382, 395. 397, 420, 424 
Cui, Cesar, 400 
CulRarian sunk, 429 
Cullom, S. M., 364 
Cuts, 438 
Cymric sunk, 415 
Czecho-Slovaks, 396, 398, 433. 43S. 437. 

440, 441, 446, 448 
Czernin, Count, 393 
Czejrnqwitz. 414 

D 

Dago, 424 

Dahrabend, 419 

Dalny, 367 

Damascus, 44S 

"Danby, Frank," 380 

Danish West Indieg, 378, 382 

Danlon sunk, 4?! 



5o8 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Danube River, 448, 451 

Dardanelles, 409, 411, 413 

Dato, Eduardo, 385 

Davis, Henry Gassaway, 380 

Davis, Richard Harding, 380 

Daylightsaving, in France, 392 ; in United 

States, 302, 398 
Debeney, General, 436, 438, 440, 444, 448, 

451 
de Broqueville, Baron, 395 
Debs, Eugene V., 396 
Dedeagatch. 413, 415 
Degoutte, General, 442 
Delcasse resigns, 368 
Delville Wood, 416 
Denain. 446 
Deniecourt. 416 

Denmark, 366, 367. 378, 382, 395, 401 
de Radecz, Baron, 393 
de Reszke, Edouard, 388 
Deroulede, Paul, 364 
Deuischland, submarine merchantman, 

378, 417 
De Vinne, Theodore, 364 
De Wet, General, 409 
Dewey, Admiral George, 388 
Diaz, General, 447. 450 
Diaz, Porfirio, 370 
District of Columbia" dry, " 382 
Dixmude,4o8, 442, 446 
Dodd, Colonel, 373 
Dnieper, 428 
Dobrudja, 416 
Doggerbank, 409 
Doiran, Lake, 440 
Donovan. Mike, 400 
Dopelil Thouras sunk, 439 
Dormans, 432 
Douai, 446 

Douaumont, Port, 414 
Dougherty, J. Hampden, 400 
Dover, 421 
Dover Castle sunk, 423 
Draft, 374. 390, 391. 393. 394. 396, 398, 

422 
Drake torpedoed, 425 
Draper, Eben S., 364 
Dresden sunk, 411 

Drocourt-Queant "switch line," 440 
Dufferin and Alva. Marquis of, 400 
du Fournet, Admiral, 419 
Dumba, Dr., 412 
Dunajec, battle of, 410 
Durazzo, 363, 444 
Dyes from coal-tar, discovered, 368 



Eastman Kodak Company, 368 
Echegaray, Don Jos6, 380 
Ecuador, 373 
Edison, Thomas A., 366 
Egypt, 365, 408, 413, 41S, 42s 
Ehrlich, Dr. Paul, 370 
Ekaterinburg, 397, 441 
Elkus, Abram I., 378 
Ellis, Edward S.. 380 
Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, 380 
Emden sunk. 409 
Emergency Ship Bill, 364 
Emmet, Thos. Addis, 40Q 



England, fleet leaves Portsmouth, 364; 
declines to pledge neutrality, 364;closes 
Suez Canal, 370; Military Service Bill, 
374; releases prisoners taken in Irish 
rebellion, 384; agreement with United 
States about draft, 390; makes declara- 
tion about Russia, 392; retains Irish 
conscription, 392; man-power bill, 392; 
recognizes Czecho-Slovaks, 396; Ger- 
man submarines surrender to, 400; 
Council proposed, 404; moratorium pro- 
claimed, 404 ; Albert of Belgium appeals 
to, 404; Grey's speech, 404; declares 
war on Germany, 404 ; third flotilla, 40S ; 
declares war on Austria, 406; treaty 
with France and Russia. 406; India 
offers aid. 406; occupies Ostend, 406; 
naval victory in Heligoland Bight, 407; 
declares war on Turkey, 408; declara- 
tion about Egypt, 408; "war-zone" 
408; line pierced near Neuve ChapeUe, 
408 ; wins at La Bass6e, 408 ; naval vic- 
tory off Falkland Islands and Dogger- 
bank, 409; "official blockade" of, 409; 
bombards Dardanelles, 409; first air 
raid on, 409; occupies Basra, 409; oc- 
cupies Garub, 409; declares blockade, 
410; captures Neuve Chapelle, 410; 
raidson London, 411,413,423,425.427, 
429; defeated on Tigris, 411, 41S; na- 
tional registration in, 412; declares war 
on Bulgaria, 412; wins near Hooge and 
Loos, 412; Haig commands army, 412; 
fleet bombards Dedeagatch, 413; re- 
treats to Kut-el-Amara, 413; defea-s 
Arabs. 413; withdraws from Gallipoli, 
413; conscription in. 414; retakes "in- 
ternational trench," 414; wins at St. 
E!oi.4T4; loses Vimy Ridge. 4i4_;Towns- 
hend surrenders, 415; Russia joins, 41S; 
evacuates Gallipoli, 41S; advances on 
Somme. 416; takes Delville Wood, 416; 
captures Pozieres, 416; first uses"tanks," 
416; crosses Struma. 417; bombards 
Kavala. 41"; Asquith ministry resigns, 
418; new blockade order. 418; takes 
Grandcourt, 418; advances on Ancre, 
418; attacks Magdhaba. 419; attacks 
near Kut, 419; takes Dahrabend, 419; 
takes Kut-el-Amara, 419; takes Gom- 
mecourt. Somme front. Bapaume, _Per- 
onne, Neles, Chaulnes, and Arlieux, 
420; retakes Vimy Ridge. 420; advances 
on Scarpe. 420; advances near Salonika, 
42 1; reaches Bakuba, 421; takes Bag- 
dad, 421; conquers at Gaza, 421; blows 
no Messines Ridges. 422 ; advances near 
Lens, 42 2; defeats at Jebel Hamrin,423; 
sugar ration in, 424; attacks east of 
Ypres,424 ;tanksat Cambrai, 424;takes 
Bourlon Wood. 424; loses trenches at 
Ypres, 424; attacks on Cambrai front; 
424; in Italy, 425; takes Gaza, Jaffa, 
Jerusalem, and Bireh, 425; meatless 
days. 426; refuses recognition of Brest- 
Litovsk treaty, 426; in Ireland. 426; in 
Palestine. 427; takes Dutch shipping, 
428; attacks in Yores-Dixmude sector, 
428; advances in Mesopotamia, 429; ap- 
peals for aid, 430; man-power bill, 430; 
final operations on Western front, 430, 
432, 434. 436, 438, 440. 442, 444. 446. 



^ 



i 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



509 



England — Continued 

448, 451 ; blockades Zeebrugge, 431; 
advances in Palestine, 431, 433, cap- 
tures Kirfa, 431 ; agreement about pris- 
oners, 436; munition workers strike, 
436; defeats Austrians, 437; consuls held 
by Bolsheviki, 440 , drive on Macedon- 
ian front, 440, 441 ; Allenby commands 
army, 441 ; victorious in Palestine, 441, 
443; Bulgaria appeals to, 442 ; bombards 
Nieuport to Zeebrugge, 442; enters 
Strumnitza, 442; advances up Tigris, 
44s; occupies Damascus, 447; occupies 
Sidon, Tripolis, and Horns, 447 ; crosses 
Piave, 449; enters Kirkuk, crosses 
Sessez Zab, and takes Kalat Shergat, 
449; enters Germany, 452; occupies 
Cologne, 452 ; summary of treaty made 
public, 432 ; summary of German reply 
made public, 452 ; summary of reply to 
Germany made public, 4S2; revised 
text of treaty made public, 4S2; Ger- 
manj' accepts terms, 452 ; peace signed, 
4S2 ; final draft of treaty, 452 

Englefontaine, 448 

Erzerum, 415, 429 

Espain, 448 

Espionage Act, 392, 396 

Estaires, 430 

Esthonia, 452 

Euphrates sunk, 419 

Euphrates River, 413 

Exchange, Stock, in London, 366 

Exposition, Anglo-American, 362 



Fabre, Jean Henri, 370 

Faguet, Emile, 380 

Fairbanks, Charles W., 376, 400 

Falaba sunk. 411 

Falkland Islands, 409 

Famars, 448 

Fayolle, General. 430 

Fels, Joseph, 364 

Feng, Kwo-Chang. General, 381 

Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, 399, 444 

Finland, 39i, 397, 401, 428, 430, 431, 436 

Pismes. 436, 438 

Fitzsimmons. Robert, 388 

Flan'^ers, 408, 428, 442, 446 

Flanders, battle of, 422 

Flat River, Missouri, miners ejected, 384 

Fleurbaix, 430 

Fleury, 416 

Flint, Dr. Austin, 370 

Fiorina, 416 

Foch, Marshal, 306, 430, 447, 4.i;r, 452 

Fonzaso, 42s 

Pood Stimulation Bill, 398, 400 

Ford, Henry, 370 
J Porman, Justus Miles, 370 
' Formidable sunk, 409 

Poscani, 416, 419 

Possoy, 436 

Prance, Prohibition established in, 366; 
Delcass6 resigns, 368; Viviani resigns, 
38'); Gallieni resigns, 372 ; Canalat Mar- 
seilles opened, 374; first secret session 
of Chamber of Deputies under Third 
Republic, 376; Daylight saving in, 392; 



makes declaration concerning Russian 
government, 392, Germany issues ulti- 
matum to, 404, mobilizes, 404; de- 
clares war on Germany, 404; invaded 
by Germany, 403, engagement at Bel- 
fort. 403; declares war on Austria, 406; 
government moved to Bordeaux, 406; 
signs treaty with Great Britain and 
Russia nou to make separate peace, 
406; occupies Miillhausen, 406; govern- 
ment returns to Paris, 408; captures 
Steinbach, 408; with England bom- 
bards Dardenelles, 409; captures Laby- 
yrinth, 410; attack in Champagne fails, 
412; lands at Corfu, 415; gains north 
and south of Somme, 416; captures 
Fleury, 418; successful at Verdun, 4x6; 
captures Vermandovillers, Deniecourt, 
Berry, 416; closes in on Vaux Fort, 
416; takes Chaulnes, 416; appoints 
Petam Chief of staff, 419, takes Noyon, 
420; takes Monastir, 421; advances 
near Craonne, 422; first American 
troops in, 422; captures Hill 304, 422; 
attacks at Verdun, 422; lands force 
at Corinth, 423; Clemenceau Premier, 
424; Inter-Aliied War Council, 424; 
agrees to exchange of prisoners with 
Germany, 424; captures Malmaison. 
424; troops arrive in Italy, 42S, post 
and telegraph under military control, 
426; Caillaux arrested, 426; decrees 
bread ration, 426; repulses attacks 
north of Chemin des Dames, 426; 
penetrates near Rheims, 428; air-raid on 
Paris, 429; Poch commander-in-chief, 
430; calls men of 19. 430; final opera- 
tions on Western front, 430, 432, 434, 
436. 438, 440. 442. 444. 446, 448, 451; 
Paris bombarded by long range guns, 
431; declares meatless days, 431; coun- 
ter-attacks on Asiago Plateau, 43s; con- 
suls held by Bolsheviki, 440; drive on 
Macedonian front, 440; attacks Turks, 
441; cavalry occupy Prilep, 442: invests 
Kichevo, 442; occupies Beirut, 447; 
takes Sisemol, 449; enters Strasbourg 
and Mainz, 432; peace negotiations 
and signing of treaty, 454 

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 380, 
381, 416 

Franconia sunk, 417 

Frank, Leo, 368 

Prankau, Mrs. Julia ("Prank Danby"). 
380 

Franz Ferdinand of Austria, 404 

French, Sir John, 412 

Priscourt, 416 

Prise, 414 

Prohman, Charles, 370 

Fryatt, Captain, 416 

Frye, William P., sunk, 409 

Fuller, Anna, 380 

Fuller, Frank, 370 

Fuller, Paul, 370 

Furka, 413 



Galicia, 406, 422 
Gallia sunk, 417 
Gallieni, General, 372 



510 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Gallipoli, 411, 413, 41S 

Galway Castle sunk, 441 

Gardsko. 442 

Garrison, Lindley M., 372 

Garub, 409 

Gary system, New York City, 386 

Garzza, Colonel, 367 

Gas first employed, 410 

Gasconier sunk, 439 

Gaza, 421, 42s 443 

Gercourt, 442 

Germany, asks Great Britain to pledge 
neutrality, 364; ultimatum sent to, by 
Japan, 365 ; Japan declares war on, 36s ; 
seizes food supply, 367; von Bethmann- 
Hollweg announces that after war last- 
ing peace will be procured by an Inter- 
national League, 381; strikes in, 391; 
recognizes Lithuanian independence, 
395 ratifies treaty with Rumania, 397 ; 
Russia pays first instalment of war in- 
demnity to, 399; Socialistsin, 399; peace 
demonstrations in, 399; Kaiser sum- 
mons rulers, 399; intention of Kaiser to 
abd!cate,399;Americanforcesenter,400; 
submarines surrender, 400; appeals to 
United States, 401; Bavaria separates 
from. 40 1 ; Kaiser abdicates, 40 1 ; United 
States troops enter Prussia, 401 ; Crown 
Prince renounces rights to throne, 401 ; 
Poland severs relations with, 401; 
Declares state of war, 404; issues u1- 

- timatum to Russia and France, 404; 
declares war on Russia, 404; France 
declares war on, 404; Great Britain 
declares war on. 404; invades Luxem- 
burg, France, and Belgium, 405; bom- 
bards Liege, 40s ; engagement at Bel- 
fort, 405; frontier crossed by Russia, 
405; naval battle off Libau, 405; en- 
gagement with British third flotilla, 
40S; Japan sends ultimatum to. 406; 
Japan declares war on, 406; overruns 
Belgium, 406; captures Li6ge, 406 
captures Louvain, 406; occupies Sois 
sons and Amiens, 406; captures^Mau 
berge, 406; captures Antwerp, Ghent 
St. Mihiel. 406; proclaims "war-zone' 
around British Isles, 408; enters Ant 
werp, captures Messines, 408; occupies 
Dixmude.40S; defeated at the Yser,4o8; 
victorious near Soisson, 408; checked 
at La Bass^e, 408; uses liquid fire, 408 
defeatedinPoland,4o8; evacuates Lodz, 
408 ; rail iesin Poland, 408 ; naval victories 
off Chile, 409; naval raid into British 
waters. 400; bombardsHartlepool, Scar- 
borough. Whitby. 409; oflScial blockade 
of Great Britain commences, 409; 
makes first air-raid on England, 409; 
blockaded by England, 410; warns 
against embarking on vessels for Great 
Britain, 410; Lusiiania and Gulflight 
notes, 410; first uses gas, 410; attains 
footing on Hill 60, 410; invades Baltic 
Provinces, 410; defeats Russia in Car- 
pathians, 410; occupies Libau. 410; 
with Austria retakes Przemysl, 410 ; 
recaptures Lemherg, 410; pledges safety 
of United States vessels, 412; expresses 
regret over Nrbraskan and Arabic. 412; 
recalls Boy-Ed and von Papen, 412, 



Crown Prince attacks in Argonne, 412: 
successful m Poland, 412; takes oflen 
sive at Riga, 412; defeated near Tarn 
opol, 412; masses troops on Serbian 
frontier, 413; conquest of Serbia, 413. 
occupies Belgrade. 413; bombards 
Windau, 413; naval action in Baltic. 
413; transport sunk in Baltic, 413; 
naval defeat in Gulf of Riga. 413; 
submarine destroyed oflf Ostend. 413. 
armed merchant vessels treated as 
warships, 414; acknowledges liabil- 
ity m Lusiiania affair. 414; declares 
war on Portugal. 414; sends note on 
sinking of Sussex. 414; United States 
sends ultimatum to, 414; gains at Fnse, 
414; captures Port Douaumont, 414; at- 
tacks west of Meuse, 414; wins advance 
toward Zillebeke, 414; takes Vaux, 
414; von Tirpitz resigns, 415; shoots 
Captain Fryatt, 416; Italy declares war 
on, 416; Rumania declares war on, 416; 
von Hindenburg appointed Chief of 
General Staff, 416; Allies fail to break 
lines of, on the Somme, 416; captures 
Thiaumont, 416; Prussian Guards, de- 
feated at Guillemont, 416; peace offer, 
416; announces unrestricted submarine 
warfare, 418, United States severs diplo- 
maticrelations with, 418; winsat Rinnie, 
418; takes Foscani. 419; announces 
unrestricted submarine warfare, 419; 
China breaks relations with. 420 ; United 
States declares war on, 420; Cuba de- 
clares war on. 420; Guatemala severs 
relations with. 420; retires to Hinden- 
burg line, 420; raids Dover, 421; 
Liberia severs connection with, 422; 
Greece enters war against, 422; resig- 
nation of von Bethmann-Hollweg, 422; 
Michaelis chancellor, 422; China de- 
clares war on, 422; replies to Pope's 
peace proposals, 422 ; recaptures Halicz 
and Stanislaw, 422; mutiny in fleet at 
Wilhelmshaven and Kiel, 423; second 
mutiny, 423; Brazil declares war on, 
424; von Hertling, chancellor, 424; arm-_ 
istice with Russia, 424; agrees to ex-, 
change prisoners with France, 424; re-* 
treats from Chemin des Dames, 424; 
first dash with Americans, 424; cap- 
tures Riga, 424; occupies Oesel and Dago 
Islands, 424; Hindenburg line broken, 
424; counter-drive in Italy, 425; with 
Austrians wins in Italy, 42s; takes 
Col de Rosso, 425 ; losses in MonteTom- 
ba section, 42.=;; four mine sweepers de- 
stroyed off Jutland. 42s; attacks con- 
voy of neutral vessels, 427 ; raid in North 
Sea, 42s; driven from East Africa, 425; 
von Hertling outlines peace terms, 426; 
repulsed between Lens and St. Quentin 
426; gainsnearNieuport. 426 ;bombards 
American line in Lorraine. 426; renews 
war on Russia. 426; takes Minsk and 
Rovno, Reval. Pskof^, 426; repulred 
nearVenice, 427 ; movesbackfromPiave. 
427; lines broken east of Asiapo, 427; 
repulsed at Morte di Val Bella. 427: 
mutiny at Kiel. 427: signs treaty with 
Finland. /128; attacks in Ypres-Dixmude 
sector. 428, reaches Dnieper, 428; occu- 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



5^1 



Germany — Continued 

pies Kieff, 429; planes raid London, 429; 
final drive and concluding operations on 
Western front, 430, 432, 434. 436. 438. 
440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 45 1 ; continues 
advance in Ukraine, 430; mutiny at 
Limburg, 430; occupies Helsingfors, 430 ; 
takes Hango, 431 ; Zeebrugge blockaded 
by British, 431; Nicaragua declares 
war on, 432; occupies Sebastopol. 
Bjorko, 432; submarines sink boats off 
United States coast, 433; foreign min- 
ister resigns, 436; Socialists refuse to 
vote for budget, 436; agreement with 
Great Britain about prisoners, 436; 
Haiti and Honduras declare war on, 
436 ; Russian and Finnish delegates meet 
in Berlin, 436; ambassador to Russia 
flees to Moscow, 438; makes peace offer 
to Belgium, 440; von Hertling resigns, 
442; requests immediate armistice, 444! 
United States replies to peace note. 446; 
accepts terms, 446; Socialists demand 
abdication of Kaiser, 448; recalls sub- 
marines, 449 ; Allies sign truce terms for, 
451; Kaiser abdicates, 451; armistice 
signed by, 451; peace negotiations and 
final treaty, 452 

Ghent, 406, 446 

Gilder, jeannette L., 380 

Gill, Sir David, 364 

Ginn, Edwin, 364 

Givenchy, 430 

Gladden. Rev. Dr. Washington, 400 

Glass, Carter, 400 

Glenari Castle torpedoed, 427 

Goehen, 407, 427 

Goethals, General, 382 

Goliath torpedoed, 411 

Gomme court, 420, 438 

Gonzales, Alfred, 383 

Gorizia, 417. 423 

Goschen, Sir E., 404 

Gough, General, 430 

Gouraud, General, 442, 452 

Grandcourt, 418, 438 

Grandeles, 432 

Grandlup, 448 

Grand Pr6, 446 

Grau, Robert, 380 

Grave di Papadopoll, 449 

Great Britain, 5ee England 

Greece, Venizelos resigns, 367; Zaimi 
resigns, 371; Zaimi's ministry resigns, 
379, 416; entente to, 412 ; invites Allies 
to land at Salonika. 413; protests when 
French land at Corfu, 415; coast block- 
aded by Allies. 416; army corps cap- 
tured at Kavala, 417; separated from 
Central Powers, 4x8; Constantine ab- 
dicates, 422; enters war against Ger- 
many, 422; drive on Macedonian front, 
440; invests Kichevo, 442 

Green, Hetty, 380 

Greenhut, Captain Joseph B., 400 

Gregory. Eliot, 370 

Grey, Sir Edward, 404 

Griswold, Putnam, 364 

Grodno, 408, 412 

Gross, Hans, 370 

Guadalajara, 363 

Guam, 397 



Guatemala, 389, 420 

Guerra, Jos6 Gutierrez, 38s 

Guicy, 442 

Guild, Curtis, 370 

Guildford Castle torpedoed, 429 

Guillaumat, General, 452 

Guillemont, 416 

Gulflight, 41C, 411 

Gulick, Dr. Luther, 400 

Gutierrez, ex-President, 367 



Hague, The. representatives of the United 
States, Holland, and China sign anti- 
opium protocol at, 366 

Haig, Sir Douglas, 412, 418, 430 

Halicz, 422 

Halifax disaster, 388, 425 

Halluin, 446 

Hamadan, 413 

Hamburg-American Line, Four officials 
of, convicted in United States, 370 

Hamel, 430 

Hampshire sunk, 415 

Handzeeme, 444 

Hango. 431 

Hardie, James K.. 370 

Harding, Lieut. -Colonel Chester, 382 

Harper, John Wesley, 37° 

Hartlepool, 409 

Haute Deule Canal, 446 

Haumont, 440 

Hautebraye, 432 

Havre, 406 

Havrincourt, 440 

Hay Bill, 362 

Hayti, 368, 369, 436 

Heidenstam, Vernar, 380 

Hela sunk, 407 

Held, Anna. 400 

Heligoland Bight, 407 

Helsingfors, 430 

Herron, George Davis. 452 

Herreshoff, John Brown, 370 

Herschel, Sir William James, 388 

Hervieu, Paul, 370 

Hesperian sunk. 413 

Heyse, Paul. 364 

Hill. James J.. 380 

Hill 44, 432 

Hill 60, 410 

Hill 70, 422 

Hill 229. 446 

Hill 304, 422 

"Hindenburg line, " 420, 424, 438, 440 

Hirson, 448, 451 

Hodgenville, Ky., Lincoln Memorial at, 
378 

Hague sunk, 407 

Holland. 366. 373. 397, 399. 428, 451 

Holland, J. P.. 364 

Hollebeke, 430 

Holt, Frank, 368 

Homs, 447 

Honduras declares war on Germany, 436 

Hooge, 412 

Hooglede, 444 

Hoover, Herbert S., 390 

Home, 446 

House. Colonel E. M., 424. 452 

Hsu Shih Chang, Pres. of China, 399 



512 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Hubbard, Elbert, 370 

Huerta, General, 367, 373, 380 

Hughes, Charles Evans, 376 

Humbert, General, 436, 438 

Hunding line, 446 

Hungary, 391. 397, 401. 426, 447, 448, 

449, 450, 451 
Hussien I, King of Hedjaz, 441 
Hylan, John F.. 386 



II Montello, 435 

India, 406, 409, 44s, 449 

Ingelmunster, 446 

Insurance, Federal bureau of war risk 
marine, 364 

"International trench," 414 

Ireland, Ulster volunteers land armies, 
362; Ulster organizes "provisional gov- 
erment, " 362; Sir Edward Carson re- 
signs from British Cabinet, 368; Sir 
Roger Caseinent arrested, 374; revolt in, 
374; martial law in, 374; Baron Wim- 
borne resigns, 374; James Connolly 
executed, 374; exempt from British 
Military Service Bill, 374; Sir Roger 
Casement tried and found guilty, 376; 
British Government decides to release 
prisoners taken in Irish Rebellion of 
April, 1 916, 384; Sinn Feiners take Kil- 
temagh, 390; insurrection in, 414; Sir 
Roger Casement executed, 416; British 
troops in, 426; Sinn Feiners arrested, 
432 

Ireland, John, Archbishop, 400 

Irigoyen, Hipolito, 377 

Irish Home Rule Bill, 362 

Irvins, William, 370 

Ishii. Viscount, 391 

Ishtib, 442 

Isonzo, 411, 417. 423 

Ispahan. 415 

Italy, Salandra ministry resigns, 367; de- 
clares war on Austria, 410; advances in 
Trentino. 411; crosses Isonzo. 411; oc- 
cupies Montfalcone, 411; declares war 
on Turkey, 412; air-raid of Austria on, 
41S; Austria attacks through the Tren- 
tino, 41s; declares War on Germany, 
416; advances toward Carso, 417; ad- 
vances in Adige valley, 417; wins Gor- 
izia, 417; crosses Vallone, 417; suc- 
cessful on Carso, 417 ; advances on 
Julian front, 417; joins French in Al- 
bania, 418; offensive on Isonzo front. 
423; captures Gorizia, Monte Santo, 
Monte San Gabriele, 423; offensive on 
Trentino, 423 ; captures Pass of Agnelio, 
advance on Carso, 423; new drive on 
Isonzo, 423; MonteSanto captured. 423 ; 
German- Austrian counter drive in . 4 1 s ; 
British troops arrive in, 425; evacu- 
ates Fonzaso,42 5; retakes Mt. Asolone, 
42s; loses in Asiago section. 425; tor- 
pedoes two Austrian battleships. 425; 
food restrictions in, 426; repulses Ger- 
mans near Venice, 427 ; capture Col del 
Rosso.Col d'Echele. 427; victorious east 
of Asiago, 427; takes Monte di Val 
Bella, 427: shatters Austrian attack, 
427; Aldieri war minister, 430; Czechs 



and Slavs join, 433; captures Monte 
Corno, 433; victorious at Capo Sile, 
advance near Prente, 433 ; counter- 
attacks. 435; forces Austrians back 
across Piave, 435; captures Monte di 
Valbella, Sasso Rosso, 43s; Col del 
Rosso and Col di Chelo,435 ; raids Monte 
Grappa region, 43s ; drives last of Aus- 
trians across Piave, 435; on Western 
Front. 436; occupies Corno di Cabento 
and Monte Stabiel. 437; drive on Mace- 
donian front, 440; invests Kichevo. 442; 
occupies Durazzo and Berat, 444; en- 
ters Elbasan and invests Tirana, 446; 
ordered _ by Foch to attack Austro- 
Hungarian armies, 447; takes Monte 
Solarolo, 449; with British crosses 
Piave, 449; crosses Montello, 449; ad- 
vances on thirty-mile front, 449; cuts 
Tyrol-Belluno line, 450; occupies Ro- 
vereto, Trent. Udine. Trieste, and Pola, 
450; Austria-Hungary capitulates to 
General Diaz, 450; armistice between 
Italy and Austria-Hungary, 450; Victor 
Emmanuel enters Trieste. 450; Austria 
accepts truce terms of, 451 

Ito, Count, 364 

Ivangorod, 412 



Jacob Jones sunk, 425 

Jacobs, Dr. Joseph, 380 

Jaffa, 42s 

James. Henry, 380 

James, Ollie M., 396 

Japan, ratifies treaty with United States, 
363; demands Kiao-chow, 36s; declares 
war on Germany, 365, 408; lilockades, 
Kiao-chow, 365; lease of Dalny and 
Port Arthur. 367; Ishii, ambassador to 
United States, 391; no intervention in 
Siberia, 393; naval convention between 
China and, 395; food riots in 397; cabi- 
net resigns, 399 ; ultimatum to Germany, 
406; bombards Tsing-tau, 407; cap- 
tures Tsing-tau, 409; military opera- 
tions in Siberia. 426; General Otani in 
Siberia, 430; cabinet resigns, 440 

Jaulgonne, 436 

Jebel Hamrin, 421, 423 

Jellicoe, Sir John, 425 

Jericho, 427 

Jerusalem, 425 

Joseffy, Rafael, 370 

Julian front, 417 

Juslicia sunk, 437 

Jutland, 415, 42s 

Juvigny. 440 

K 

Kaiser William II., 399, 401, 448, 451 

Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse sunk, 407 

Kalogeropoulos, Nikolas, 379 

Kamerun. 415 , 

Kavala, 417 

Keating Child Labor Bill, 372 

Keith. A. Paul. 400 

Keith, B. F., 364 

Kellogg, Clara Louise. 380 

Kemal, Hussein, Sultan of Egypt, 388 






SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



513 



Kerensky, 422, 424 
Kermanshah, 41S 
Keyes, Sir Roger, 446 
Kiao-chow, 365 
Kichevo, 442 
Kief, 391, 395. 427. 429 
Kiel, 423. 427 
Kirfa, 431 
Kirkuk, 449 
Kishineff, 426 
Kitchener, Lord, 380, 41s 
Klein, Charles. 370 
Kobb6, Gustav, 400 
Kochana, 442 
Kossuth, Francis, 364 
Kovno, 412 
Kraguievatz, 413 
Kreisler, Fritz, 392 
Kriemhilde line, 442, 444 
Krithia, Heights of, 411 
Krivolak, 442 
Kuropatkin, General, 414 
Kut-el-Amara, 413. 4^5. 4ie 



La Bass6e, 408, 436 

Labor, big strike at Bayonne, N. J., 368; 
Child Labor Bill, 378 ; railroad strike in 
Spain, 379; martial law proclaimed in 
Spain, 383; striking miners ejected 
from Bisbee, Arizona, 384; one thousand 
foreign born miners ejected from Flat 
River, Missouri, 384; strikes in Austria, 
391; in Germany, 391; 100 I. W. W.'s 
convicted, 396 

"Labyrinth," 410 

La Capelle, 451 

Laconia torpedoed, 419 

La Fere, 446, 448 

Lansing, Robert, 366, 378, 390, 452 

Laon, 446 

Lassigny, 430, 438 

Laurentic sunk, 419 

Law. Ruth, 380 

Lawe River, 436 

League of Nations, 45 2 

Leaso'ive Castle sunk, 433 

Le Cateau, 446, 448 

Lechtervelde, 446 

Lee, Tom, 400 

Le Hamel. 438 

Lembe- g. 406, 410 

Lenine, Nicholas, 397, 440 

Lens, 422, 426, 444 

Leonardo da Vinci lost, 417 

Leschetizky, Theodore, 370 

Lettish Republic, 4S2 

Leuze, 4s i 

Libau. 40s, 410 

Liberia severs relations with Germany, 
422 

Liberty Loan, first, 422; second, 424; third, 
392, 394; fourth, 398 

Li6ge, 40s, 406 

Liggett, General Hunter, 440 

Lihons, 438 

Liliuokalani, Queen, 388 

Lille, 442, 444, 446 

Limburg, 430 

Lincoln. Abraham. 378 

Lincoln Farm Association, 378 



"Liquid fire, " 40S 

Lithuania, 395, 401, 452 

Livenza, 450 

Li Yuan-hung, 377 

Lloyd George, 418, 430 

Locon, 430 

Lodz, 408 

London, air-raids on, 411, 413, 423, 425, 

427, 429 
London, Jack, 380 
Long, John D., 370 ^ 

Loos, 412 
Lorraine, 426, 428 
Louvain sunk, 427 
Louvain, 406 
Low, Seth, 380 
Lowell, Dr. Percival, 380 
Lubin, 412 
Luce, 430 

Ludlow, Rear-Admiral Nicoll, 370 
Lufburry, Major R., 400 
Luna, Pelagia, 377 
Lun^ville, 428 

Lusitania, the, 410, 411, 412, 414 
Lutsk, 414 

Luxburg dispatches, 424 
Luxemburg 40s 
Lvoff, Prince, 420, 422 
Lys, 432, 448 

M 

McAdoo, William G., 394, 400 

McBurney, Charles, 364 

McCall, Governor Samuel W., 386 

McCann, Lieutenant Hanson. 386 

McCrae, Lieutenant-Colonel John, 400 

McGovern, Terry, 400 

MacMillan, Donald B., 384 

" Maartens Maartens, " 370 

Macedonia, 412, 413, 440, 441, 442 

Mainz, 452 

Mackensen, General, 416, 423, 426 

Magdhaba, 419 

Madeslic torpedoed, 411 

Malay Archipelago, 383 

Malmaison Fort, 424 

Mangin, General, 436, 438, 440, 446 

Manheulles, 440 

Mannerheim, General, 401 

March, General, 390 

Marchesi, Mme.. 364 

Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria, 400 

Marmora sunk. 437 

Marne, battle of. 406 

Marne River, 406, 432, 434 

Marshall, Thomas R., 376 

Marshall. General, 44S, 449 

Martin, Don, 400 

Matz, 432, 434 

Maubeuge, 406. 451 

Maude, Major F. Stanley, 388 

Maxim, Hiram, 380 

Mazy, 436 

Mecca, 377 

Medulla sunk, 427 ' 

Memel, 405 

Menin, 446 

Mercalli. G., 364 

Mercatel, 438 

Mery, 432 

MetchnikofI, Professor Elie, 380 



514 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Mesopotamia, 423, 429, 431 

Messines Ridge, 408, 422, 430 

Messudiyeh torpedoed, 409 

Metz. 440 

Meuse River, 406, 414, 442 

Mexico, delegates at Niagara announce 
willingness of Huerta to resign, 363; 
rebels capture Zacatecas Tampico and 
Guadalajara, 363; General Huerta re- 
signs presidency, 363; Senor Francisco 
Carbajal becomes^ president, 363; Car- 
bajal resigns presidency, 36s; General 
Carranza becomes president, 365; ex- 
president Gutierrez surrenders to Car- 
ranza. 367; Colonel Garzza selected as 
president, 367; Generals Huerta and 
Orozco arrested, 367; embargo on arms 
for, decla'-ed by United States, 368; 
General Villa accepts good offices of 
the United States and other American 
republics, 369; the United States and 
eight American republics recognize 
General Carranza as leader of prevailing 
power in Mexico, 369; Villa bandits 
shoot nineteen Americans, 372; Huerta 
dies. 373; United States cavalry fight 
with Villa troops at San Geronimo, 373; 
General Carranza demands withdrawal 
of American troops from. 375 ; organized 
militia of United States called for ser- 
vice on border of, 376; American troops 
enter, 377; Carranza issues ultimatum 
to United States, 377; Pershing expedi- 
tion to, ordered withdrawn, 382; Car- 
TS.r\-'a. elected president, 383; takes 
oath of office as president, 385 , taxes oil 
lands, 391; severs relations with Cuba, 

M6zieres, 45 1 

M6zieres-Metz railway, 448 

Michaelis, 422, a 24 

Military, draft bill. New York State, 374; 
service Bill in Great Britain, 374; 
Service Act in Canada. 391; United 
States Selective Service Act, 422 

Milner, Viscount, 392 

Milyukoff, M., 420, 422 

Minsk. 426 

Mistral. Frederic. 364 

Mitchel John Purroy. 386, 396, 400 

Mitchell. S. Weir, 364 

Mlawa regions, 408 

Moeuvres, 440 

Mohammed V.. Sultan of Turkey, 397. 400 

Mohammed VI., Sultan of Turkey, 397 

Moldavia sunk, 433 

Monastir, 413, 416, 421. 442 

Mongolia sunk. 423 

Mons-Charleroi, battle of. 406 

Mont Kemmel, 430, 432, 438 

Mont Rouge, 430 

Mont St. Simeon. 440 

Montague, Forest, 436 

Montdidier. 430, 438 

Monte Asolone, 425 

Monte Corno, 433 

Monte Cosen, 449 

Monte Grappa, 43s 

Monte Prasalan. 42s 

Monte San Gdbriele, 423 

Monte Santc, 423 

Monte Stabiel, 437 



Monte Solarola, 449 

Monte Tomba, 42s 

Monte di Val Bella. 427, 435 

Montello. 449 

Montenegro, 401, 415, 440 

Montfalcone, 411 

Montfaucon, 442 

Monticano, 449 

Montm6dy, 448 

Moratorium proclaimed by Great Britain, 

404 
Moreno, Alfred Bazuerizo. 373 
Morgan, J. P., 368 
Mosby, Colonel John S., 380 
Moscow, 428, 438 
Mosul. 445 

Mt. Vernon torpedoed, 441 
Moyenneville, 438 
Muck. Karl, 392 
Miillhausen. 406 
MCinsterberg, Hugo, 380 
Muschenheim, W. C., 400 

N 

Namur, 406 

National Guardsmen, demobilization of, 
.378 

Nauroy, 442 

Naval appropriation bill, 376 

Navarin Farm, 442 

Nebraskan, attacked, 411; Germany ex- 
presses regret over, 412 

Neratoff, Russian premier, 381 

Nesles, 420 

Neuve Chapelle. 40S, 410 

Neuve Eglise, 440 

Nevada adopts "Easy Divorce," 366 

New Guinea captured by Australia, 407 

New York City, coldest day in thirty- 
three years, 388; lightless nights de- 
creed. 388; first holiday all theatres 
closed, 390; public schools closed, 390; 
hurricane sweeps over, 390; lightless 
nights begin, 396; motorless Sundays, 
398; harbor net removed, 400 

New York abolishes office of coroner, 366 

New Zealand captures German Samoa, 
407 

N'caragua. 372. 381. 432 

Nicholas II., Czar of Pussia, 397, 420, 436 

Nieppe Forest. 430 

Nieuport, 426, 442 

Nikolsk, 437 

Nish, 413. 444. 446 

Nivelle. General. 422 

Nobel Prize for literature, 380 

Nordica. Mme.. 364 

Northcliffe, Lord, 398 

North Dakota abolishes death penalty, 
366 

Norway, 401 

"Note, Strict Accountability," 408 

Novi Bazar, 413 

Novo Georgievsk, 4,12 

Noyon, 420, 430, 432, 438, 44° 

O 

Oceanic wrecked, 407 
Odell, Benjamin B., 380 
Odessa, 428 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



515 



Oesel, 424 

Oise Canal, 432, 45 1 

Oise River, 430, 434. 438 

Okuma, Count. 381 

O'Leary, Jeremiah, 394 

Olizy, 446 

Orient Railway, 444 

Orsova, 416 

Orozco, General, 367 

Osborne, Thomas Mott, 378 

Oshima, General, 3 73 

Ostend, 406, 427. 446 

Otani, General, 439 

Olranlo sunk, 44S 

Oura, Japanese Minister of Interior, 369 

Ourscamps Forest, 432 



Paes, Sidonio, 393, 401 

Page, Ambassador. 396, 438 

Palestine, 423, 427. 43i. 433. 44i. 443 

Pnllada sunk, d07 

Panama Canal, used by United .States 
warships, 368; reopened, 374; Chester 
Harding, governor of zone, 382; neu- 
trality of zone, 408 

Panama Pacific Exposition opened, 366 

Paris, bombarded by airplanes, 408. 431; 
war councils at. 432, 424; Peace Confer- 
ence at, 452 

Parker, General James. 377 

Parker, John M.. 376 

Passchendaele Ridge. 422. 430, 442 

Pathfinder sunk, 407 

Patten, Thomas, 382 

Peace Conference, 452 

Peace Treaty signed, 4S2 

Pennas, 43S 

Pergwyk, 44S 

Peron, 448 

Peronne, 420, 430, 440 

Persia sunk, 413 

Peru, 367, 397. 401 

P^'jain, General. 400, 420. 422 

Petrograd, 39i. 406, 426. 440 

Pelrolile, 414 

Philadelphian sunk. 427 

Phillips. Stephen, 370 

Piave River, 42s, 427. 433. 43S. 437. 449 

Pintheville. 440 

Pirsus, 417 

Pitou, August, 370 

Pius X., Pope, 364 

Plattsburg, 368 

Plessier-Hulen region, 436 

Plotzk. 408 

Plumer. General. 436, 442 

Poincare. Raymond. 366 

Pola. 450 

Poland. 391, 401. 408. 412 

PoHvanov, General, 373 

Poltava, 430 

Pontoise, 438 

Pope Benedict, 422 

Port Arthur, 367 

Porto Rico. 391. 399 

Portugal. 393. 401. 414, 424 

Porieres. 416 

Prente, 433 

President Lincoln sunk, 433 

Prieto, Premier, 38s 



Prilip, 413 

Princes' Islands, 452 

Prinz Adalbert torpedoed, 413 

Prisrend, 413 

Prohibition, in France, 366; in Alabama, 
366, 368; in Arkansas, 366; in Iowa, 
Idaho, Utah, 366; in Canada, 368, 391; 
in South Carolina, 368; in Virginia, 380. 
390, in Oregon, 382; in Tennessee. 382; 
in Indiana. 382, 392; in New Hamp- 
shire, 384. 394; Federal Arnendment, 
390, 392. 394. 396; in Mississippi, Ken- 
tucky. N. Dakota, 390; in Maryland, 
390, 392; in Porto Rico. 391; in New 
York. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
392; in Michigan, Louisiana, Arizona, 
394; in Georgia, Texas, 396; in Ohio. 
Florida, Minnesota, Wyoming, Ver- 
mont, California, Missouri, 398; Presi- 
dent Wilson proclaims closing of 
breweries, 398 ; in Russia, 408 

Provence II. sunk, 415 

Prunay, 436 

Prussia, East, invaded by Russia, 406; re- 
verses of Russia in. 406 ; Russia driven 
from, 406; second Russian invasion of, 
408 

Przemysl. 406. 410 

Pskoflf, 426 

Putnam, J. Bishop, 370 



Quebec. 378. 386. 388. 393 
R 

Rainbow Division repels raid in Lorraine. 

428 
Raismes Forest. 448 
Ranger, Henry Ward, 380 
Rapat, 441 

Rawlinson, General, 436, 438, 440, 451 
Rayak, 44s 

Reading, Lord, 376, 390 
Redmond, John C 400 
Registration, national, in Great Britain, 

412 
Renan, Ada, 380 
Resnati, Captain Antonio, 400 
Reval, 426 
Rewa torpedoed, 427 
Rheims. 420. 428, 432 
Rhine, Germans begin withdrawal from. 

452; American army crosses. 452 
Rhondda. Lord, 396 
Ribeauville. 446 
Ribot. M. A. F.. 362, 424 
Ricault, General, 377 
Ridder, Herman, 370 
Riga, 412, 424 
Riis, Jacob, 364 
Riley, James Whitcomb, 380 
Ringling, Al., 380 
Rinnie. 418 
Roberts, Lord. 408 
Robertson, Morgan. 370 
Rodin, Auguste. 388 
Roebling. Charles G., 400 
Rolland, Romain, 380 
Rolleghemcapelle, 444 
Romagne, 444 



516 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Ronvaux, 440 
Roosevelt, Quentin, 400 
Roosevelt Theodore, 376 
Roques, General, 372 
Rossa, Jeremiah O' Donovan, 370 
Rostand, Eugene, 370 
Rostof-on-Don, 429 
Rouani, 417 
Roulers, 442 
Rovereto, 450 
Rovno, 426 

Roye, 438 . 

Rumania, German ultimatum, 391; Ger- 
many ratifies treaty with, 397; declares 
war on Germany, 416; Turkey declares 
war on, 416; crushed, 416; occupies 
Orsova, 416; in South Bukowina, 416; 
controls passes in Alps, 417; withdraws 
forces in Transylvania, 417; Mackensen 
attacks. 422; Mackensen sends ultima- 
tum to, 426; cabinet resigns, 426; de- 
cides to make peace, 426 ; captures Kish- 
ineff, 426; signs treaty. 428, 432 
Russia, name of capital changed, 36s; 
Sukhomlinoff resigns, 367; Chouvaiev, 
minister of war, 373; Duma opened. 
373; prohibition in, 377. 408 ; Duma 
grants peasants rights, 379; Sturmer 
resigns, 381; Neratoff succeeds Sturmer, 
381; religious freedom in, 385; declares 
war on Bolsheviki, 391; Trotzky re- 
signs, 391; Petrograd under martial 
law, 391 ; obligations to subsequent gov- 
ernments, 392; Brest-Litovsky treaty, 
393; Voldarsky assassinated, 397; Bol- 
shevists mobilize, 397; Nicholas II. de- 
posed, 397; pays indemnity to Ger- 
many, 399; Denmark and Sweden 
sever relations with, 401; begins to mo- 
bilize, 404, German ultimatum to, 404; 
Germany declares war on, 404; Austria 
declares war on, 404; crosses German 
frontier, 405; defeated at Memel, 405; 
naval engagement off Libau, 405; 
treaty with Great Britain and France, 
406; completes mobilization, 406; in- 
vades East Prussia, 406; overruns 
Galicia. 406; defeated at Tannenberg, 
406; wins near Lemberg, 406; reverses 
in East Prussia, 406; captures Lemberg, 
406; driven from East Prussia, 406; 
occupies Soldau, 406 ; wins near Cracow, 
408 ; occupies Lodz, 408 ; evacuates Lodz, 
408; attempts to cross Carpathians, 
408; reoccupies Plotzk, 408; invades 
East Prussia, 408; advances in Mlawa 
regions and Carpathians, 408; crosses 
Bzura, 408; invades Turkey, 409; cap- 
tures Przemysl. 410; attacks in Car- 
pathians. 410; Baltic provinces invaded. 
410; defeated in Carpathians. 410; ul- 
timatum to Bulgaria, 412; retreat in 
Poland, 412; naval action in Baltic, 
413; naval victory in Gulf of Riga, 413; 
advances on Teheran, 413; occupies 
Hamadan, 413; General Kuropatkin. 
414; offensive in Volhynia and Buko- 
wina. 414; enters Lutsk, 414; captures 
Erzerum, 415; captures Kermanshah. 
41S; enters Ispahan, 415; captures Tre- 
bizond, 415 ; Joins British on Tigris, 41S ; 
victorious in Volhynia, 416; conquest of 



Armenia, 416; captures Brodi,Stanisla,w, 
416; new advance in Bukowina; wins 
near Halicz, 416; unites with Rumania 
in South Bukowina, 416; defeated at 
Rinnie, 418; abdication of Czar, 420; 
Prince Lvoff and M. Milyukoff, 420; 
United States recognizes new govern- 
ment, 420; government reconstructed. 
422; defeated in Galicia, 422; captures 
Halicz. 422; retreat begins, 422; evacu- 
ates Mesopotamia, 423; a republic, 424; 
government overthrown, 424; armis- 
tice with Germany. 424; armistice be- 
tween Central Powers and Bolsheviki. 
424; attempts offensive. 424; defeated 
in Gulf of Riga, 425; orders demobiliza- 
tion, 426; changes to new style Calendar. 
426 ; United States Embassy leaves. 426 ; 
Bolsheviki accept peace, 426; Germany 
renews war on, 4.26; Germans enter, 
426; Bolsheviki defeat Ukranians, 427; 
capital moved to Moscow, 428; Bol- 
sheviki win near Rostof-on-Don, 429; 
peace conference, 432; Czar reported 
killed, 436; meets Finnish delegates in 
Berlin, 436; counter revolution in, 438; 
Bolshevist leaders prepare for flight, 
438; German Ambassador flees to Mos- 
cow, 438 ; Lenine wounded, 440 ; supreme 
Council invites to Prince's Islands, 4S2 

Russian sunk. 419 

Ryan, John T., 394 



Safdonoff, Wasilly, 400 
St. Eloi, 414 
St. Gobain Forest, 440 
St. Georges, 446 

St. Lawrence River, 378. 386, 388 
St. Louis University, 362 
St. Maur, 432 
St. Mihiel. 406, 440 
St. Paul sinks, 392 

St. Petersburg, name changed to Petro- 
grad, 406 
St. Quentin. 426, 440. 442. 444 
Salandra Ministry in Italy resigns. 367 
Salonika, 413, 417. 421 
Salvini, Tommaso, 380 
Sambre, 448 
Samoa, 407 
San Diego sunk, 437 
San Dona di Piave, 449 
San Fuentes, Juan Luis, 369 
San Giovanni di Medua, 415 
Sasso Rosso, 43s 
Sauna-i-Yat, 419 
Savage, Rev. Dr. Minot. 400 
Saxony, King of, deposed, 399 
Sayville, wireless, 368 
Scarborough, 409 
Scarpe, 420, 438, 440 
Scheldt, 448. 45 1 
Schlechter. Solomon, 370 
Schulthess, Edmund, 381 
Schwab. Charles M.. 392 
Searle, Rev. George M., 400 
Sebastopol, 432 
Seine River, 406 
Selective Service Act, 422 
Seligmann, Isaac, 388 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



517 



Semendria, 405 

Semlin, 406 

Sens6e, 442. 446 

Serbia receives ultimatum from Austria 
404; replies to Austria, 404; Austrian 
minister leaves Belgrade. 404; Austria 
declares war on, 404; Belgrade bom- 
barded, 405; defeats Austria, 40S ; cap- 
tures Semlin, 406; invaded by Austria, 
408; German troops massed on frontier, 
413; Austro-German Bulgarian con- 
quest of, 413; Bulgaria enters, 413; 
gains in Tscherna, 416: drive on Mace- 
donian front, 440; advances to.vards 
Krivolak,442; occupies Ishtiband Veles 
barriers, 442; captures Veles, Kochana 
and Struranitza, 442; cuts Orient Rail- 
way, 444; captures Nish, 446; reaches 
Danube, 448 

Serre, 448 

Servo n, 442 

Sesser, Zab, 449 

Sherman Anti-Trust Law, 362 

Siberia, 393. 426, 435. 439 

Sidon, 447 

Sienkiewicz, Henry, 380 

Sinn-Feiners, 432 

Sing Sing prison, 378 

Sisemol, 449 

Sissonne, 446, 448 

Slicer, Rev. Thomas R., 380 

Smith, F. Hopkinson, 370 

Socialists, in Germany, 399, 436, 448 

Soissons, 406, 408, 420, 432, 436 

Soldau, 406 

Somme, battle of the, 416 

Somme River, 416, 420. 430, 438 

South Dakota abolishes death penalty, 
366 

Soviets, 393, 452 

Spain, 371, 37P. 383. 385, 39i, 393 

Spring. Rice, Sir Cecil, 400 

"Spurlos Versenkt," 424 

Stanislaw, 416, 422 

Stefansson, Vilhjalmar, 368 

Steinbach, 408 

Stevenson, Adlai E., 364 

Stokes, Rose Pastor, 392, 394 

Story, Thomas Waldo, 370 

Strasbourg, 452 

Strathcona, Lord, 364 

Struma, 417 

Strumnitza. 440, 442 

Stuart, Ruth McEnery, 388 

Sturmer. Boris Vladimirovitch, 381 

Suarez. President, 397 

Submarines, 400, 407, 413, 414, 417, 418, 
410, 433. 449 

Suez Canal, 370, 409, 417 

Suffrage, Woman, in Iowa, 366; in Den- 
mark, 366, 367, 395 ; in New Jersey, 368 ; 
in New York, 370, 386; in Massachu- 
setts. 370; in Pennsylvania, 370; United 
States Senate committee reports on, 
372; in North Dakota, 382; New York 
Senate submits amendment to voters, 
382; suffragette pickets in Washington, 
384, 386; in Maine, 386; President Wil- 
son indorses by states, 386; parade. New 
York City, 386; in Ohio, 386; President 
Wilson supports Federal amendment, 
390; in Canada, 391; in Mississippi 



392; in Hungary, 396; United States 
Senate rejects amendment, 398; in 
Sweden, 401 

Suippe, 442, 444 

Sukhomlinoff, General, 367 

Sullivan, John L., 400 

Supreme Council, 452 

Sussex, 414, 415 

Suzanne. 438 

Swan, Sir J. W., 364 

Sweden, 391, 401 

Switzerland, 381, 39i 

Sylva, Carmen, 380 



Tabriz, 433 

Tagliamento, 425 

" Tanks, " 416, 424 

Tannenberg, battle of, 406 

Tarnopol, 412 

Tauscher, Captain Hans, 374 

Tcherna, 416 

Teheran, 413 

Telegraphy, Wireless, between moving 
trains, 366, between Washington and 
Panama Canal zone, 366; at Honolulu 
messages picked up at distance of 9000 
miles, 370 

Telephone, First trans-continental, 366 

Telephony, Wireless between Virginia 
and Honolulu, 368 

Telescribe. Invention of the, 366 

Tenniel, Sir John, 364 

Termes, 446 

Terneuzen. 448 

Thiaumont, 416 

Thiepval Ridge, 438 

Thiescourt Wood, 432 

Thon, 451 

Thourout. 446 

Ticonderoga sunk, 441 

Tigris, 411, 415,445, 449 

Tillman, Benj. R., 396, 400 

Tinoco, Frederico, 383 

Togoland, Africa, 407 

Tonale, 437 

Tosti, Sir Francesco P., 380 

Toul, 428 

Tournai, 448 

Townshend, General, 415 

Tracy, Benjamin F., 370 

Trebizond, 415, 427 

Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm, 388 

Trench warfare begins, 406 

Trent, 450 

Trentino, 411, 423 

Trescault, 440 

Trieste, 425, 450 

Tripolis, 447 

Triumph torpedoed, 411 

Trotsky, 391. 393 

Tsing-Tau, 407, 409 

Tuan, General Chi-jui, 385 

Tuckahoe launched, 394 

Tupper, Sir Charles, 370 

Turkey, Abdul Hamid dies, 391 ; Moham- 
med V. dies, 397; Mohammed VI., 397; 
buys the Goeben and the Breslau, 407; 
England declares war on, 408; forts 
captured by Indian troops, 409; de- 
feated in Caucasus, 409; Russians in- 



5i8 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Turkey — Continued 

vade,409 ; attempts to cross Suez Canal, 
409; Italy declares war on, 412; in the 
Dardanelles, 413; four transports sunk, 
413; defeated on Euphrates, 413, 423; 
defeated at Kut-el-Amara, at Ctesiphon 
413; Townshend surrenders to, 41S; 
declares war on Rumania, 416; re- 
pulsed near Rouani, 417," severs rela- 
tions with United States, 420; defeated 
at Gaza, 421, 425. 4431 retreats to Jebel 
Hamrin, 421, 423; evacuates Wadi 
Hesi and Ascalon, 425; attempts to re- 
take Jerusalem, 425; reported desertion 
of troops, 427; recaptures Trebizond, 
427; captures Erzerum, 429; in Meso- 
potamia, 431; at Baku, 433; captures 
Tabriz, 433; defeated on Jordan, 4371 
attack by Anglo-Egyptian and French 
troops, 441; 4th, 7th, and 8th armies 
441 ; separate peace, 446 ; surrenders on 
Tigris, 449; capitulates, 449; opens 
Black Sea. 449; repatriation of allied 
prisoners, 449 

Tuscania sunk, 427 

U 

Udine, 4S0 

Uka, Lieutenant-General, 373 
Ukraine. 397, 426, 430, 432, 4S2 
Ulster, Home Rule question in, 362 
Tlndtne sunk, 413 

United States, cotton price convention, 
364; signs anti-opium protocol at The 
Hague, 366; declares embargo on arms 
for Mexico, 368; wireless at Sayville, 
368 ; signs treaty with Haiti, 368 ; room 
in capitol wrecked by bomb, 368; Draft 
bill. New York State, 374; army reor- 
ganization bill. 376; organized militia 
called for service on Mexican border, 
376 ; House passes largest army budget, 
376; demobilization of National Guards, 
men, 378; purchases Danish West Indies. 
378; Child Labor Bill. 378; Supreme 
Court upholds constitutonality of 
Webb-Kenyon law, 382; law passed 
prohibiting sending of liquor advertise- 
ments by mail into dry territory. 382; 
District of Columbia dry, 382; Danish 
West Indies pass to sovereignty of, 382 ; 
Senate prohibits unlimited debate. 382; 
Senate adopts resolution submitting 
prohibition amendment to Constitution, 
384; Republicans gain three seats in 
Congress, 386; blizzard in Southern 
States. 390; Burleson confirmed as 
Postmaster-General, 390; Hoover or- 
ders food restriction, 390; draft agree- 
ment with Great Britain and Canada, 
390; registration of enemy aliens, 390; 
export and import licenses, 390; meat- 
less days reduced, 390; Lord Reading 
appointed ambassador to, 390; Ishii 
appointed ambassador to, 391 ; day- 
light saving in, 392; controls Phila- 
delphia police. 392; American Railway 
Express, 394; registry days for draft, 
394. 396, 398; wheat and meat re- 
strictions ren)oye4, ^p0; drawing of reg- 



istered men, 396; daylight saving law, 
398 ; influenza epidemic, 398 ; Senatere- 
jects suffrage amendment, 398; motor- 
less Sundays, 398; false peace-day, 
398; recognizes Czecho-SIovaks, 398; 
Food Stimulation Bill, 398, 400 ;lirst de- 
mobilization order, 400; discontinues 
censorship, 400; lightless nights, 400; 
troops enter Germany, 400; Germany 
appeals to, 401; troops enter Prussia, 
401; Wilson declares neutrality of , 404 ; 
declares neutrality of CanalZone, 408: 
safety of vessels in war zone pledged 
by Germany, 412; demands recall of 
Dumba, Boy-Ed, Von Papen, 412 ; note 
regarding submarine warfare, 414, re- 
fuses to advise Americans not to travel 
on armed merchant ships, 414; orders 
inquiry into sinking ot Sussex, 414; 
sends ultimatum to Germany, 414; 
demands apology from Austria f orsink- 
ing of Petrohte, 414; protests against 
deportation of Belgians, 416; peace 
note, 418; Germany s reply to peace 
note, 418; severs diplomatic relations 
with Germany, 418; dismisses Berns- 
torff, 418; President asks permission 
to arm merchant ships, 418; armed 
guards on merchant vessels, 420; recog- 
nizes new government of Russia, 420; 
withdraws minister and consuls from 
Belgium. 420; war declared, 420; rela- 
tions severed with Austria, 420; rela- 
tions severed with Turkey, 420; Selec- 
tive Service Act, 422; Food Control Bill, 
422 ; replies to Pope Benedict, 422 ; first 
troops in France. 422; destroyers co- 
operate with British navy, 423; reveals 
Luxburg despatches, 424; declares war 
on Austria, 424; troops in first-line 
trenches. 426; embassy leaves Petro- 
grad, 426; troops in Chemin des Dames 
sector, 426; reported desertion of 
Turkish troops, 427; takes over Dutch 
shipping, 428; Rainbow Division in 
Lorraine sector, 428 ; troops in Lorraine, 
Champagne, Alsace, Luneville, Aisne, 
Toul, 428; first permanent advance, 
428; size of army at end of first year, 
430 ; marines bend German 1 ine north of 
Ch&.teau-Thierry 432; coastwise vessels 
sunk by submarines, 433, 4391 takes 
Vaux, 434; with Australians takes 
Hameil, 434; drives Germans across 
Marne, 436; drives Crown Prince back, 
436; troops at Archangel, 437; retire- 
ment of Ambassador Page, 438; Amer- 
can Tiiirtieth Division. 438; advance 
with Mangin against Fisme, 438, troops 
land in Siberia, 439; Americans in Petro- 
grad reported safe, 440; rejects Austria's 
peace offer, 440; Third Division. 440; 
captures Voormezeele, 440; advances 
between Vieil Arcy and Villers-en- 
Praveres, 440; assaults St. Mihiel 
salient, 449, gains at Ronvaux, Man- 
heulles, Pintheville, Haumont, 440; 
Thirtieth, Thirty-eighth, and Twenty- 
seventh Divisions advance toward Cam- 
brai, 440; First Army attacks from 
Meuse through Argonne Forest, 442; 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



519 



United States — Continued 

takes Gercourt, Guicy, Montfaucon, 
Chappy, Varennes, advances to Kriem- 
hilde Line, 442; with Rawhnson takes 
Bellecourt and Nauroy, 442; takes 
Apremont, 442; receives request for 
armistice from Germany, 444; crosses 
Kriemhilde Line, 444; Italo-American 
naval expedition attacks Durazzo, 444; 
replies to German peace note, 446; 
Second Army attacks northwest of 
Verdun, 446; First Army takes Hill 299 
and storms St. Georges, takes Grand 
Pr6 and Cote de Chatillon, 446; with 
British captures Wassigny and Ribeau- 
ville, 446; First Army captures Banthe- 
ville, 446; First Army breaks through 
Freya defenses, 448; uses guns against 
Mezieres-Metz railway, 448; Thirtieth 
Division with Third British Army win 
towns from Pergwyk to Winterkern. 
448; First Army shatters railway at 
Moiitmfedy and Conflans. 448; 332d 
Regiment with Third Italian Army 
crosses Piave, 449; False Peace Day. 
45 1 ; two divisions advance on thirty- 
mile front. 45 1 ; First Army captures 
heights of Woevre and Sedan, 451; 
delegates to Peace Conference, 452; 
enters Germany, 452; crosses Rhine, 
452; reaches Coblenz, 452; representa- 
tives to Princes' Islands, 452; summary 
of treaty made public, 452; summarj of 
German reply made public, 452; text of 
treaty read in Senate, 452; summary of 
reply to Germany made public, 452; 
revised text made public, 452; Germany 
accepts terms, 4S2; peace signed, 452; 
final draft of treaty, 452 

Uruguay, Viera elected president of, 367 

Uskub, 440 

V 

Valdez, President, 395 

Valdobbiadene, 449 

Valenciennes, 448 

Vallone, 417 

Vanderbilt, Alfred G., 370 

Vanguard sunk, 423 

Van Wyck, Rob't A., 400 

Vardar River, 440 

Vaux, 414, 416, 434, 436 

Veles, 442 

Venice, 427 

Venizelos, Greek Premier, resigns, 367 

Verdun, 416, 422, 430, 440 

Verdun, battle of, 414 

Verennes, 442 

Vermandovillers, 416 

Versailles, 432 

Vesle, 436, 440 

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 450 

Vieil Arcy, 440 

Viera. President, 367 

Vieux, Berquin, 438 

Villers-Bretonneux, 430 

Villers-en-Praveres, 440 

Villa, General, 369 

Vilna, 412 

Vimy Ridge, 414, 420, 430 

Vistula, 408 



Vittorio, 449, 450 

Vladivostok, 433 

Voldarsky, M., 397 

Volhynia, 414, 416 

von Bernstorff, 418 

von Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor. 381, 

404, 422 
von Eichorn, Field Marshal, 397 
von Hertling, 424, 426, 442 
von Hindenburg, 408, 416 
von Hutier, 438 
von Hussarek, Baron, 397 
von der Marwitz, 436 
von Papen, Captain Franz, 374, 412 
von Sanders, General Liman, 441 
von Suttner, Baroness, 364 
von Tirpitz, Admiral, resigns, 415 
Voormezeele, 440 

W 

Wadi Hesi, 425 

Wagner, Charles, 400 

Wallace, A. R.. 364 

Wartlda sunk, 437 

Warsaw, 408, 412 

Washmgton, Booker T., 370 

Wassigny. 446 

Walterson, Colonel Henry, 396 

Webb-Kenyon law, 382 

Wekerle, Premier, 391 

Welland Canal, 374 

Wemyss, Admiral, 425 

Wervicq, 446 

Westinghouse, George, 364 

Weslover sunk, 437 

Wevelghem, 446 

White, Andrew D., 400 

White, Henry, 452 

White, William Allen, 452 

Whitby, 409 

Whitlock, Brand, 420 

Whitman, Governor, 374 

Wilhelm II., King of Wiirttemberg ab- 
dicates, 399 

Wilder. Marshall P., 370 

Wilhelmshaven, 423 

Williams, Arthur, 386 

Wilson, Wood row.engagernent announced, 
368 ; signs army reorganization bill, 376 ; 
nominated, 376; calls troops for service 
on Mexican border, 376; signs Child 
Labor Bill, 378; takes oath of office, 382; 
calls sixty-fifth Congress, 382; indorses 
woman's suffrage by States, 386; signs 
Daylight Saving Bill, 392; signs draft 
bill, 394; closes all breweries, 398, signs 
Food Stimulation Bill, 400; sails for 
Peace Conference, 400; arrives at Brest, 
400 ; declares neutrality of UnitedStates, 
404; writes "strict accountability" 
note, 408; makes "too proud to fight" 
speech, 410; refuses to advise Americans 
about travelling on armed merchant 
ships, 414; addresses Congress, 414; 
"Peace note," 418; gives views on 
peace to Senate, 418; asks authority to 
arm merchant ships, 418; asks Congress 
to declare war, 420; signs Selective 
Service Act, 422 ; advises war on Austria, 
424 ; German Chancellor sends note to, 
444; replies to German peace note, 446; 



520 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 



Wilson — Continued 

replies to Germany's peace offer, 446; 
Supreme Council adopt proposals of. 
452 ; reads draft of League of Nations, 
452 ; sails for United States, 452 ; returns 
to France, 452 

Wimborne, Baron resigns as Lord Lieuten- 
ant of Ireland, 374 

Windau, 413 

Winterkern, 448 

Winter, William, 388 

Witte, Count Sergius, 370 

Woodruff, Colonel Charles, E., 370 

Wu Ting Pang, 381 

Wytschaete, 440 

Y 

Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan, 37 1 
Young, Mrs. Ella P., 400 



Ypres, 424, 428, 430 

Ypres, first battle of, 408; second battle 

of, 410 
Yser, battle of, 408 
Yuan Shi-kai, President of China, 377 



Zacatecas, 363 

Zahlek, 44s 

Zaimis, 371, 416 

Zamor, President Orestes, 369 

Zeebrugge, 427, 431, 442, 446 

Zenson, 435, 449 

Zeppelin, Count, 420 

Zeppelins, 411, 413 

Zillebeke, 414 

"Zimmermann note, " 418 

Zuppelli, General, 430 



1 



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